基于吸收光谱方法的平面非预混Hencken火焰多参数测量

Hencken炉可以产生均匀稳定的平面火焰，常被用作各种激光诊断技术的标定．本研究设计制造了一种适用于吸收光谱测量的Hencken平面炉，利用CO₂在4.2mm带头位置吸收峰的高温敏感性，采用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术研究了Hencken炉所产生平面火焰的燃烧特性．本研究采用DME作为燃料，同时测量了Hencken炉火焰温度及CO₂体积分数的二维分布．当空气/燃料流速与层流火焰传播速度相当时，DME平面Hencken火焰轴向存在温度、产物浓度稳定区．当火焰燃烧稳定时，在此区域内火焰温度、产物浓度保持不变并接近绝热火焰工况．     

进气参数对LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性和火焰结构的影响

为研究贫预混预蒸发(LPP)燃烧室振荡燃烧规律和LPP火焰结构,利用动态压力传感器测量了LPP燃烧室内不同进气参数下时域及频域上的压力脉动;利用激光诱导荧光(PLIF)测量系统研究了不同进气参数下的LPP火焰结构变化规律。结果表明:随着燃烧室入口流速的增加,激励出的振荡燃烧的当量比区域会减小;在一定的入口流速下,所激励的振荡燃烧主频会随着当量比的增加而增加;随着燃烧室入口空气温度的提高,激励出振荡燃烧的区域会减小,激励出的振荡燃烧的强度会下降,但振荡燃烧的主频均会增加;稳定燃烧时,LPP火焰为V型火焰;振荡燃烧则会将LPP火焰转化为平整型火焰。     

基于激光诱导炽光法的柴油喷雾燃烧碳烟生成特性

采用激光诱导炽光法(LII),对高温高压定容燃烧弹内柴油喷雾燃烧火焰及碳烟生成的二维分布图像进行了测量分析,研究了在不同定容室环境温度、环境压力和喷射压力下燃烧火焰和油气混合特性对碳烟生成与分布的影响规律.结果表明:柴油燃料滞燃期会随环境温度和环境压力的升高而缩短;扩散燃烧火焰的浮起长度内空气卷吸量是影响碳烟形成过程的一个重要因素,高的环境温度和环境压力,以及低的喷油压力会产生较短的柴油火焰浮起长度;高的柴油喷射压力、低的环境压力和温度所产生的LII信号强度较弱,即此时激光片光内的碳烟体积分数较小.在喷雾混合中自然形成的混合气浓度分层和温度分层,既影响到混合气的着火和燃烧过程,又诱发碳烟颗粒的产生,研究结果对优化燃烧系统设计,验证燃烧模型提供了有价值的依据.     

LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构和NOx排放的实验研究

利用动态压力传感器、平面激光诱导荧光（Planer Laser Induced Fluorescence,PLIF）测量系统和气体分析仪针对不同入口气流旋流数和空气含湿量条件下,贫预混预蒸发（Lean Premixed Prevaporized,LPP）燃烧室中振荡燃烧特性、火焰结构变化规律和NOx排放特性开展了实验研究。研究表明：在一定条件下,随着燃烧室入口气流旋流数增加,激励出振荡燃烧的当量比区域扩大,所激励的振荡燃烧强度不断增加,但振荡燃烧的主频则不断下降,火焰变得更加紧凑且不断向燃烧室中心和上游壁面发展;随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量的增加,振荡燃烧强度会下降甚至消失,振荡燃烧的主频增加,火焰结构由振荡燃烧时的平整型火焰向稳定燃烧时的V型火焰转变,火焰的位置也向燃烧室侧壁面和下游方向移动;LPP燃烧室中NOx排放会随着燃烧室入口空气含湿量和入口气流旋流数的增加而下降。     

