微观组织对一种高强度船板用钢低温冲击韧性的影响

采用室温拉伸、示波冲击、光学和扫描电镜组织分析、EBSD及断口分析等方法,研究了微观组织对一种高强度船板用钢低温冲击韧性的影响。结果表明,在相同合金成分条件下,由于压下率和冷却速率的差别,板厚1/2和1/4处的有效晶粒尺寸、大角度晶界比例及M/A岛的形态分布不同。有效晶粒尺寸、大角度晶界比例及第二相M/A岛的形态是影响低温冲击韧性的主要因素,其对低温冲击的裂纹形成功影响并不明显,但较大的有效晶粒尺寸、较低的大角度晶界比例及呈方向性分布的M/A岛却显著降低了裂纹扩展功,导致板厚1/2处的低温冲击韧性低于板厚1/4处。     

镁处理对CGHAZ冲击韧性及裂纹扩展的影响

通过镁处理Q345GJ钢引入含镁的复合夹杂物,研究其对大线能量焊接(线能量为100 kJ/cm)粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)组织和断裂韧性的影响。结果显示,试验钢经镁处理后CGHAZ韧性值明显提高(冲击功由56 J提高到108 J)。主要原因为,镁处理钢在CGHAZ焊接热循环冷却过程中优先形成含镁的复合夹杂物,作为高表面能的惰性基体,其周围形成的贫锰区和高能应变场共同促进针状铁素体(AF)形核,AF体积分数为(82.9±2.0)%,宽度为(0.96±0.1)μm(无镁处理钢对应为(32.4±1.5)%、(3.13±0.2)μm);研究了大线能量焊接后CGHAZ冲击试样中微孔的形成及裂纹扩展,两种试验钢夹杂物附近均存在大量位错,变形过程中位错通过夹杂物时形成位错环堆积引起局部应力集中;当应力积累到无法使相邻晶粒的位错源开启时,不利于滑移取向上的应力达到临界值导致微孔的产生,相邻微孔在外力作用下连接形成裂纹。无镁处理钢CGHAZ区域微孔更为密集,受力后更易形成微裂纹。镁处理钢CGHAZ区域大角度晶界比例为80.2%、几何必要位错密度(GND)为0.806、局部取向差分布值(KAM)为0.91...     

Weldability of 780 MPa Super-High Strength Heavy-Duty Truck Crossbeam Steel

 CO2-shielded welding experiments of newly developed, 780 MPa super-high strength heavy-duty truck crossbeam steel were conducted, and the microstructure, microhardness, mechanical properties, and impact toughness of the welded joint were studied. The evolution of the microstructure of the welded joint occurred as follows: welding seam (acicular ferrite+proeutectoid ferrite)→fusion zone (granular bainite-long strip M/A island)→coarse grain zone (granular bainite-long strip or short bar M/A island)→fine grain zone (ferrite+pearlite+blocky M/A island)→mixed grained zone (ferrite+granular bainite+blocky M/A island)→base metal (proeutectoid ferrite+granular bainite-blocky or granular M/A island). Increasing the density of the grain boundaries can effectively improve the impact toughness, and the blocky M/A island hindered crack propagation more effectively than the long strip M/A island. The new hot-rolled 780 MPa super-high strength steel had excellent weldability. The welding technology was applied under the following conditions: welding voltage was 20 to 21 V, welding current was 200 to 210 A, and the gas flow rate was 25 L/min.     

大线能量焊接用钢CGHAZ冲击韧性内在机理分析

针状铁素体(AF)一直被认为是提升大线能量焊接用钢粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)韧性最有效的组织之一,但在一些试验中,有时即使发现CGHAZ中有大量AF组织,韧性也并不好。为了研究大线能量焊接用钢CGHAZ中不同类型组织及夹杂物对其冲击韧性的影响作用,从CGHAZ冲击试验出发,借鉴前人研究经验,对影响CGHAZ韧性的主要因素进行深入分析。结果显示,CGHAZ中微米级夹杂物容易成为裂纹萌生点,而晶内位错效应、冲击触发的体积效应等可以抑制裂纹传播,CGHAZ中析出的少量纳米级碳氮化物可以提升AF形核能力,增强CGHAZ韧性和强度,但当析出粒子过多时,会降低CGHAZ韧性。     

Fracture Behavior of AISI M-2 High Speed Tool Steel

A fracture toughness study was made on M-2 high speed steel. The major experimental variables included: melting processes (air-melted, ESR and AOD), austenitizing (single and dual) temperature, tempering temperature, and carbide distribution and morphology. Microstructural characterization was performed by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of carbon extractive replica. It appears that undissolved carbides are the major microstructural constituents that control crack initiation and hence toughness. Retained austenite is believed to be responsible for the increasedKIc values observed in dually austenitized specimens. The large grain size resulting from this process apparently impaired impact toughness. Despite the variety of melting processes and heat treatments investigated, fracture toughness remained in the range of 11 to 27.5 MPa m^1/2, inversely proportioned to the hardness in the range of 55 to 66 Rc.     

