基于非线性强度准则的土工结构安全系数有限元计算

将幂律型广义非线性强度准则应用到土工结构安全系数计算中,令土体强度逐渐降低,直至结构破坏,得到最终的安全系数,并开发了基于幂律型广义非线性强度准则的有限元强度折减法程序。该方法不需事先假设滑裂面,计算方便可靠,能适用于各种复杂地质条件。作为算例,该文分别采用线性和非线性两套指标计算了一常见高土石坝和一机场高填方边坡的安全系数。在线性指标下该文方法与PLAXIS内置有限元强度折减法计算结果一致,相对非线性指标,线性指标计算的滑裂面偏浅,计算的安全系数大小随线性参数的确定方法不同而不同。建议使用非线性强度指标计算高围压下土工结构的安全系数。     

基于响应面法和Morgenstern-Price法土坡可靠度计算方法

基于响应面法,建立了一种高效的边坡可靠度指标和失效概率近似计算方法。该法在构造响应面函数时,抽样点计算采用Morgenstern-Price法取代传统费时的有限单元法,大大降低了计算工作量。利用Monte-Carlo随机抽样原理,提出了一种能同时确定边坡最危险非圆弧滑动面和最小可靠度指标的随机搜索新算法。该文给出的两个算例验证了方法的实用性和可靠性,其计算结果同时表明:当分别以最小可靠度指标和最小中值安全系数为目标函数时,搜索到的边坡最危险滑动面相差较大。最后,探讨了土性指标(c,φ)的分布概型及相关性对边坡可靠度计算结果的影响。     

地震作用下土钉支护边坡稳定性计算方法

考虑土钉对土质边坡稳定性影响的情况下,根据土体边坡滑动面的破坏模式,拟静力法,建立了地震作用下土钉支护边坡稳定性模型,推导了边坡滑移面圆心位置与稳定系数之间的函数关系.在水平地震作用下,竖向条分在计算地震惯性力和抗滑力矩时存在计算上的不合理,从而使地震惯性力与实际值有误差,抗滑力矩偏小,因此采用竖向条分和水平条分结合的方法对土钉支护边坡地震稳定性分析方法进行了改进.利用遗传算法对最危险滑移面的圆心进行动态搜索,并且避免了在圆弧搜索中陷入局部最小值的缺点.采用面向对象程序设计语言VC++编制了程序,实现了上钉支护边坡稳定最小安全系数的自动寻优.最后结合具体工程实例进行了验算,结果表明这种计算方法对土质较均匀的黄土地区是适用的.     

抛物线型破裂面土钉墙内部稳定性分析

提出了一种新的深基坑土钉支护结构内部稳定性分析方法,该法根据现场观测结果,假定土钉墙潜在滑裂面形状为抛物推导出了稳定性安全系数Ｆｓ的计算式。     

复理石顺层边坡最危险岩层倾角及简化的单一层面模型

最危险岩层倾角为0°～90°范围内使边坡安全系数最小的岩层倾角,该倾角是对顺层边坡稳定性最不利的岩层产状。以由岩块和岩层面组成的层状边坡为分析对象,采用有限元极限分析法的隐式节理模型分析了不同坡角对应的最危险岩层倾角。结果表明:最危险岩层倾角随坡角的增大而增大,对应安全系数的变化规律相反,最危险岩层倾角下的破坏均为整体顺层滑移破坏;通过极限平衡法得到最危险岩层倾角的理论公式,计算结果与有限元极限分析法偏离不超过2%;在众多岩层面中,对缓倾顺层边坡稳定性起决定性作用的为过坡脚的层面,采用单一层面简化模型得到的边坡破坏模式与常规模型相近,安全系数偏离不超过3%,缓倾顺层边坡可利用此模型进行简化的边坡稳定分析。     

白鹤滩特高拱坝坝肩柱状节理玄武岩开挖爆破试验研究

柱状节理玄武岩具有表面易破碎、易松弛等性状特点,作为300 m级高拱坝坝肩基岩世界罕见。柱状节理玄武岩基岩面岩体施工处理,经常出现边坡预裂面破坏,预裂面超欠挖严重、预裂面半孔率低、岩体扰动等问题。为解决破碎岩体边坡开挖的稳定,减少预裂爆破对建基面稳定的危害,根据白鹤滩水电站左岸坝肩柱状节理玄武岩物理及力学特性,通过预裂爆破与光面爆破对比试验,以确定爆破类型;并优化预裂爆破装药线密度、孔排距等参数。结果表明：预裂爆破综合效果优于光面爆破。通过在爆前、爆后布置物探监测仪器对周围岩体损伤进行监测,得出预裂爆破孔0.6 m的间距及线密度240 g/m装药参数,对柱状节理玄武岩实现基岩面扰动最小,达到最佳爆破效果。为强卸荷岩体高拱坝基础开挖提供了理论和实践借鉴。     

