Co_3O_4纳米片的简单热氧化法制备及其磁性能

在空气气氛下,通过简单的电热板将氧化沉积在硅基片上的钴薄膜在553~723 K下加热24 h,制备出了大面积Co3O4纳米片,并对纳米片的形貌、晶体结构、生长机制及其磁性能进行了系统研究。结果表明:Co3O4纳米片垂直基片生长,其厚度约为25~80 nm,长度可达1μm,纳米片尺寸随热氧化温度升高而增加。与相应的块体材料对比,Co3O4纳米片的Néel转变温度TN显著降低,约为20 K。450℃热氧化形成的样品5 K时的磁滞回线具有明显交换偏置,交换偏置场约为9.6×10-3T。Co膜简单热氧化生成Co3O4纳米片的过程分为两步:首先在Co膜表面由里往外形成了Co O层和Co3O4层,随后Co3O4纳米片在外层的Co3O4氧化层上形核生长,并最终形成了未氧化的Co层/Co O层/Co3O4层/Co3O4纳米片层的多层结构。这种较低温度下热氧化生成Co3O4纳米片的生长过程是一种短程扩散生长机制,并受钴离子的向外扩散速率控制,生成的纳米片的形状与Co3O4晶体结构密切相关。     

La_(0.7-x)Dy_xSr_(0.3)CoO_3体系磁电性质研究

用固相反应法制备La0.7-xDyxSr0.3CoO3(x=0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25)样品,通过M-T曲线,ρ-T曲线,-ρT拟合曲线,研究样品的磁性质、输运行为、输运机制。结果表明:在La0.7-xDyxSr0.3CoO3中的许多三价Co离子处于低自旋态(LS:t2g6eg0,S=0)、中自旋态(IS:t2g5eg1,S=1),Dy格子与Co格子之间耦合相当弱。在50 K以上时,短程的铁磁(FM)Co3+-O-Co4+不能造成Dy3+磁矩的平行排列,Dy次格子保持顺磁态。体系的宏观磁性则是由FM的Co次格子磁矩加上Dy次格子的顺磁矩的贡献。在50 K以下时,Dy3+之间的耦合使得它们的磁矩逐渐趋于铁磁有序排列,必然会在Co格点处产生很强的局域磁场。低自旋的Co3+离子在强内磁场作用下,变为高自旋态,磁矩变大。磁化强度曲线在50 K以下随温度降低表现出快速上升的行为。50 K对x≥0.15的高掺杂样品,绝缘体导电的磁背景是铁磁团簇。这种铁磁绝缘体输运行为可能是在La0.7-xDyxSr0.3CoO3体系中,不仅有Co3+-O-Co4+双交换作用,还有Co3+-O-Co3+,Co4+-O-Co4+超交换作用。并且Dy3+离子无规分布的磁势和库伦势,以及颗粒边界效应,对输运行为也有影响。     

化学气相沉积法制备核/壳结构Co/C纳米颗粒的结构与热稳定性

以乙酰丙酮钴为原料,采用单步金属有机物化学气相沉积法,在600~800℃温度下制备碳包覆钴的核/壳结构Co/C纳米颗粒。利用X射线衍射、透射电镜和Raman光谱仪等对合成产物的元素组成和结构进行表征,研究合成温度对产物形貌和结构的影响,分析Co/C核/壳纳米颗粒的形成机理,并通过差式扫描量热分析/热重分析研究产物的热稳定性。结果表明,不同反应温度下的产物中,Co核的粒径均在10~60 nm之间,C壳层的厚度在10~20 nm之间。随合成温度从600℃升至800℃,Co核由HCP和FCC的混合结构逐步转变为单一的FCC结构,而C层的结晶度逐渐升高。核/壳结构Co/C纳米颗粒在空气气氛下从250℃开始缓慢氧化,结晶度高的C壳层对Co核具有更好的保护作用。     

