活性氧化镁碳化加固粉土微观机理研究

基于活性MgO-CO2碳化固化法,开展了不同活性MgO掺量、碳化时间和初始含水率条件下的碳化粉土的无侧限抗压试验、X-射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和压汞试验(MIP)等,以通过无侧限抗压强度、化学成分、结构形貌和微观孔隙等特征来揭示碳化固化粉土的微观机理,最后提出活性MgO碳化固化粉土微观机理模型。结果表明：活性MgO碳化固化粉土的无侧限抗压强度在12h内随MgO掺量和碳化时间增加而增加,随初始含水率增加而降低|碳化后含水率显著降低,且强度与含水率间呈很好的线性负相关关系。碳化生成的水化镁式碳酸盐,包括棱柱状水菱镁石、薄片状球菱镁石/水碳镁石和纤维碳镁石,这些碳化产物对应的XRD峰强随MgO掺量和碳化时间增加而增加,随初始含水率增加而降低|存在最优MgO掺量和初始含水率,使碳化土孔隙体积最小。碳化土无侧限抗压强度与水菱镁石晶体对应的XRD峰强呈正相关关系。水菱镁石的生成促进了强度增长,与其他碳化产物共同促进土体孔隙减小。     

活性MgO碳化固化土的渗透特性研究

碳化固化法是一种低碳搅拌处理软土的创新技术,碳化反应生成的产物能有效降低固化土的孔隙率。在已有研究的基础上,着重研究碳化土的渗透特性,以利于其工程应用。采用室内渗透试验,系统研究了活性MgO掺量、碳化时间、初始含水率和CO_2通气压力对MgO碳化粉土和碳化粉质黏土渗透系数的影响规律,并与相同固化剂掺量、相同初始含水率下水泥固化土的渗透系数进行了对比。结果表明:活性MgO碳化土的渗透系数随MgO掺量的增加而降低,与相同掺量下水泥固化土的渗透系数处于同一数量级;MgO碳化粉土的渗透系数明显大于碳化粉质黏土的渗透系数;当MgO碳化粉土和粉质黏土碳化6.0 h时,相应的渗透系数达到最小(10-6);通气压力对MgO碳化土的渗透系数影响不大,在通气压力为200 k Pa时渗透系数较小。因此,活性MgO碳化土具有与水泥固化土相近的抗渗性能,有良好的推广应用前景。     

活性MgO碳化固化土的干湿循环特性试验研究

碳化固化技术是一种利用二氧化碳对搅拌有活性氧化镁的土体进行碳化,以达到快速提高强度的低碳搅拌处理软土的创新技术。通过室内试验研究干湿循环对碳化固化土物理力学特性的影响,并与相同掺量下水泥固化土进行对比。结果表明:活性Mg O固化粉土碳化3 h试样的无侧限抗压强度可达5 MPa,粉质黏土碳化24 h试样可达2.6 MPa;干湿循环后碳化固化土的干密度降低,而水泥土干密度基本不变;6次干湿循环后粉土碳化试样的无侧限抗压强度仍然能达到4 MPa以上,为水泥固化粉土强度的2倍,具有较好的抗干湿循环性能;经过6次干湿循环后,粉质黏土碳化试样的残余强度仅为35%,而水泥固化粉质黏土降到65%,表明固化粉质黏土的抗干湿循环性能均较差,且粉质黏土碳化试样的抗干湿循环能力不及水泥固化粉质黏土试样。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、电镜扫描(SEM)及压汞试验(MIP)测试表明干湿循环对粉土碳化试样的累计孔隙影响不大,因此粉土试样仍然具有比较大的密实度来保证试样强度;粉质黏土碳化试样因孔隙增加明显而变得疏松,因此强度显著降低。     

Hydraulic conductivity characteristics of carbonated reactive magnesia-treated silt