用有限元强度折减法进行边坡稳定分析

通过对边坡非线性有限元模型进行强度折减,使边坡达到不稳定状态时,非线性有限元静力计算将不收敛,此时的折减系数就是稳定安全系数,同时可得到边坡破坏时的滑动面。传统条分法无法获得岩质边坡的滑动面与稳定安全系数。该方法开创了求岩质边坡滑动面与稳定安全系数的先例。文章对此法的计算精度以及影响因素进行了分析。算例表明采用摩尔-库仑等面积圆屈服准则求得的稳定安全系数与简化Bishop法的误差为3%～8%,与Spencer法的误差为1%～4%,证实了其实用于工程的可行性。     

强夯动荷载作用方向对黄土边坡稳定性的影响分析

为进一步研究强夯对周边黄土边坡稳定性的影响,采用极限平衡圆弧条分法对强夯作用下的边坡安全系数进行推导计算。结合工程实例,使用TC-4850爆破测振仪对现场监测点进行加速度测试。考虑高程差和测点距离的共同影响,采用MATLAB编程对现场数据进行多元回归分析,求出强夯作用下边坡质点振动加速度解析式。在求得最小安全系数的基础上,研究不同强夯动荷载方向对黄土边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明：在相同荷载作用下,强夯动荷载方向与水平轴正方向夹角为0°、45°、60°、270°、315°、330°、360°时,安全系数均小于等于1.00,且随着拟静力系数不断增大,安全系数越来越小。强夯动荷载方向与水平轴正方向夹角为90°、135°、150°、180°、225°、240°时,安全系数均大于1.05。随着拟静力系数不断增大,安全系数也随之增大。该方法简单易行,便于计算,可用于黄土边坡实际工程。     

深基坑复合土钉支护稳定性分析方法及其应用

探讨计算复合土钉支护边坡稳定性安全系数的一种方法,为设计提供较为科学合理的分析手段。基于土坡稳定性分析的Bishop法,建立了稳定性安全系数的计算公式。采用几何控制参数法对最危险滑移面进行搜索。通过分别移动基底、地表水平面和位于基坑高度一半处的水平面上的三个几何控制点,寻找到边坡最危险滑移面并计算出对应的稳定性安全系数。计算表明:(1)用几何控制参数法搜索的最危险滑移面有且仅有一个;(2)改进后的搜索方法趋于完善、合理和准确;(3)对于软弱土层,当边坡侧壁垂直时,滑移面通过坡趾的假设不合理;(4)用该方法计算的工程实例安全系数与实际情况吻合较好,具有较高的工程应用价值。     

锦屏一级水电站边坡开挖爆破动力稳定性研究

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟方法,分4种工况对锦屏一级水电站坝肩高陡边坡开挖爆破的动力稳定性进行了数值模拟研究,采用质点振动速度和安全系数2个指标评价边坡的稳定性,重点研究了潜在滑体在开挖爆破过程中的安全。分析结果表明,受左岸岩体中发育的f5、f8等断层影响,在进行EL.1 910～1 885 m台阶开挖爆破时,边坡关键部位质点振动速度接近10 cm/s的允许值;在爆破动力影响下,使潜在滑体业已降低的静力安全系数进一步受影响,最小安全系数略大于施工安全系数1.15。提出了相应减振措施:每开挖一个台阶后须对潜在滑体进行系统锚索加固和坡面喷护,降低爆破规模和单段药量,实测结果表明,采取锚固支护后,边坡振动速度明显降低。     

An artificial bee colony algorithm for locating the critical slip surface in slope stability analysis

Determination of the critical slip surface with the minimum factor of safety of a slope is a difficult constrained global optimization problem. In this article, an artificial bee colony algorithm with a multi-slice adjustment method is proposed for locating the critical slip surfaces of soil slopes, and the Spencer method is employed to calculate the factor of safety. Six benchmark examples are presented to illustrate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed technique, and it is also compared with some well-known or recent algorithms for the problem. The results show that the new algorithm is promising in terms of accuracy and efficiency.     

