20%唑胺菌酯悬浮剂在黄瓜和土壤中的消解动态及最终残留

[目的]通过2年3地的田间试验及残留检测,明确唑胺菌酯在黄瓜及土壤中的消解动态和最终残留量。[方法]消解动态试验按剂量300 g a.i./hm2施药1次;最终残留试验按300 g a.i./hm2(高剂量)和200 g a.i./hm2(低剂量)分别施药4、5次;采用高效液相色谱法对20%唑胺菌酯悬浮剂有效成分进行检测。[结果]2年3地的消解动态试验结果表明:唑胺菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为2.86~5.63、4.61~13.25 d。最终残留试验结果表明:唑胺菌酯在黄瓜和土壤中的最终残留量分别为0.020~0.380、0.020~1.134 mg/kg。[结论]建议唑胺菌酯在黄瓜中的最大残留限量为0.08 mg/kg;20%唑胺菌酯悬浮剂按其推荐剂量200 g a.i./hm2在黄瓜上施用4次,安全间隔期为3 d。     

己唑醇在苹果和土壤中的残留及安全使用评价

[方法]采用田间试验的方法,对己唑醇在苹果及土壤中的残留消解动态及最终残留量进行了研究.气相色谱电子捕获检测器进行定量分析.[结果]消解动态试验结果表明:己唑醇在土壤中的半衰期为7.1～14.4 d,在苹果中的半衰期为7.1～8.8 d;最终残留量试验结果表明:5％己唑醇悬浮剂按施药剂量为50、75 mg a.i./kg,连续喷药3～4次,施药间隔期7d,喷药后21 d土壤中已唑醇残留量＜0.01～0.215 mg/kg,苹果中已唑醇残留量为0.011～0.055 mg/kg,均低于0.1 mg/kg(MRL).[结论]推荐5％已唑醇悬浮剂在苹果上使用安全间隔期为21 d.     

精甲霜灵在西瓜和土壤中的残留动态

采用液相色谱测定了精甲霜灵在西瓜及土壤中的残留动态和最终残留量.精甲霜灵的最低检出量为0.5 ng,最低检出质量分数为0.02 mg/kg.在西瓜全瓜、瓜瓤和土壤中的平均同收率为80.8%～90.1%,相对标准偏差2.9%～6.7%.结果表明:精甲霜灵在西瓜中的半衰期为3.2～3.5 d;在土壤中的半衰期为9.0～10.7 d.440 g/L精甲霜灵·百菌清悬浮剂按照推荐用量990 g a.i./hm2和推荐用量的1.5倍(1485 g a.i./hm2)施药3～4次,末次施药5 d后,西瓜瓜瓤中的精甲霜灵残留量低于0.2 mg/kg.     

三唑酮在白芍叶片、根及栽培土壤中的消解动态

研究了三唑酮在白芍根、土壤及叶片中的残留消解动态.采用丙酮提取,液液分配及柱层析净化,气相色谱分析,不同添加质量浓度下回收率为78.5%～97.8%,变异系数(RSD)为4.23%～9.67%,满足农药残留检测要求.田间试验分别用推荐剂量(60 g a.i./hm2)和1.5倍推荐剂量(90 g a.i./hm2)进行处理,两年两地结果表明:三唑酮20%EC在白芍土壤中的半衰期为5.26～8.56 d,叶片中的半衰期为4.83～5.77 d,在根中半衰期为5.16～7.87 d,初加工后干样三唑酮的残留量为0.052～0.231 mg/kg,明显高于加工前新鲜样品残留量.如果三唑酮在白芍及其土壤中的MRL值推荐为0.1 mg/kg,建议按照常规剂量(60 g a.i./hm2)喷施2次/年,白芍上最后1次使用三唑酮距收获的安全间隔期可考虑暂定为30 d.     

喹啉铜在马铃薯中的残留及消解动态

[目的]研究杀菌剂喹啉铜在马铃薯上的残留规律。[方法]建立了马铃薯中喹啉铜残留量测定的高效液相色谱-串联质谱法;在河北、湖南2地开展喹啉铜在马铃薯上的田间残留试验。[结果]方法最低检出质量分数为0.10 mg/kg,在0.10～5.0 mg/kg残留水平内,添加回收率为75.8%～102.8%,变异系数为2.1%～6.7%。2地残留消解和最终残留量试验结果显示,喹啉铜在马铃薯植株上的半衰期分别为8.89、11.1 d;按推荐剂量108 g a.i./hm~2和加倍剂量162 g a.i./hm~2施药3～4次,距最后1次施药后7、14、21 d,喹啉铜在马铃薯中的残留量均小于0.10 mg/kg。[结论]喹啉铜按推荐剂量108 g a.i./hm~2施药3次,施药后7 d,马铃薯中喹啉铜残留量小于0.10 mg/kg,食用安全。     