NiO和(Pt/Co)多层膜的交换耦合作用及对其矫顽力的影响

研究了用磁控溅射法制备的(Pt/Co)多层膜和绝缘体反铁磁材料NiO之间的磁学和晶体学相互作用。室温下,当NiO覆盖在(Pt/Co)多层膜上面且NiO厚度大于25 nm时观察到了交换偏置,偏置场随NiO厚度的增加而增大。但总体上偏置场(HE)很小,对应NiO厚度为120nm时偏置场不到4000 A·m-1。NiO在(Pt/Co)多层膜下面时没有观察到交换偏置,但是对多层膜的矫顽力和垂直磁各向异性产生了很大影响。(Pt/Co)多层膜的矫顽力随NiO厚度的增加呈现非单调衰减趋势,当NiO厚度为1和3 nm时,矫顽力分别出现极小值和极大值,厚度超过3 nm的NiO使矫顽力单调下降,直至减小到接近零。(Pt/Co)多层膜的垂直磁各向异性随底层NiO厚度的增加逐渐变弱,最后垂直方向变为难轴。矫顽力和垂直磁各向异性的这种变化是由超薄NiO和(Pt/Co)多层膜之间可能存在的邻近效应,弱晶化NiO对(Pt/Co)多层膜(111)织构的影响以及NiO与(Pt/Co)多层膜之间的交换耦合共同作用造成的。     

纳米铝粒子表面钝化过程研究

蒸发冷凝技术制备了平均直径为80nm的铝粉,反应完成后冷却至室温,通入一定浓度氧气的惰气原位对所制备的纳米铝粉进行钝化,采用XRD,TEM,XPS和HRTEM检测钝化后的纳米铝粉颗粒及表面的化学成分、形貌和结构。结果表明钝化后的纳米铝颗粒为表面形成厚度小于5nm的致密的钝化膜包覆着金属铝的"核壳"结构。结合晶体结构推断纳米铝颗粒的钝化过程分为三个阶段:第一阶段受隧道效应的控制,反应非常快,氧化层迅速增厚,第二阶段随氧化膜增厚,离子流下降很快,倾斜场的协同效应导致膜生长变慢,速度控制步骤仍然是隧道效应,第三阶段热电子流起主要作用,氧化膜的生长几乎停止。     

SmCo/Co多层交换弹性纳米晶复合永磁薄膜的制备和磁耦合研究

利用磁控溅射的方法,在室温条件的Si基片上制备了[SmCo(25nm)/Co(x)]4/SmCo(25 nm)多层交换弹性纳米晶复合永磁薄膜(Co层厚度x=0～10 nm),经过550 ℃/20 min的真空退火处理使薄膜结晶后,进行磁性测试和磁耦合分析.结果表明:SmCo层厚度固定为25 nm时,调整Co层的厚度,从0至10 nm逐渐增加,矫顽力从2270.3 kA·m-1逐渐降低至1040.5 kA·m-1,同时,饱和磁化强度和剩磁随Co层厚度增加逐渐增加,上升了60％.当加入10 nm的Co层后,多层膜的最大磁能积比125 nm的单层SmCo薄膜增加了46％.另外,与SmCo/Co双层交换弹性薄膜在退磁过程中表现的零场附近的软硬磁双相行为相比,SmCo/Co多层交换弹性薄膜表现出单相反转行为,说明体系中的两种磁性层具有更好的磁耦合.经过磁耦合研究发现,当Co软磁层较薄时,薄膜中磁性颗粒以颗粒间交换耦合为主;当软磁层厚度增加时,颗粒间交换耦合减弱,静磁耦合增强,保证了软硬磁相之间的良好磁耦合作用.Co层的加入有效地提高了薄膜的磁性能.     

离子束混合过程中Au/Fe磁性膜的巨磁电阻效应在线研究

在离子柬混合和强磁场条件下，在线研究了Au/Fe磁性膜的巨磁电阻效应，发现了不同磁场强度下的离子柬混合对巨磁电阻效应影响的规律，以及不同注入条件对样品饱和磁场的影响。讨论了样品由磁性多层膜逐渐向磁性纳米颗粒膜的转变，以及与此相关的纳米磁性颗粒在磁场作用下的非各向同性生长，并通过高分辨透射电镜(TEM)观察证实了磁性膜样品中磁性纳米Fe颗粒存在各向异性生长现象。通过对室温放置了一年以上的磁性纳米颗粒膜样品的电磁物性测量，证明利用离子柬混合技术制备的纳米颗粒膜在室温具有良好的热稳定性和时间稳定性。     