Stability assessment of earth slope using modified particle swarm optimization

This paper has proposed an effective method to determine the minimum factor of safety (FS) and associated critical failure surface in slope stability analysis. The search for the minimum FS based on limit equilibrium methods is a complex optimization problem as the objective function is non-smooth and non-convex. Recently, particle swarm optimization (PSO) as a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm has been developed with success in treating various types of problems. In the current study, a new approach of PSO is proposed to calculate the safety factor of earth slopes. The safety factors of the general slip surfaces are calculated using Spencer method of slices, and each new slip surface is randomly generated by straight line technique. The reliability and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are examined by considering a number of published cases. The results indicate that the new method can predict a more critical failure mechanism with a lower FS and can outperform the other methods in the literature as well as standard PSO. Finally, the proposed method will be validated by considering an existing slope failure in Ulu Klang, Malaysia.     

计算土坡安全系数的辐向条分模型

本文根据土条间的几何关系提出了土坡稳定分析的辐向条分法，并利用高斯积分法计算出安全系数，再通过计算机搜索及改进的JC法求出土坡最小安全系数。该法避免了传统意义上的条分过程，消除了由于条间力简化假设所引起的计算误差，从而提供了一种高效、准确的土坡稳定性计算方法。     

基坑土钉支护稳定分析方法及其应用

探讨一种土钉支护边坡稳定分析方法，为设计提供较为科学合理的分析手段。基于土坡稳定分析常用的瑞典条分法，考虑土钉的极限拉力作用，建立稳定安全系数公式，可用于基坑土钉支护设计。提出用几何控制多数确定最危险滑动面的计算机算法，通过计算表明：安全系数是几何控制参数的单峰函数。用黄金分割法分步对几何控制多数进行优化，提高了计算速度。通过与国外方法比较和工程实例验算，确定安全系数的取值范围，一般工程安全系数应为１．２－１．５。具有较后的工程应用价值。     

Geotechnical system reliability of slopes

In slope stability analysis it is customary to search for the critical slip surface considering the conventional factor of safety as an index of stability. With the development of reliability analysis approaches within a probabilistic framework, alternative definitions of the critical slip surface can be adopted. Thus one may define a critical slip surface as one with the lowest reliability index or one with the highest probability of failure. However, it is important to consider the slope stability problem in terms of a system of many potential slip surfaces. For such a system, the calculation of system reliability is appropriate and desirable. In this paper, system reliability bounds are calculated within a probabilistic framework. The ‘system reliability’ or the ‘system probability of failure’ must be estimated for comparison with the corresponding reliability or probability of failure with respect to a ‘critical’ slip surface. The general slope stability problem involving non-zero internal friction angle involves a non-linear performance function. Moreover, the expression for factor of safety is usually inexplicit except for the ordinary method of slices which is not accurate except when ‘ø = 0’. This paper addresses the system reliability for inexplicit and non-linear performance functions as well as for linear and explicit ones. Any version of the method of slices may be used although the proposed approach is presented on the basis of the Bishop simplified method. It is shown that the upper bound system failure probability is higher than the failure probability associated with a critical slip surface. The difference increases as the coefficient of variation of the shear strength parameters increases.     

An improved harmony search minimization algorithm using different slip surface generation methods for slope stability analysis

An improved harmony search algorithm is proposed which is found to be more efficient than the original harmony search algorithm for slope stability analysis. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is examined by considering several published cases. The improved harmony search method is applied to slope stability problems with five types of procedure for generating trial slip surfaces. It is demonstrated that the improved harmony search algorithm is efficient and effective for the minimization of factors of safety for various difficult problems, and the method of generating the trial failure surfaces can be important in the minimization process.     

基于有限单元法的岩土边坡动力稳定分析及评价方法研究进展

该文给出了基于有限元法的岩土边坡动力稳定分析的主要方法,对这些分析方法进行了较为详细的表述和分析,在此基础上提出了平均地震系数计算的新方法,即对潜在滑动区域分块按有限元法计算地震系数,进而再按拟静力法计算安全系数。为了考虑滑动体变形对地震稳定系数和永久变形的影响,应建立地震响应与地震永久变形相耦合的计算方法。指出边坡在地震荷载作用下产生的永久位移或累积变形作为边坡稳定性评价指标是科学合理的。最后提出了基于性态的边坡抗震设计方法,包括边坡抗震性态水准的划分、性能指标的建立和抗震设计方法。     

Global optimization analysis of slope stability by simulated annealing with dynamic bounds and Dirac function

In slope stability analysis, the search for the minimum factor of safety is a difficult NP-hard global minimization problem as the objective function is non-smooth and non-convex and there are multiple local minima. The use of a simulated annealing method where the control variables are controlled within dynamic domains instead of the conventional static domains is proposed. A simple transformation technique for slopes with a soft band domain (equivalent to a Dirac function) is also proposed. With these improvements, the minimum factor of safety for complicated problems can be determined with high accuracy and reasonable computer time. The proposed algorithm is demonstrated to be efficient and effective for various difficult problems.