New Duplex Microstructure of Grain Boundary Allotriomorphic Ferrite/Granular Bainite

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Fracture toughness of AISI M2 and AISI M7 high-speed steels

A study has been made of the fracture toughness of AISI M2 and M7 high-speed steels. Fracture toughness of these steels was found to depend principally on austenitizing temperature and hardness level. The results are highly reproducible. At usual working hardness levels the fracture toughness of M7 and M2 were approximately equal. Instrumented unnotched Charpy tests showed M2 to have higher impact strength than M7. A model for fracture that assumed preexisting flaws was tested with the data obtained. The model is consistent with the results obtained for M7 but not for M2. The assumption of preexisting flaws in M2 high-speed steel does not seem warranted. Possible mechanisms for crack initiation in M2 are discussed briefly.     

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The distribution of microstructure and mechanical properties in welding heat affected zone (HAZ) of a high-Nb high strength pipeline steel was studied by simulating two type welding heat inputs on Gleeble-3500 thermal simulator. The results show that the micro-hardness of HAZ is higher then base metal without obvious softening. However, the toughness for intercritical heat affected zone and coarse grain zone of heat affected zone deteriorates. M/A islands with large size distributed in chain structure along prior austenite grain boundary cause the decrease of toughness in intercritical heat affected zone. Coarsening and mixed crystal of prior austenite grain, coarse bainite lath cluster and M/A island with large size distributed at boundary of bainite lath cluster result in deterioration of toughness in coarse grain. High alloy content and carbon equivalent are main reason to result in the decrease of the toughness.     

T_(8/5)时间对X80管线钢热影响区组织和韧性的影响

为了研究T_(8/5)时间对X80管线钢热影响区粗晶区组织和性能的影响,在Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机上对其分别进行4个焊接工艺(T_(8/5)时间分别为21、27、33和40s)的加热冷却后,对粗晶区夏比冲击性能进行测试,并对其显微组织和冲击后断口形貌进行分析。结果表明,T_(8/5)时间为21s的焊接工艺下热影响区粗晶区具有较稳定且优异的低温夏比冲击性能;随着T_(8/5)时间由21延长至40s,热影响区粗晶区的低温冲击韧性下降,断裂方式由韧性断裂向脆性断裂转变,-20℃下冲击断裂方式由部分韧性断裂转变为完全脆性断裂;延长T_(8/5)时间促进了热影响区粗晶区近熔合线侧长条大块状M/A组元的形成,使得贝氏体板条间距变大。     

焊后热处理对07MnCrMoVR钢热影响粗晶区-20℃冲击韧性的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜、透射电镜和冲击韧性试验机对07MnCrMoVR钢热影响粗晶区在460～660℃ 2h焊后热处理工艺下的组织性能进行了分析。结果表明,随着焊后热处理温度的升高,焊缝热影响粗晶区-20℃冲击韧性呈现先降低再升高的现象。焊后热处理钢在580℃和620℃出现再热裂纹倾向,冲击试样为脆性断口,解理断裂,沿着晶界出现了微裂纹,主要是因为碳化物沿着晶界析出并长大弱化了晶界的结合能,导致低温冲击韧性出现降低。≥620℃焊后热处理,07MnCrMoVR钢出现再结晶的现象,位错消失,铁素体晶粒合并长大使其低温冲击韧性又重新升高。该钢最优焊后热处理为460～500℃ 2 h。     

The process of crack initiation and effective grain size for cleavage fracture in pearlitic eutectoid steel

The process of cleavage crack initiation and the character of the effective grain size which controls the fracture toughness of pearlitic eutectoid steel has been investigated using smooth tensile and precracked Charpy impact specimens. The results demonstrated that initial cracking in both specimens was largely the result of shear cracking of pearlite;i.e., localized slip bands in ferrite promoted cracking of the cementite plates, which was then followed by tearing of the adjacent ferrite laths. Such behavior initially results in a fibrous crack. In the tensile specimen, the initiation site was identified as a fibrous region which grew under the applied stress, eventually initiating an unstable cleavage crack. In precracked impact specimens, this critical crack size was much smaller due to the high state of stress near the precrack tip. Fracture mechanics analysis showed that the first one or two dimples formed by the shear cracking process can initiate a cleavage crack. Using thin foil transmission electron microscopy, a cleavage facet was found to be an orientation unit where the ferrites (and the cementites) of contiguous colonies share a common orientation. The size of this orientation unit, which is equal to the cleavage facet size, is controlled by the prior austenite grain size. The influence of austenite grain size on toughness is thus explained by the fact that the austenite grain structure can control the resultant orientation of ferrite and cementite in pearlitic structures. Y.J. PARK, formerly with Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.     