空心碳纳米球的可控制备

采用乙酰丙酮铜为原料,通过金属有机物化学气相沉积大批量制备C/Cu壳/核纳米颗粒,并通过反应气氛调控C壳层的厚度。将C/Cu壳/核纳米颗粒在1 300℃的真空环境中退火,获得空心碳纳米球。通过透射电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、拉曼光谱等表征手段,对退火前和退火后的样品进行对比分析,发现退火前和退火后的碳壳层的直径、厚度和石墨化程度都没有明显改变,但是样品的比表面积增大了一个数量级。因此,通过C/Cu壳/核纳米颗粒的真空退火,是实现空心碳球可控制备的一条简易途径。     

碳包覆CdS纳米颗粒的光学性能研究

采用水热法制备了核壳结构的碳包覆CdS纳米颗粒(CdS@C),利用X射线衍射、高分辨透射电子显微镜和光谱仪研究了碳包覆层对CdS@C的微观结构与光学性能影响.结果表明,碳包覆CdS纳米颗粒具有明显的核壳结构,内核为六方纤锌矿结构CdS,外壳为碳层.颗粒形貌主要为球形或椭球形结构,粒度均匀,分散性良好,粒径分布在20～6...     

多层级NaHoF4纳米核壳颗粒的制备及其抗癌诊疗

为能够在无Ce掺杂时增强NaHoF4的荧光发射能力,设计制备了Yb3+浓度梯度多层级纳米核壳颗粒,并对其微观形貌、荧光发射能力、相结构及抗癌诊疗效果进行了测试。结果表明,合成的六边形NaHoF4颗粒结晶度良好,尺寸约为20 nm;多层级包覆壳层薄且均匀,该结构的荧光发射强度高于无/单一壳层包覆。980 nm激光照射下,表面修饰Ce6的多层级NaHoF4纳米核壳颗粒在HeLa癌细胞中具有良好的抗癌诊疗作用。     

钢中非金属夹杂物形态对其去除行为的影响

采用物理模拟手段研究球形、立方体、圆柱体、树枝状、团簇状等钢中常见形状夹杂物形状修正系数的差异性,并分析粒子表面形貌和运动取向对形状修正系数的影响.粒子的形状修正系数与阻力系数满足线性正相关,可以用形状修正系数评价粒子的上浮去除能力;在体积相同情况下,同类型夹杂物粒子的去除能力依次为树枝状(垂直)<粗糙球形<立方体<圆柱(半经6 mm)<圆柱(半经4 mm)<树枝状(水平)<团簇状(水平)<光滑球形;粗糙表面的球形其表面积约为光滑球形的2倍,其形状修正系数同时增加2.1倍.简单粒子的形状修正系数受运动取向影响较小,复杂粒子则受运动取向影响较大,树枝状颗粒垂直上浮时的形状修正系数约为水平上浮时的2倍.      

The effects of face inversion on the perception of long-range and local spatial relations in eye and mouth configuration.

A recent study hypothesized a configurational anisotropy in the face inversion effect, with vertical relations more difficult to process. However, another difference in the stimuli of that report was that the vertical but not horizontal shifts lacked local spatial references. Difficulty processing long-range spatial relations might also be predicted from a relevance-interaction explanation, which proposes that in inverted faces, spatial relations are processed efficiently only within high-relevance local regions. The authors performed 2 experiments to distinguish between these hypotheses. Experiment 1 showed that the inversion effect for vertical shifts of the eyes alone was more similar to that for horizontal eye shifts than for vertical shifts of the eyes and eyebrows. In Experiment 2, focused attention reduced the inversion effect for vertical mouth position more than that for vertical shifts of the eyes and brows. The authors concluded that face inversion impairs the perception of both local spatial relations in low-relevance regions and long-range spatial relations extending across multiple facial regions, consistent with a loss of efficient whole-face processing of the spatial relations between features. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What guides a search for food that has disappeared? Experiments on cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus).