Carbonation of reactive magnesia (MgO) has recently received increasing attention in the area of soil stabilization and ground improvement. However, as a critical parameter in terms of long-term seepage behavior in the geotechnical analysis, the hydraulic conductivity of carbonated reactive MgO-stabilized silt has not been fully studied. In this context, the effect of water-MgO ratio (ratio of initial water content to MgO content, w₀/c) and carbonation time on hydraulic conductivity (or permeability) characteristics was systematically investigated. Serial microstructural tests including mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were applied to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms. The obtained results indicate that as the initial water-MgO ratio decreases, the void ratio gradually decreases and the reduction of hydraulic conductivity becomes less prominent because of the little presence of flow paths. The hydraulic conductivity of carbonated MgO-admixed silt similar to that of PC-treated silt is mainly governed by the porosity, and its correlation with void ratio is proposed in the article. The variations of permeability with void ratio are consistent with those of the cumulative pore volume from MIP results in general, and the medium pores (3–30 μm) are substantiated to be the primary contributor in controlling the permeability. SEM and DSC analyses reveal that the cementation of soil particles and filling of hydrated magnesium carbonates marginally reduce the voids and permeability. The reasons for changes of permeability behaviors have been confirmed by the pore-size distribution and microstructure characteristics.

     

基于活性氧化镁掺量的碳化砌块性能及机理研究

通过室内试验,研究了活性氧化镁掺量对碳化砌块抗压强度、微观特性和耐久性的影响.结果表明:3种活性氧化镁掺量(质量分数)下的砌块在碳化0~14d时,其抗压强度逐渐增加,在碳化14~28d时,其抗压强度略有降低,当活性氧化镁掺量为35%时,碳化砌块的抗压强度明显高于活性氧化镁掺量为15%和25%时;活性氧化镁的碳化产物主要是水碳镁石、水菱镁石和球碳镁石,活性氧化镁掺量越高,其碳化产物越多、砌块内部孔隙越小;活性氧化镁掺量为35%的试样耐久性最好.     

Liquefaction resistance of fibre-reinforced silty sands under cyclic loading

Whether the so-called double porosity in soils with a loose and natural packing state is a concept with real-world implications is a fundamental yet controversial question in the study of cyclic undrained shear behaviour of fibre-reinforced silty sands. An attempt is made here to clarify the question by means of particle-level modelling combined with 41 undrained cyclic triaxial shear tests. The study shows that the initial Random Loose Packing changes to Random Close Packing and then Close Packing with silt content increments. The transition from random to close packing occurs at a threshold silt content which is relatively lower in coarser sands. For sands with <40% silt content, the rate of pore pressure growth with loading-unloading cycles increase with silt content increment. Reverse trend applies to silty sands with >40% silt content. Irrespective of fine content, fibres tend to sit deep into the silt pellets and encrust the macro-pore spaces. Generally, increasing fibre content leads to an increase in the average number of contacts per particle, dilation and easier dissipation of excess pore water pressure, a decrease in contact forces and improved liquefaction resistance. For sands with >40% silt content, effectiveness of fibre reinforcement diminishes with increasing sand median size.     

Cyclic stress-controlled tests on offshore clay

One of the main concerns in cyclic behavior of soft clay is gradual degradation with the progression of loading cycle. A series of cyclic constant-volume direct simple shear (CDSS) loading tests was performed on Malaysia offshore clay to study its undrained degradation. The testing program consists of stress-controlled tests with cyclic shear ratio ranging from 0.34 to 0.83 at different overconsolidation ratios (OCRs). For a given cyclic stress ratio in stress-controlled tests, the accumulated cyclic strain and pore water pressure increase with elevated number of cycles. In heavily overconsolidated clay specimens, the negative cyclic pore water pressure is generated followed by positive cyclic pore water pressure as cyclic tests progress. The post-cyclic strength of offshore clay specimens is reduced by undrained cyclic stress-controlled loading.     

CO2碳化矿渣-CaO-MgO加固土效能与机理探索

CO₂碳化联合工业固废协同加固土技术是旨在替代传统水泥固化方法的新型技术尝试。以工业废料——矿渣为主要材料,辅以活性MgO和CaO形成矿渣-CaO-MgO固化体系,将固化土料均匀搅拌制样后进行CO₂碳化试验。通过无侧限抗压强度、扫描电镜和X射线衍射等试验,探究固化剂掺量、配比、碳化时间和初始含水率等因素对碳化加固土效果的影响。结果表明：CO₂碳化对土体加固具有明显改良效果,碳化24 h试样抗压强度最高可提升25.77倍;碳化试样抗压强度与固化剂掺量（6S4L0M除外）、活性MgO占比呈正相关;碳化试样强度随碳化时间先增加后趋于平缓（或略微下降）、最佳碳化时间为6 h左右,随初始含水率增加而先增加后下降、最佳含水率为16%左右;活性MgO碳化效能明显优于活性CaO,矿渣中低活性CaO并不能显著改良自身碳化性能。CO₂碳化作用促使碳酸盐晶体（CaCO₃、MgCO₃）生成,晶体发育程度与碳化时间、固化剂掺量及活性等因素有关;碳酸盐晶体有效填充试样内部孔隙并黏结土颗粒,形成整体骨架结构使试样强度得以大幅提升。     