Analysis of Microstructure Effects on Edge Crack of Thin Strip During Cold Rolling

Edge cracks in cold rolling of the thin strip affect the strip quality and productivity significantly. In this study, an experimental and mechanical investigation on microstructures has been carried out to study the edge crack formation during cold rolling of the thin strip. The effects of the feed material microstructures on the edge crack evolution were studied employing optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental observation indicates that fine grain occurs in hot-rolled microstructure and coarse grain is produced in ferritic rolled microstructure. Different grain sizes affect significantly the formation mechanics of the microcrack, crack initiation, and orientation of crack extension. The grain size and grain boundaries effects on crack retardation are discussed also during edge crack initiation. During the crack growth in coarse grain, most edge crack tips will blunt, which improves the crack toughness by causing less stress concentration. Overall, the fine microstructure shows a good crack initiation resistance, whereas the coarse microstructure has a better resistance to crack propagation. This research provides additional understanding of the mechanism of microstructure influence on edge crack evolution of cold strip rolling, which could be helpful for developing defect-free thin strip.     

Fracture toughness and fatigue behavior of matrix II and M-2 high speed steels

The effects of heat treatment and of the presence of primary carbides on the fracture toughness,K _Ic and the fatigue crack growth rates,da/dN, have been studied in M-2 and Matrix II high speed steels. The Matrix II steel, which is the matrix of M-42 high speed steel, contained many fewer primary carbides than M-2, but both steels were heat treated to produce similar hardness values at the secondary hardening peaks. The variation of yield stress with tempering temperature in both steels was similar, but the fracture toughness was slightly higher for M-2 than for Matrix II at the secondary hardening peaks. The presence of primary carbides did not have an important influence on the values ofK _Ic of these hard steels. Fatigue crack growth rates as a function of alternating stress intensity, ΔK, showed typical sigmoidal behavior and followed the power law in the middle-growth rate region. The crack growth rates in the near threshold region were sensitive to the yield strength and the grain sizes of the steels, but insensitive to the sizes and distribution of undissolved carbides. The crack growth rates in the power law regime were shifted to lower values for the steels with higher fracture toughness. SEM observations of the fracture and fatigue crack surfaces suggest that fracture initiates by cleavage in the vicinity of a carbide, but propagates by more ductile modes through the matrix and around the carbides. The sizes and distribution of primary carbides may thus be important in the initiation of fracture, but the fracture toughness and the fatigue crack propagation rates appear to depend on the strength and ductility of the martensite-austenite matrix.     

09MnNiDR钢焊接临界粗晶区冲击脆断行为及焊后热处理工艺

用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机模拟了09MnNiDR低温压力容器钢焊接临界粗晶区(intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone),并对其进行了焊后热处理(post-welding heat treatment)工艺研究。采用力学性能检测及结构表征方法研究了热处理前后焊接临界粗晶区的力学性能及影响机制。试验分析表明,尺寸较大的MA岛(martensite-austenite island)是材料受力时裂纹的启裂源,是引起试验钢焊接临界粗晶区冲击韧性较差的主要原因。经过焊后热处理,临界粗晶区的冲击韧性明显改善,并且热处理温度工艺窗口(560~640℃)较宽。热处理后M-A岛的分解、碳化物的球化及大角度晶界对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用是韧性提高的主要原因。     

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Welding thermal simulation tests were performed on E550 shipbuilding steel and the effect of welding parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) was investigated. The result indicates that the microstructure of coarse-grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) is strongly affected by t8/5. When t8/5 is shorter, the microstructure mainly consists of lath bainite and granular bainite. With the increase of t8/5, the impact toughness decreases, the volume fraction of granular bainite increases and becomes dominant when t8/5=300s. With the increase of welding peak temperature, the impact toughness of the single-pass weld specimens increases first and then decreases, while that of the double-pass weld specimens increases, with intercritically reheated coarse-grained heat affected zone (IRCGHAZ) has the lowest value. Microstructural examination reveals that the embrittlement of CGHAZ and IRCGHAZ is mainly caused by the formation of coarse granular bainite for the former, and coarse M-A constituents along grain boundaries for the latter.     