氟酰胺在稻田环境中的残留行为及安全性评价

[目的]研究氟酰胺在稻田环境中的残留消解情况。[方法]样品采用分散固相萃取-气相色谱法。[结果]氟酰胺在糙米、稻壳、植株、田水和土壤中的平均回收率在87.00%~98.84%之间、标准偏差在0.57%~2.31%之间、变异分数在0.58%~2.44%之间;氟酰胺的最小检出量为1.0×10-11g,在糙米、稻壳、植株、田水和土壤中的最低检测质量分数分别为0.02、0.1、0.05、0.02、0.02 mg/kg。2011—2012年在安徽、湖南和广西试验结果表明:水稻植株中降解半衰期为1.9~5.3 d,稻田水中降解半衰期为1.8~5.1 d,稻田土壤中降解半衰期为4.8~7.7 d;20%氟酰胺·嘧菌酯水分散粒剂以450 g a.i./hm2(1.5倍推荐高剂量)、300 g a.i./hm2(推荐高剂量)施药剂量,施药3、4次,采收间隔期为20、30 d,糙米中氟酰胺的最终残留量最高为0.63 mg/kg(低于2.0 mg/kg)。[结论]中国规定糙米中氟酰胺的最大残留限量值(MRL)2.0 mg/kg,以此依据,20%氟胺·嘧菌酯水分散粒剂用于防治水稻纹枯病,于水稻纹枯病发病初期田间喷雾,最高用药量450 g a.i./hm2,最多施药4次,氟酰胺安全间隔期为20 d。     

氟环唑在香蕉和土壤中的残留消解动态

[方法]采用田间试验方法研究氟环唑在香蕉和土壤中的残留与降解情况。气相色谱氮磷检测器进行定量分析。[结果]研究结果表明:氟环唑的降解符合一级动力学方程,在香蕉和土壤中半衰期分别为7.2~9.9、8.0~10.0 d。按施药剂量为150 mg a.i./kg,施药3次,距最后1次施药间隔42 d计算,测得香蕉和土壤中氟环唑残留量为0.01~0.09 mg/kg。[结论]测得的残留量低于美国规定的MRL值(0.5 mg/kg),不会对香蕉和土壤造成残留污染。     

吡虫啉防治北京地区葡萄叶蝉的残留分析

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂在葡萄上的残留动态和最终残留量.结果表明:平均添加回收率85.20%～95.64%,相对标准偏差3.74%～6.87%.最小检知量0.5 ng,在葡萄中最低检出质量分数0.01 mg/kg,吡虫啉用量分别为30、60 g a.i./hm2时,在葡萄上的降解半衰期分别为4.29、4.02 d.用推荐剂量和加倍剂量在葡萄上各施药3次,末次施药后14 d残留量均低于0.20 mg/kg.     

嘧菌酯在人参和土壤中的残留动态

通过田间试验和气相色谱分析技术研究了25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂在人参土壤中的消解动态及人参上的最终残留量.吉林通化和北京怀柔两年两地的田间试验结果表明:施药剂量为推荐剂量的1.5倍(337.5 g a.i./hm2)时,嘧菌酯在人参土壤中半衰期为7.5～9.9 d.225、337.5 g a.i./hm2剂量下,施药4～5次,测得人参中嘧菌酯残留量均低于韩国规定的MRL值(0.5 mg/kg).综合多方面因素,按照推荐剂量337.5 g a.i./hm2处理,建议我国嘧菌酯在人参上的MRL值可暂定为0.5 mg/kg,安全间隔期为7 d,施药次数不超过5次.     

苯醚甲环唑在葡萄中的残留分析及消解动态

[目的]为苯醚甲环唑在葡萄上的安全合理使用提供可靠依据。[方法]建立了苯醚甲环唑在葡萄中的残留检测方法,并测定在葡萄中的消解动态和最终残留。[结果]方法的准确度和精密度符合残留检测要求,在葡萄中消解半衰期为5.6~16.4 d。按剂量81.25、121.88 mg a.i./kg,施药3~4次,间隔7 d,末次施药后28 d,在葡萄中残留量为0.108~0.276 mg/kg。[结论]建立的检测方法准确可靠,葡萄收获时残留量低于日本规定的最大允许残留量(MRL)。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。