低压缸零出力技术对供热机组深度调峰性能影响及调峰补偿标准探讨

针对300 MW等级抽凝供热机组,利用Ebsilon软件对其进行建模,研究了低压缸零出力技术改造后相同供热负荷运行条件下机组的调峰性能及经济效益变化,并据此核算了调峰损失电量的补偿标准。研究表明：在供热负荷300 MW时,可使机组增加调峰深度52.76 MW,运行经济效益减少0.78万元/h,调峰损失电量的补偿标准为0.14~0.15元/（kW·h）;在供热负荷变化时,可使机组增加的调峰深度基本不变,维持在51 MW左右,但是机组能达到的最低调峰负荷率随着供热负荷的增加而上升,同时调峰损失电量的补偿标准与标煤价格呈线性减少的关系     

“绿证”有望引导绿色电力消费——我国拟试行可再生能源绿色电力证书核发和自愿认购

<正>为实现到2020年非化石能源消费占比15%的目标,我国迫切需要大力发展风电、光电等绿色电力,但现行新能源电价体制越来越难以适应绿色电力发展要求。试行绿证自愿认购交易有助于引导绿色电力消费,完善风电、光伏发电的补贴机制。近日,国家发展改革委、财政部、国家能源局联合下发通知,拟在全国范围内试行可再生能源绿色电力证书核发和自愿认购。专家表示,我国首发绿色电力证书旨在引导绿色电力消费,促进清洁能源消纳利用,进一步完善风电、     

海上风电上网电价政策出台

<正>日前,国家发展改革委公布《关于海上风电上网电价政策的通知》(以下简称《通知》)。《通知》规定,为促进海上风电产业健康发展,鼓励优先开发优质资源,对非招标的海上风电项目,区分潮间带风电和近海风电两种类型确定上网电价。2017年以前(不含2017年)投运的近海风电项目上网电价为0.85元/kW·h(含税,下同),潮间带风电项目上网电价为0.75元/kW·h。2017年及以后投运的海上风电项目上网电价,发改委将根据海上风电技术进步和项目建设成本变化,结合特许权招投标情况研究制定。     

我国风电特许权项目电价政策缺陷与对策

风能资源的开发对改善我国能源消费结构、缓解电力供需矛盾、促进经济发展具有重要作用,风电特许权项目在推动我国风能资源开发、风电产业发展方面起到了关键作用。风电特许权电价政策是推进特许权项目良性发展、实现特许权项目政策初衷的核心要素,对其他风电项目甚至总体风能资源的开发都具有重要的示范作用。文章讨论了目前风电价格政策在风电项目招标和项目运行过程中存在的缺陷,并提出了在招标、运营和售电阶段分别引入区间电价、动态电价和分段电价机制的政策构想,可以为完善下个阶段风电特许权项目提供一些有益参考。     

电厂节能技术的现状与发展

<正> 一、前言国际上已把“节能”看作实用的“第五能源”,而且为“节能”概念赋于更广泛更深刻的含义,用“总能系统”和“系统节能”的观点来解决能源利用问题。我国电力工业的发展已取得很大成绩,但与国际先进水平相比仍有一段距离。据统计,6000 kW机组的设计发电标准煤耗为786 g/kW·h,而600 MW机组为300.3g/kW·h,后者较前者降低61.8‰。目前我国火力发电的平均供电煤耗仍达428g/kW·h,与世界上主要工业国家相比有50—100g/kW·h的差距,因此电厂节能和余热利用的工作大有文章可做,必须引起能源工作者的高度重视。     

石城县农电整顿试点初见成效

为了加强农电管理,减轻农民负担,石城县水电局会同县物价局在广泛调查研究的基础上,从1994年5月开始,针对性地选择农村一变压器进行试点,经1年的运行情况看,效果非常明显,为在全县降低农电价格积累了较好的经验。 1 试点变压器的基本情况 试点变台容量30kVA,承担4个村民小级的供电任务,供电范围2 km,共有动力用户3家,照明用户83家,(按电度表数计算),年供电量1.5万kW·h左右。管理形式为二级管理,即:村级和村小组,共有兼职电工6名(其中村级2名,村小组4名),并采取分组装表(总表)分组承包,单独核算的方法。由于该变台供电范围大,低压线路长,加上管理人员多,电工素质差,造成最终电价较高,据统计,1994年1～4月份子均电价为0.86元/kW.h。其中一个村小组竟达1.07元/kW·h。     