冻融循环对石灰粉土剪切强度特性的影响

根据试验结果,讨论了冻融循环对石灰粉土剪切强度特性的影响。试验发现,反复冻结和融化强烈影响着石灰土的强度特性。一次冻融循环后,对未加石灰的粉土来说,其剪切强度变化不大,但是对石灰粉土来说,其剪切强度明显低于未冻融的,而且随冻融循环次数的增加,石灰粉土的剪切强度逐渐衰减,经历１０次冻融循环的饱水石灰粉土强度最低。     

冻融循环作用下钢筋混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

为研究冻融环境下钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能，采用人工气候实验室对6根依据GB 50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》所设计的框架柱进行了冻融循环试验，并观察了该冻融循环下材料层面和构件层面的冻融损伤发展过程。通过拟静力加载试验，分析了不同冻融循环次数和轴压比对试件破坏形态、滞回曲线、承载能力、变形能力和耗能能力等的影响。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加，试件均发生以弯曲变形为主的弯剪破坏，承载力和耗能能力均有不同程度的退化，延性呈现先增后降的变化；当冻融循环次数相同时，随着轴压比的增大，试件破坏形态由大偏心受压破坏转为小偏心受压破坏，试件承载力和耗能能力均呈先增大后减小的趋势，延性逐渐减小。     

Evaluation of effect of limited pore water pressure development on cyclic behavior of a nonplastic silt

In this study, an experimental procedure was adopted to evaluate cyclic behavior of silts of pore water pressure ratios less than 50%. A commercially available nonplastic silt was used to eliminate the effects of plasticity. All the specimens were isotropically consolidated under 100 kPa and later subjected to cyclic triaxial compression tests. In this regard, dependence of cyclic stress ratio (CSR), initial relative density (D_r) and cyclic axial strain (ε_sa) on pore water pressure generation pattern – either at small or large deformation levels – were evaluated. It was inferred that, volume changes in silt due to the reconsolidation after cyclic loading with an induced pore water pressure ratio (R_u) less than 50% shows limited liquefaction.     

静压敞口预应力高强混凝土管桩界面剪切性状试验研究

桩土界面剪切行为对静压敞口预应力高强混凝土(PHC)管桩沉贯性状及长期承载力特性具有至关重要的作用。通过成层土地基中桩身预埋光纤光栅(FBG)传感器的静压桩足尺试验,分别对敞口PHC管桩贯入及静载荷试验中的桩土界面剪切行为进行研究。结果表明：在贯入阶段,桩身轴力及侧摩阻力沿桩的深度方向逐渐传递,传力幅值与桩周土体性状密切相关,土层界面处轴力传递效率依次为98.2%、92.2%、96.3%、83.8%、80.5%。随着压桩循环次数的增加,同一深度土层摩阻力呈逐渐减小趋势。经历5个压桩循环后,深度6 m处的砂质粉土层摩阻力减小幅度约为46.25%,深度10m处的粉质黏土层经历3个压桩循环后摩阻力减小幅度约为12.1%;载荷试验过程中,桩侧摩阻力随着桩顶荷载施加自上而下逐步发挥。摩阻力完全发挥所需的桩土相对位移,粉质黏土层的最大,约为6.96~7.46mm,淤泥质黏土层的次之,约为6.05mm,砂质粉土层的最小,约为4.23mm;与原状土相比,重塑区土体含水量、孔隙比参数指标降低,重度、黏聚力及内摩擦角增大。桩周重塑区土体物理力学指标变化是贯入及载荷试验阶段桩土界面剪切行为不同的重要原因。     