LPP燃烧室振荡燃烧机理及二次燃料对振荡的抑制

开展了贫预混合预蒸发燃烧室(LPP)振荡燃烧机理的实验研究,利用锁相的平面激光诱导荧光(PLIF)测量技术测量了一个振荡燃烧周期内不同相位上贫预混合预蒸发燃烧室火焰结构。研究表明:靠近燃烧室轴线处火焰会间歇性地局部熄灭、重新点燃、逐渐增强;远离燃烧室轴线处火焰会周期性地脱体和融合;计算了LPP燃烧室内瑞利指数分布,瑞利指数为正的两个区域与靠近燃烧室轴线处和远离燃烧室轴线处发生周期性波动的火焰区域重合;确定了LPP燃烧室中的振荡燃烧是由上述两个区域的火焰周期性波动共同作用所激励;通过二次燃料喷射,成功地抑制了LPP燃烧室内的振荡燃烧,实现了振荡燃烧的主动控制。     

用光导纤维多色法对柴油机燃烧室内火焰温度与碳粒生成的研究

本文介绍了作者研制的分叉光导纤维４色法测量装置和采用它对直喷式４１３５型柴油机燃烧室内火焰温度和碳烟浓度测量的结果。以双色法为基础的４色法，通过数学方法可优化试验结果，减小测量误差。测量结果表明：在燃烧过程中，碳粒生成时间落后于温度上升时间，持续高温产生碳粒高浓度，后燃烧使碳粒浓度增加。随着负荷的增加，燃烧火焰温度及碳粒浓度增加，它们持续的时间也延长。燃烧终了破粒浓度和排气烟度增大。在喷注区会产生很高的碳粒质量浓度值，稀混合气区火焰温度上升较早。过后燃烧或供油提前角减小，使燃烧终了碳粒浓度增大。     

合成气稀释旋流扩散火焰稳定性研究

通过激光诱导荧光(PLIF)和照相等方法研究了合成气稀释旋流扩散燃烧特性。研究了空气、燃料旋流强度及它们相互配合对火焰稳定性的影响,发现燃料空气反向旋流情况中在扩张段出口上方具有较高的OH浓度,说明这种流动组织方式加强了初始阶段的混合,强化了化学反应,从而有利于燃烧的稳定;在所实验的范围内,强化空气旋流和燃料旋流都起到稳定燃烧的作用;在燃料和空气出口附加扩张段能起到稳定火焰的作用,在一定范围内,扩张段张角对火焰形态影响较大,扩张段张角小,火焰细长,扩张段张角大,火焰粗壮。     

合成气加湿稀释燃烧特性的实验研究

通过平面激光诱导荧光测量技术对空气加湿和燃料掺氮稀释共同作用下的合成气燃烧特性与火焰结构进行了实验研究。实验结果显示,在干空气工况中,N_2稀释降低了燃烧反应区温度,显著抑制了NO_x的排放,同时,将CO排放保持在低水平。随着加湿量的上升,NO_x排放降低,但在加湿环境中继续进行N_2稀释对进一步减少NO_x排放的效果有限。在高加湿量工况下,虽然NO_x排放降低到5×10~(-4)%左右,但CO排放显著上升。通过平面激光诱导荧光测量发现,在此工况下,火焰温度降低,反应区域严重缩小,燃烧不完全导致了CO排放的上升。     

一种新型旋流燃烧器内甲烷扩散燃烧特性

采用两步总包反应机理、标准亚网格应力模型与有限速率/涡耗散燃烧模型等对一种新型旋流燃烧器内甲烷-空气扩散燃烧过程进行大涡模拟.凭借旋流离心效应和涡旋效应来控制反应混合和火焰传播特性,实现了一种热流分布均匀、温度波动小的蓝色旋涡状火焰.此外,通过平面激光诱导荧光技术(OH-PLIF)对反应流的OH基分布进行定性测量.研究表明,燃烧核心区与壁面隔离,使得壁面具有自冷却的效应;切向速度沿径向分布呈现中心对称的双峰结构;高速射流经过突扩的喉部强烈吸卷周围的气流,对其起到预热作用,有利于燃料空气的混合和燃烧效率的提高.     