When food is launched down a vertically positioned S-shaped opaque tube, cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) search for the food in the position directly beneath the release point, even though over several trials it never appears in this position (B. M. Hood et al., 1999). Experiment 1 showed that when the trajectory of the food shifts from the vertical to the horizontal plane, tamarins no longer show systematic perseverative errors and, in general, perform better on this invisible displacement task. Experiment 2 showed that tamarins with experience on the horizontal task show less of a bias when tested on the vertical task but nonetheless fail overall to solve this invisible displacement problem; their performance is substantially worse than it was on the horizontal task. Experiment 3 revealed that when the vertically positioned tube is replaced by an occluded ramp, tamarins consistently search in the compartment below the release point, even though most of the tamarins had experience in Experiments 1 and 2. Overall, results indicate that tamarins have a significant gravity bias when searching for food that has disappeared along the vertical plane but also have more general problems finding food that has moved out of sight. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Orienting gaze shifts during muscimol inactivation of caudal fastigial nucleus in the cat. I. Gaze dysmetria

The cerebellar control of orienting behavior toward visual targets was studied in the head-unrestrained cat by analyzing the deficits of saccadic gaze shifts after unilateral injection of muscimol in the caudal part of the fastigial nucleus (cFN). Gaze shifts are rendered strongly inaccurate by muscimol cFN inactivation. The characteristics of gaze dysmetria are specific to the direction of the movement with respect to the inactivated cFN. Gaze shifts directed toward the injected side are hypermetric. Irrespective of their starting position, all these ipsiversive gaze shifts overshoot the target by a constant horizontal error (or bias) to terminate at a "shifted goal" location. In particular, when gaze is directed initially at the future target's location, a response with an amplitude corresponding to the bias moves gaze away from the actual target. Additionally, when gaze is initially in between the target and this shifted goal location, the response again is directed toward the latter. This deficit of ipsiversive gaze shifts is characterized by a consistent increase in the y intercept of the relationship between horizontal gaze amplitude and horizontal retinal error. Slight increases in the slope sometimes are observed as well. Contraversive gaze shifts are markedly hypometric and, in contrast to ipsiversive responses, they do not converge onto a shifted goal but rather underestimate target eccentricity in a proportional way. This is reflected by a decrease in the slope of the relationship between horizontal gaze amplitude and horizontal retinal error, with, for some experiments, a moderate change in the y-intercept value. The same deficits are observed in a different setup, which permits the control of initial gaze position. Correction saccades rarely are observed when visual feedback is eliminated on initiation of the primary orienting response; instead, they occur frequently when the target remains visible. Like the primary contraversive saccades, they are hypometric and the ever-decreasing series of three to five correction saccades reduces the gaze fixation error but often does not completely eliminate it. We measured the position of gaze after the final correction saccade and found that fixation of a visible target is still shifted toward the inactivated cFN by 4.9 +/- 2.4 degrees. This fixation offset is correlated to, but on average 54% smaller than, the hypermetric bias of ipsiversive responses measured in the same experiments. In conclusion, the cFN contributes to the control of saccadic shifts of the visual axis toward a visual target. The hypometria of contraversive gaze shifts suggests a cFN role in adjusting a gain in the translation of retinal signals into gaze motor commands. On the basis of the convergence of ipsiversive gaze shifts onto a shifted goal, the straightness of gaze trajectory during these responses and the production of misdirected or inappropriately initiated responses toward this shifted goal, we propose that the cFN influences the processes that specify the goal of ipsiversive gaze shifts.     

Magnetic Coupling in La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3／La0.67 Sr0.33 CoO3／La0.67 Ca0.33MnO3 Trilayer Films

The perovskite La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3/La0.67 Sr0.33 CoO3/La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 trilayers were fabricated by a facing-target sputtering technique and their magnetotransport properties were investigated. The magnetoresistance is dependent on spacer thickness and dramatically decreases when La0.67 Sr0.33 CoO3 layer is thick enough because of its short-circuiting effect. Different from La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 single layer, trilayer films with thin La0.67 Sr0.33 CoO3 spacer have the enhanced metal-semiconductor transition temperature (TMS) of La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 layers. The magnetic coercivity Hc shows a nonmonotonic behavior with changing the spacer layer thickness at 230 K. The waist-like hysteresis indicates that there is an indirect exchange coupling between the top and bottom Lao.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 layers across the spacer La0.67 Sr0.33 CoO3 layer.     