基于最优滚动控制域的储能控制策略

针对风电场预测功率与实际功率不匹配以及风力发电不确定性问题,提出一种以补偿风电预测误差和平抑风电波动为目标的储能控制策略。该策略以先进控制理论为基础,结合储能补偿预测区间和储能平抑风电波动区间,提取考虑储能运行成本的储能最优滚动控制域。首先,针对储能补偿预测误差目标,制定储能控制策略,提取允许误差内的储能补偿区间;其次,考虑风电功率波动要求及荷电状态（SOC）约束,采用模型预测控制求解出储能滚动控制序列,确定储能平抑区间。最后,考虑储能运行成本,将补偿区间和平抑区间相结合,制定储能最优滚动控制区间,以此为基础确定储能容量。以中国新疆某风电场为例,对该文提出的储能控制策略与传统控制策略进行对比验证,验证所提策略的可行性和有效性。     

金沙江—雅砻江梯级多业主水电站群联合调度补偿效益研究

针对金沙江—雅砻江梯级多业主水电站群联合调度补偿效益问题,建立了大规模混联水电站群联合优化调度模型,并提出离散微分动态规划（DDDP）和逐步优化算法（POA）相结合的自适应混合方法,实现大规模混联水电站群联合优化调度问题的高效求解。在此基础上,结合金沙江流域长系列历史径流资料,进行了不同建设运行和联合调度情景下梯级电站调度模拟,探究了金沙江中游梯级和雅砻江下游梯级的建设运行及联合调度对金沙江下游梯级的补偿作用。结果表明,金沙江中游梯级和雅砻江下游梯级建设运行可以增加金沙江下游梯级165.36×108kW·h的发电量;雅砻江下游梯级和金沙江下游梯级联合调度可增加梯级总发电量24.79×108kW·h,而金沙江中游梯级受较大保证出力的限制联合调度效益不够显著,可以通过降低其梯级保证出力,以便有效提高联合调度的补偿效益。     

完善我国可再生能源补贴制度

<正>我国可再生能源(不含水电)的迅速发展与国家补贴密不可分。按已公布的规划,到2015年,风电发电量2000×108kW·h,需补贴约400亿元;光伏发电装机3500×104kW,当年发电量500×108kW·h,按0.5元/(kW·h)计算,需补贴250亿元;生物质发电装机1300×104kW,发电量700×108kW·h,需补贴280亿元;电网接入还需补贴100亿元。以上合计,2015年补贴资金不少于1000亿元。2015年当年可用于可再生能源电价补贴的资金为480亿元左右,仍有500多亿元的资金缺口。如何完善可再生能源补贴机制?首先,采用以补贴定规模的办法。建议改革现有可再生能源的补贴办法,新上风电、     

简讯

“十五”农村水电成就大1 200万无电人口用上电从水利部获悉,“十五”期间我国农村水电建设取得显著成效。5年来,农村水电新增装机1 600万kW,发电量5 600亿kW·h,解决了1 200万无电人口的用电问题;农村水电电价平均降低0.30元/kW·h左右,每年直接减少农民电费支出40多亿元。水电建设不仅促进了农村经济社会发展,而且对改善能源结构、保护农村环境发挥了不可或缺的作用。水利部水电局有关负责人介绍,“十五”农村水电新增装机实现效益比“九五”翻了一番。另外,400个水电农村电气化县建设任务超额完成。每个电气化县平均增加水电装机3万kW…     

基于POA优化的双江口水电站对下游梯级发电补偿效益研究

为分析大渡河双江口水电站补偿调节对其下游梯级电站的发电补偿效益,建立了发电量最大化兼顾最小出力最大化的中长期水库群优化调度模型,采用逐步优化算法(POA)求解模型,比较分析了有无双江口水电站补偿下的梯级发电情况,研究了双江口水电站对大渡河梯级的发电补偿效益。结果表明,双江口水电站对下游梯级的发电补偿效益显著,其补偿调节可增加大渡河双江口以下24个梯级多年平均发电量约31.2×108kW·h,增加多年平均枯水期电量约60.2×108kW·h,提升多年枯水期平均出力166.6×104kW,提升多年枯水期最小出力205.5×104kW;按照目前上网电价水平,并考虑分期分时电价的情况下,双江口水电站的补偿调节可增加其下游24个梯级收入共计19.101×108元(含税)。     

Electricity transmission tariffs for large-scale wind power consumption in western Gansu province,China

Large-scale wind power transmission presents the power system with several challenges. The determination of the transmission tariff and the cost-sharing issue are potential obstacles which may influence the development of wind power. This paper analyses the incremental cost to the power system for long-distance transmission of wind power, considers the fixed and variable properties of the incremental cost and the risk of fluctuations in the cost, and establishes a comprehensive risk-based pricing model for long-distance transmission of large-scale wind power electricity. Gansu Province in China has abundant wind resources, so we use the Jiuquan wind power integration and the ±800 kV Gansu-Zhuzhou direct current (DC) power transmission as examples to test the validity of the model. The conclusions are as follows: the allowances for access grid connection cost should be separately estimated for the large-scale wind power base and long-distance transmission; and the long-distance transmission pricing of large-scale wind power should apply a two-part electricity transmission pricing system, in order to eliminate the volatility risk inherent in each simple allocation method, and the fixed and variable characteristics of the transmission cost. The transmission price must include compensation for depreciation, operation and maintenance costs, and also a reasonable return on investment, in order to offer an effective incentive and guidance mechanism for enterprises’ business development.     