NaCl溶液中不同含水率高岭土的变形特性

土试样的初始结构和孔隙溶液的化学性质强烈影响其力学行为。为探究不同初始含水率以及不同浓度NaCl溶液对高岭土的体积变形的影响，进行了一系列膨胀压缩试验。不同初始含水率试样被不同浓度NaCl溶液浸入饱和，待变形稳定后再进行压缩试验。对膨胀稳定后的试样进行核磁共振试验发现，膨胀后的高岭土试样中孔隙水有两种赋存状态，一种为在颗粒表面受到扩散双电层影响的吸附水，另一种为存在于孔隙中的水。当试样浸入NaCl溶液后，饱和度增加，有效应力降低，试样发生膨胀。由于扩散双电层的影响，使得土颗粒之间形成广义渗透压，在同样条件下，随着NaCl溶液浓度的增加，广义渗透压力降低，考虑化学作用的颗粒间的有效应力增加，膨胀率随之降低。在相同压实功下，随着初始含水率的增加，由于试样颗粒排列趋向定向，小于0.01μm的孔径增加很多，而小于0.01μm部分孔径很难压缩。     

黏粒和粉粒的共存对砂土静动力液化影响的试验研究

为了研究黏粒、粉粒与砂粒共存的土体中,黏粒和粉粒对砂土抗液化的影响规律,通过静力与动力三轴仪试验系统,对细粒(黏粒和粉粒)含量FC为5%和10%、三种不同细粒配比的试样进行静力与动力三轴试验。试验结果表明:相同细粒含量、不同细粒配比试样的抗液化强度不同;当细粒含量不同时,随着细粒中黏粒或粉粒含量的单调变化,试样所表现出的抗液化规律不同;FC=10%试样的抗液化强度整体高于FC=5%试样的相应强度。随着细粒含量及细粒中黏粒与粉粒相对含量的变化,黏粒与粉粒对砂粒的填充、黏结与骨架作用所占比例不同。     

冻融作用下水泥改良软黏土的性能演化过程

以天津滨海新区的软黏土为研究对象,制备了4种初始含水率的水泥改良软黏土试样,并对其进行了不同冻融循环次数下的无侧限抗压强度(UCS)试验和孔隙分析.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增大,试样的无侧限抗压强度逐渐减小,强度衰减主要集中在前期1~3次冻融循环过程中;相同冻融循环次数作用下,试样初始含水率越大,其强度损失率越大;试样的孔隙分布特征受冻融循环次数和初始含水率影响,随初始含水率增大,其孔隙分布逐渐由小孔隙分布区向较大孔隙分布区演变;低饱和度状态下,冻融会引起土体局部孔隙收缩,但同时诱发裂隙产生;高饱和度状态下,冻融会引起土体结构疏松.总体而言,冻融循环作用会引起水泥改良软黏土细观结构发生明显损伤,最终导致其宏观力学强度逐渐衰减.因此,在工程实践中需要进一步关注水泥改良软黏土的后期强度,并严格控制其初始填筑时的湿度状态.     

循环荷载作用下粘土及含砂芯复合土样特性分析

对饱和和粘土及含砂芯复合土样在排水和不排水条件下分别进行了循环三轴试验,对排水条件、循环次数、超固结比、循环应力比和砂芯置换率等影响因素进行了分析,总结了应变、孔压等的变化规律。最后还分析了循环荷载作用对土样性状的影响。     

Geotechnical properties and microstructure of lime-stabilized silt clay

The geotechnical properties and microstructures of lime-stabilized silt clay from Jilin province, China, were studied in detail. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of lime content and curing time on the overall soil properties, including compaction characteristics, Atterberg limits, particle size distribution, pH, stress–strain behavior, peak strength, shear strength parameters, and California bearing ratio (CBR). The stabilized mechanisms of lime in silt clay were examined, and the observed test results were explained based on the results of scanning electron microscropy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analyses of the specimens. Lime content and curing duration significantly influenced the geotechnical properties and microstructure of the lime-stabilized silt clay specimens. An increase in lime content resulted in increases in compaction water content, liquid limit, plastic limit, sand size-fractions, pH, peak strength, cohesion, internal friction angle, and the CBR, but led to a reduction in the plasticity index, silt fractions, clay fractions, swelling capacity, and water absorption. Also, the addition of lime to silt clay changed this soil type from a ductile to a brittle material. The optimum lime content of the silt clays from Jilin province was determined to be approximately 5–7%. SEM micrographs showed that a white cementitious gel was formed after the addition of lime and that peaks related to smectite, illite, kaolinite, and quartz appeared to be sharper after stabilization with lime and a 90-day period of curing. These results show that the geotechnical properties of lime-stabilized silt clay are affected by the microstructural organization of the silt clay itself.