The relationship of vertical and horizontal velocity gradients in the perception of shape, rotation, and rigidity

Perceived shape, rotation, and rigidity were investigated in displays with linear velocity gradients in the vertical and horizontal directions. Different temporal relationships between these gradients simulated perspective projections of frontally oriented or rotated translating dihedral angles, orthographic projections of rotating dihedral angles, or nonrigid motion. Displays with nonzero horizontal gradients were judged to represent greater angle magnitudes (less relative depth) than displays with 0 horizontal gradients. The temporal relationship between the vertical and horizontal gradients did not influence judged shape but did affect rotation and rigidity judgments; rigid rotations were judged to rotate most, and nonrigid displays were rated as least rigid. These results indicate that the visual system integrates information from more than 1 velocity field. Possible integration methods based on first-order optic flow analysis are discussed.     

钢管缺陷漏磁场及影响漏磁信号因素的分析

介绍了钢管检测中常见的缺陷漏磁场模型和漏磁场分布，以及对凹坑缺陷漏磁场进行的模拟研究。比较了两种缺陷漏磁检测信号的时频特性，讨论了缺陷深度、励磁电流、检测探头纵向旋转速度等对矩形槽缺陷漏磁感应电压信号的影响。研究发现，缺陷深度和漏磁感应信号峰值约呈线性关系，这可作为钢管缺陷检测的应用基础。     

Optimizing gaze control in three dimensions

Horizontal and vertical movements of the human eye bring new objects to the center of the visual field, but torsional movements rotate the visual world about its center. Ocular torsion stays near zero during head-fixed gaze shifts, and eye movements to visual targets are thought to be driven by purely horizontal and vertical commands. Here, analysis of eye-head gaze shifts revealed that gaze commands were three-dimensional, with a separate neural control system for torsion. Active torsion optimized gaze control as no two-dimensional system could have, stabilizing the retinal image as quickly as possible when it would otherwise have spun around the fixation point.     

Auditory motion induces directionally dependent receptive field shifts in inferior colliculus neurons

This research focused on the response of neurons in the inferior colliculus of the unanesthetized mustached bat, Pteronotus parnelli, to apparent auditory motion. We produced the apparent motion stimulus by broadcasting pure-tone bursts sequentially from an array of loudspeakers along horizontal, vertical, or oblique trajectories in the frontal hemifield. Motion direction had an effect on the response of 65% of the units sampled. In these cells, motion in opposite directions produced shifts in receptive field locations, differences in response magnitude, or a combination of the two effects. Receptive fields typically were shifted opposite the direction of motion (i.e., units showed a greater response to moving sounds entering the receptive field than exiting) and shifts were obtained to horizontal, vertical, and oblique motion orientations. Response latency also shifted as a function of motion direction, and stimulus locations eliciting greater spike counts also exhibited the shortest neural latency. Motion crossing the receptive field boundaries appeared to be both necessary and sufficient to produce receptive field shifts. Decreasing the silent interval between successive stimuli in the apparent motion sequence increased both the probability of obtaining a directional effect and the magnitude of receptive field shifts. We suggest that the observed directional effects might be explained by "spatial masking," where the response of auditory neurons after stimulation from particularly effective locations in space would be diminished. The shift in auditory receptive fields would be expected to shift the perceived location of a moving sound and may explain shifts in localization of moving sources observed in psychophysical studies. Shifts in perceived target location caused by auditory motion might be exploited by auditory predators such as Pteronotus in a predictive tracking strategy to capture moving insect prey.     

贵溪冶炼厂卧式反应釜自动控制方法的研究

概述了贵溪冶炼厂加压浸出工艺发展历程,从生产工艺和自动控制装备方面比较了立式反应釜和卧式反应釜的差异,详细介绍了卧式反应釜各控制变量之间的耦合关系和试验过程中主要控制回路的控制效果,并简要论述了卧式反应釜加压浸出工艺自动控制方案的设计思路和改进方向。