析出相对Monel K-500合金冲击韧性的影响

通过一系列实验研究了Monel K-500合金的冲击韧性。结果表明,合金经550~650℃时效后其冲击断口呈沿晶形貌;在750~850℃时效时,其冲击韧性与强度呈正相关关系。根据对合金在不同热处理状态的析出相形态及分布的研究,揭示了形成这些现象的原因。合金在550~650℃时效时,在晶内析出的γ’相呈球状均匀分布,而在部分晶界附近的γ’相呈条棒状或排成帘状垂直于晶界分布,由此导致时效态合金在断裂时,裂纹沿晶界扩展。在750~850℃时效会导致合金形成大量沿晶界网状分布的二次MC相,从而降低合金的冲击韧性。     

The relation between microstructure and toughness in 7075 aluminum alloy

Electron microscopy, fractography, and notched tear tests have been used to investigate the effects of heat treatment upon the fracture behavior of aged 7075 aluminum alloy sheet. Toughness, as measured by crack propagation energy, decreases as the yield stress increases; the toughness of an overaged structure is inferior to that of an underaged structure at the same yield stress. The decrease of toughness with increased aging time is accompanied by a change in fracture mode from predominantly transgranular to intergranular. Transgranular fracture proceeds by dimple rupture and is facilitated by chromium-rich particles which are dispersed throughout the microstructure. Intergranular fracture proceeds by the fracture of grain boundary precipitate particles. The variation of fracture mode with aging time is attributed to a steady decrease of the intergranular fracture stress relative to the transgranular fracture stress, due to increasing grain boundary particle size. A possible explanation of this effect is discussed using the stress concentration due to colinear crack arrays as an analogy. The effects of quenching variations and two-step aging are discussed. It is shown that, in aged 7075, microstructural variables such as the width of precipitate-free zones and the nature of the matrix precipitate do not have a controlling effect on toughness.     

回火温度对低碳贝氏体钢AH80DB冲击韧性的影响

研究了低碳贝氏体钢AH80DB不同回火温度对冲击韧性的影响。研究结果表明,在250℃左右M／A岛开始分解,300℃-350℃分解数量多,尺寸大,且沿晶界分布,发生了回火脆性,导致冲击韧性差。随着回火温度的升高,M／A岛的分解在500-550℃基本完成,冲击韧性逐渐升高。     

Embrittlement of Intercritically Reheated Coarse Grain Heat-Affected Zone of ASTM4130 Steel

In this investigation, a thermal welding simulation technique was used to investigate the microstructures and mechanical properties of the intercritically reheated coarse grain heat-affected zone (IR CGHAZ) of ASTM4130 steel. The effect of post weld heat treatment (PWHT) on the toughness of IR CGHAZ was also analyzed. The toughness of IR CGHAZ was measured by means of Charpy impact, and it is found that IR CGHAZ has the lowest toughness which is much lower than that of the base metal regardless of whether PWHT is applied or not. The as-welded IR CGHAZ is mainly composed of ferrite, martensite, and many blocky M–A constituents distributing along grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries in a near-connected network. Also, the prior austenite grains are still as coarse as those in the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ). The presence of the blocky M–A constituents and the coarsened austenite grains result in the toughness deterioration of the as-welded IR CGHAZ. Most of the blocky M–A constituents are decomposed to granular bainite due to the effect of the PWHT. However, PWHT cannot refine the prior austenite grains. Thus, the low toughness of IR CGHAZ after PWHT can be attributed to two factors, i.e., the coarsened austenite grains, and the presence of the remaining M–A constituents and granular bainite, which are located at grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries in a near-connected network. The absorbed energy of the IR CGHAZ was increased by about 3.75 times, which means that the PWHT can effectively improve the toughness but it cannot be recovered to the level of base metal.     

控冷工艺下组织及M/A岛对管线钢韧性的影响

 为了研究微观组织、M/A岛体积分数和长宽比对管线钢低温韧性的影响,用OM、SEM、EBSD和TEM等多尺度手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,不同冷却速度工艺下均得到针状铁素体(AF)+准多边形铁素体(QF)+M/A岛+粒状贝氏体(GB)的组织结构。但随着冷却速度的增加,组织得到显著细化,有效晶粒尺寸由3.21降低到2.88 μm。M/A岛体积分数从11.2%降低到5.8%,M/A岛长宽比也从3.5降低到1.2。在温度不低于-40 ℃时,随着有效晶粒尺寸减小和M/A岛尺寸、长宽比的减小,管线钢的低温韧性大幅提高。但在温度降低到-80~-60 ℃时,以马氏体为主的类圆形M/A岛易脆化断裂,造成材料在M/A岛体积分数最低和长宽比最低时冲击韧性出现最低值,管线钢的低温韧性与大角度晶界所占的百分比没有直接关系。针对试验用高强管线钢,在冷却速度为20 ℃/s、M/A岛体积分数为9.8%左右、长宽比为2.5时,材料具有韧性优异的综合性能。