     

Cyclic properties of dense to very dense silica sand

This paper presents results of a series of cyclic laboratory test performed on dense to very dense silica sand. Triaxial and direct simple shear tests were performed on reconstituted sand. The test program aimed to determine the cyclic shear strength and soil deformation properties for foundation design of offshore wind turbine structures on the Dogger Bank site, offshore United Kingdom, but is also applicable for foundation design of other offshore structures and other locations. Two sand batches were used, one with clean silica sand and one with 20% silt content. Normally consolidated specimens from both batches were reconstituted to a target relative density approximately equal to 100% and 80%. On the clean sand with a target relative density of 80%, tests were also performed on specimens with an overconsolidation ratio of OCR = 4. Various contour diagrams, presenting cyclic shear strength and average and cyclic shear strains for different number of cycles, are presented. These diagrams can be used in the front-end engineering design (FEED) stage of commercial design projects on similar soil conditions, to define soil behavior when limited cyclic data is available, or in the planning stage of a cyclic laboratory test program. Effects of precycling and fines content on the cyclic behavior of triaxial and DSS specimens are discussed.     

Microstructural properties and compressive strength of lime or/and cement solidified silt: a multi-scale study

Because of its poor engineering properties, silt often needs to be treated to meet the design requirements. Solidification using binder is one of the most common methods to improve the engineering properties of silt. Lime or/and cement are often used to treat silt. However, the mechanical properties of soil are closely related to its microstructure. Although much research has been done on the mechanical properties and stabilization mechanism of lime or/and cement solidified silt, the multi-scale research between the microstructure and macroscopic mechanics properties of solidified silt has received no attention. Therefore, in this paper, unconfined compression, mercury intrusion, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) tests were conducted on lime, cement, and lime and cement mixtures (LC) solidified silt. The microstructure parameters of particle, pore, and contact zone were extracted from SEM images. Meanwhile, the effect of curing time and binder dosage on the microstructure parameters was analyzed. In addition, the relationship between micro-parameters and macro-mechanical strength was established. The results showed that the particle diameter, particle area, contact zone diameter, and contact zone area increased with increasing curing time and binder dosage, while the pore ratio, fractal dimension of particle size distribution (PSD), and fractal dimension of contact zone size distribution (CZSD) decreased with increasing binder dosage. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) decreased with the increase of particle roundness, pore area, pore diameter, pore ratio, and fractal dimension of PSD, and increased with increasing fractal dimension of pore size distribution (PPSD). In addition, there were no obvious relationships between UCS and pore roundness, contact zone area, and fractal dimension of CZSD.

     

考虑胶结作用的木质素固化粉土边界面塑性模型

为研究木质素固化粉土的应力–应变特性,通过无侧限抗压强度试验和微观结构分析,探讨木质素固化土的胶结特性。基于边界面塑性理论,引入硬化参数、应力剪胀参数和胶结破坏速率等参数,提出考虑胶结作用的木质素固化土边界面塑性模型,采用非相关联流动法则和改进映射法则描述土体的不同破坏模式,并阐述模型中各参数的意义及计算方法。根据室内固结试验和三轴压缩试验,对木质素固化粉土的应力–应变、应力剪胀和超孔隙水压力变化特征进行分析,并验证了本文所提模型的有效性。研究表明:木质素产生的胶结作用是土体工程性质改善的主要原因之一;12%掺量木质素固化土屈服应力和不排水抗剪强度较素土分别提高约90%和40%,高、低围压下土体应力剪胀特性不同,围压对超孔隙水压力的变化影响较大;通过试验验证了模型计算的准确性,该模型可描述土体在不同受力状态下的应变特征,具有原理简单,参数明确的特点,可为固化土应力–应变的数值计算提供相应的理论基础。