基于激光诊断的生物柴油碳烟生成特性研究

制作了1个以液体为燃料可以产生层流扩散火焰的燃烧器,应用双色激光诱导炽光法(LII)技术来测量火焰中的绝对碳烟体积分数.基于在2个波长上获取的火焰中某1点的LII信号,获得被激光加热的碳烟粒子温度,同时得到此点的碳烟浓度,通过映射得到火焰的二维碳烟浓度分布.采用激光诱导荧光法可获得碳烟前驱物多环芳香烃在火焰中的二维分布,将激光诱导荧光和激光诱导炽光相结合,在柴油和生物柴油混合燃料的层流扩散火焰上进行测试.研究结果表明,随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加,碳烟和多环芳香烃的最大浓度都随之降低,浓区分布面积也进一步缩小.     

Study on the characteristics of evaporation–atomization–combustion of biodiesel

A great deal of research is being carried out on renewable diesel fuels. The number of raw materials (especially waste, animal, and vegetable oils), production technologies, and additives of biodiesel is increasing. In our work, a evaporation–atomization–combustion system consisting of a biomass liquid fuel was designed to produce a laminar premixed flame for studying the combustion–emission characteristics of biodiesel. The combustion characteristics of biodiesel including flame height, flame front area, flame speed, and OH total signal intensity were studied by planar laser-induced fluorescence of OH (OH-PLIF). The emission characteristics of biodiesel (CO, CO₂, and NO) were studied with a flue gas analyzer. The experimental results showed that the flame height, flame front area, flame speed, and the OH total signal intensity changed with the equivalence ratio (Φ). The relationship between the OH radical intensity and the emission of CO/CO₂ was obtained from the OH-PLIF average signal intensity. The [CO]/[CO₂] ratio decreased with the OH-PLIF average signal intensity. Finally, we obtained the relationship between the OH-PLIF average signal intensity and the NO emissions.     

Effects of hydrogen peroxide on combustion enhancement of premixed methane/air flames

Hydrogen peroxide is generally considered to be an effective combustion promoter for different fuels. The effects of hydrogen peroxide on the combustion enhancement of premixed methane/air flames are investigated numerically using the PREMIX code of Chemkin collection 3.5 with the GRI-Mech 3.0 chemical kinetic mechanisms and detailed transport properties. To study into the enhancement behavior, hydrogen peroxide is used for two different conditions: (1) as the oxidizer substituent by partial replacement of air and (2) as the oxidizer supplier by using different concentrations of H₂O₂. Results show that the laminar burning velocity and adiabatic flame temperature of methane flame are significantly enhanced with H₂O₂ addition. Besides, the addition of H₂O₂ increases the CH₄ consumption rate and CO production rate, but reduces CO₂ productions. Nevertheless, using a lower volumetric concentration of H₂O₂ as an oxidizer is prone to reduce CO formation. The OH concentration is increased with increasing H₂O₂ addition due to apparent shifting of major reaction pathways. The increase of OH concentration significantly enhances the reaction rate leading to enhanced laminar burning velocity and combustion. As to NO emission, using H₂O₂ as an oxidizer will never produce NO, but NO emission will increase due to enhanced flame temperature when air is partially replaced by H₂O_2.     

An experimental study on high temperature and low oxygen air combustion

ho~cuon,Recently, much attenhon has been paid to uhliZinghidly Preheated air up to l,(XX)"C through waste gas inindustrial furnaces, in which about 15% of totalnational energy in KOrea were consumed, because ofhigh efficiency of energy savings. Moreover, one ofthree major issues in the fiscal 1996," UnderstandingEnhancement of ugh TemP~ Air COmbushon" hasbeen stUdied as successive subject in the Japanesenational Project tO reduce CO, for Protechon of earth.IntrDduction of high regenera…     

富氧空气/甲烷扩散燃烧的NO抑制机理的数值研究

为了开发适用于富氧燃烧的NO抑制技术,以对向流扩散火焰这一扩散燃烧的典型形态为对象,利用所建立的基元反应动力学模型研究了燃料稀释（CO2为稀释剂）以及速度梯度的改变对富氧空气/甲烷扩散火焰中NO生成的影响.用CO2稀释燃料甲烷得到的计算结果表明,随着燃料中CO2浓度的增大,火焰结构和NO生成的机理发生了显著变化,NO排放指数EINO（Emission index of NO）单调减少.改变速度梯度发现,随着速度梯度的增加,热力型NO质量生成速率以及EINO快速下降.这些研究表明,用CO2稀释燃料以及增加速度梯度可以减少富氧火焰中NO的生成.     

Active control of jet premixed flames in a model combustor with manipulation of large-scale vortical structures and mixing

Active control of a bluff-body stabilized methane/air jet flame issued from a coaxial nozzle is made by using miniature magnetic flap actuators attached to the outer nozzle. CH radical chemiluminescence, and CO and NO_x emissions are measured to assess the flame characteristics. By changing the flapping Strouhal number, the flame stability and CO emission are drastically improved under different equivalence ratio (?) conditions. At ? = 0.72, the optimum Strouhal number for stable combustion is unity, since methane/air mixing is enhanced by large-scale vortices synchronized with the flap motion. On the other hand, at a lower equivalence ratio of ? = 0.48, the optimum Strouhal number is much larger than unity; with small-scale vortices, the premixed combustion is stabilized by stratified mixing. In addition to acetone and OH-PLIF, a new two-line OH-PLIF is employed for flame temperature measurement. The longitudinal flame temperature distribution is obtained from conditional-averaged OH fluorescence intensities at the OH front taken with two different excitation lines. CO and NO_x emission characteristics of the controlled flame are discussed on the basis of the local fuel and OH distributions and the flame temperature.     

Performance characteristics of methanol and kerosene fuelled meso-scale heat-recirculating combustors

A meso-scale heat recirculating combustor has been developed for the combustion of methanol and kerosene fuels with oxygen enriched superheated steam as an oxidizer. The steam oxygen mixture is a surrogate for the decomposition products of hydrogen peroxide, and as such the combustor development is toward meso-scale bi-propellant propulsion. Both the extinction behavior and thermal performances have been examined under partially-premixed and non-premixed configurations of a unique design incorporating heat recirculation. Stable combustion with thermal efficiencies of ∼90% has been demonstrated with both methanol and kerosene. Global flame behavior is investigated through direct image photography of the flame that revealed different flame modes at various equivalence ratios (Φ), including “flameless” combustion of kerosene. Density impulse values calculated based on exhaust temperatures and simulated equilibrium gas properties and assuming 1 atm chamber pressure and expansion to vacuum show that the maximum density impulse of kerosene/steam/oxygen combustion to be within 6% of the adiabatic density impulse of hydrazine/nitrogen tetroxide.     

Hydrogen addition effects in a confined swirl-stabilized methane-air flame

The effect of hydrogen addition in methane-air premixed flames has been examined from a swirl-stabilized combustor under confined conditions. The effect of hydrogen addition in methane-air flame has been examined over a range of conditions using a laboratory-scale premixed combustor operated at 5.81 kW. Different swirlers have been investigated to identify the role of swirl strength to the incoming mixture. The flame stability was examined for the effect of amount of hydrogen addition, combustion air flow rates and swirl strengths. This was carried out by comparing adiabatic flame temperatures at the lean flame limit. The combustion characteristics of hydrogen-enriched methane flames at constant heat load but different swirl strengths have been examined using particle image velocimetry (PIV), micro-thermocouples and OH chemiluminescence diagnostics that provided information on velocity, thermal field, and combustion generated OH species concentration in the flame, respectively. Gas analyzer was used to obtain NO_x and CO concentration at the combustor exit. The results show that the lean stability limit is extended by hydrogen addition. The stability limit can reduce at higher swirl intensity to the fuel-air mixture operating at lower adiabatic flame temperatures. The addition of hydrogen increases the NO_x emission; however, this effect can be reduced by increasing either the excess air or swirl intensity. The emissions of NO_x and CO from the premixed flame were also compared with a diffusion flame type combustor. The NO_x emissions of hydrogen-enriched methane premixed flame were found to be lower than the corresponding diffusion flame under same operating conditions for the fuel-lean case.     

Oxy-fuel combustion of heavy oil based on OH - PLIF technique

Oxy-fuel combustion of heavy oil can be applied to oil field steam injection boilers, allowing the utilization of both heavy oil and CO₂ resources. This paper studied the local distribution characteristics of OH on oxy-fuel combustion of heavy oil during the ignition and stable combustion processes. During the ignition process, we observed the generation and evolution of fire kernel, and got the flame propagation velocity. During the stable combustion process, the results showed that the OH distribution and its relative signal intensity were influenced by the oxygen concentration, excess air coefficient, gas flow, reaction atmosphere, oil mist scattering, incident laser energy and laser sheet position. In the same reaction atmosphere, the ranges of OH dense distribution and the high temperature area increased as O₂ concentration increased. In the same O₂ concentration, both the ranges of OH dense distribution and the high temperature area in O₂/N₂ were larger than that in O₂/CO₂. In 29% O₂/71% CO₂, the flame shape was similar to combust in air, while the OH relative signal intensity and its volatility were much larger than that in air. In the same combustion condition, the location of high concentration of OH relative concentration field lagged behind the high temperature area. The results further reveal the differences between the conventional and oxy-fuel combustion.     

Hysteresis and transition in swirling nonpremixed flames

Strongly swirling nonpremixed flames are known to exhibit a hysteresis when transiting from an attached long, sooty, yellow flame to a short lifted blue flame, and vice versa. The upward transition (by increasing the air and fuel flow rates) corresponds to a vortex breakdown, i.e. an abrupt change from an attached swirling flame (unidirectional or with a weak bluff-body recirculation), to a lifted flame with a strong toroidal vortex occupying the bulk of the flame. Despite dramatic differences in their structures, mixing intensities and combustion performance, both flame types can be realised at identical flow rates, equivalence ratio and swirl intensity. We report here on comprehensive investigations of the two flame regimes at the same conditions in a well-controlled experiment in which the swirl was generated by the rotating outer pipe of the annular burner air passage. Fluid velocity measured with PIV (particle image velocimetry), the qualitative detection of reaction zones from OH PLIF (planar laser-induced fluorescence) and the temperature measured by CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy) revealed major differences in vortical structures, turbulence, mixing and reaction intensities in the two flames. We discuss the transition mechanism and arguments for the improved mixing, compact size and a broader stability range of the blue flame in comparison to the long yellow flame.     

Turbulent flame topology and the wrinkled structure characteristics of high pressure syngas flames up to 1.0 MPa

The turbulent flame topology characteristics of the model syngas with two different hydrogen ratios were statistically investigated, namely CO/H₂ ratio at 65/35 and 80/20, at equivalence ratio of 0.7. The combustion pressure was kept at 0.5 MPa and 1.0 MPa, to simulate the engine-like condition. The model syngas was diluted with CO₂ with a mole fraction of 0.3 which mimics the flue gas recycle in the turbulent combustion. CH₄/air flame with equivalence ratio of 1.0 was also tested for comparison. The flame was anchored on a premixed type Bunsen burner, which can generate a controllable turbulent flow. Flame front, which is represented by the sharp increased interface of the OH radical distribution, was measured with OH-PLIF technique. Flame front parameters were obtained through image processing to interpret the flame topology characteristics. Results showed that the turbulent flames possess a wrinkled character with smaller scale concave/convex structure superimposed on a larger scale convex structure under high pressure. The wrinkled structure of syngas flame is much finer and more corrugated than hydrocarbon fuel flames. The main reason is that scale of wrinkled structure is smaller for syngas flame, resulting from the unstable physics. Hydrogen in syngas can increase the intensity of the finer structure. Moreover, the model syngas flames have larger flame surface density than CH₄/air flame, and hydrogen ratio in syngas can increase flame surface density. This would be mainly attributed to the fact that the syngas flames have smaller flame intrinsic instability scale l_i than CH₄/air flame. S_T/S_L of the model syngas tested in this study is higher than CH₄/air flames for both pressures, due to the high diffusivity and fast burning property of H₂. This is mainly due to smaller L_M and l_i. V_f of the two model syngas is much smaller than CH₄/air flames, which suggests that syngas flame would lead to a larger possibility to occur combustion oscillation.