我国天然气发电现状及前景分析

天然气发电在优化我国能源结构、天然气利用结构、电源结构,节能环保和应对气候变化等诸多方面具有独特的优势,根据主要省市"十二五"发展规划判断,2015年我国天然气发电装机容量有望超过6000万kW。本文详细分析了燃气发电面临的主要问题、影响我国未来气电发展的有利因素和不利因素,建议更加重视燃气发电的战略地位,加强上下游产业链统筹规划,因地制宜、循序渐进;在风电等间歇性能源丰富而调峰资源贫乏的地区,可建设"风气互补"的清洁能源基地,减少弃风量;进一步完善气电价格及服务补偿机制,加强多方互利合作。     

基于生命周期理论的鄂尔多斯市水资源耗能计算

为定量计算水资源对于能源的需求,寻找提高水资源的能源利用效率的有效途径,基于生命周期理论将水资源全生命周期划分为提取、净化、输送、利用和污水处理五个环节,提出每个环节水资源耗能的定量计算公式,分析水资源生命周期各个环节的耗能数量及特征。分析鄂尔多斯市2013～2017年的水资源耗能特征及历史变化趋势,发现鄂尔多斯市2013～2017年的水资源耗能量从1.62×10~8kW·h逐年降低至1.08×10~8kW·h,降幅为33.3%;单位水资源耗能量从10.11kW·h/m~3逐年降低至7.02kW·h/m~3,降幅为30.6%;水资源全生命周期的能耗集中于用水环节,用水环节能耗在总能耗中的占比常年保持在95%左右;用水环节的火力发电用水是最大的能耗项目,具有最大的节能潜力。     

我国风力发电发展现状和问题分析

能源危机的日趋严重,优化能源结构、发展清洁环保的可再生能源迫在眉睫。风能是一种清洁环保的可再生能源,随着国家政策的支持和风力发电技术的不断发展,风力发电越来越得到人们的重视,并将在新能源发电中扮演重要的角色。概述了我国风能资源的储量和分布,介绍了近年来我国风力发电的总体情况、各省(自治区)风力发电的发展概况以及我国风电企业的发展现状,最后指出了我国风力发电目前出现的一些问题,并进行了分析。     

Comprehensive methodology for identifying tariff zones of efficiency of hydrogen-thermal accumulation system at the NPP

In countries with developed nuclear energy, there are problems associated with non-uniformity of the daily electricity load, due to the economically justified need to load nuclear power plants with a maximum installed capacity utilization factor. This is due to the cheapness of nuclear fuel compared to organic and, at the same time, high investment compared to thermal power plants, as well as the presence of technological limitations on maneuverability. Most organic fuel thermal power plants are switched to half-peak mode, which negatively affects their efficiency and reliability.In addition, the ever-increasing requires on the level of safety negatively affect the economic competitiveness of nuclear power plants. Improving safety through the introduction of passive heat removal systems of the reactor core is provided for in new NPP projects. These systems have several disadvantages: maintenance costs; a significant increase in capital investment; emergency cooling mode.To solve these problems, the authors developed a system of hydrogen-thermal accumulation, which, when combined with a nuclear power plant, allows one to accumulate cheap energy during the hours of a decrease in load in the power system due to electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen, and thermal accumulation of hot water in heat-insulating tanks. Thanks to the use of hot water tanks, investment in the accumulation system is significantly reduced. Thanks to the use of a hydrogen-oxygen steam generator, the opportunity to generate an additional main steam and to use it in the additional steam turbine unit appears, which will allow to avoid costly modernization of the main equipment of the nuclear power plant and reducing its lifetime. The presence of a low-power steam turbine unit as part of the accumulation system ensures uninterrupted autonomous power supply to consumers of the NPP own needs due to the possibility of using the energy of the reactor residual heat, when the station is completely blackout. The method of combining the hydrogen complex with thermal accumulators is completely new and has no analogues.The economic efficiency of the developed energy complex has been investigated. The accumulated net present value was determined depending on the off-peak electricity tariff for the three options of the half-peak electricity tariff, taking into account possibility to refuse expensive heat exchangers of the passive heat removal systems. It is shown that the use of the proposed scheme is advisable in regions with off-peak electricity tariffs in the range 0–0.32 cents/kW·h, 0–0.8 cents/kW·h and 0–1.25 cents/kW·h, respectively, depending on the forecast dynamics of the half-peak electricity tariff. The average payback period of the accumulation system for given conditions is equal to 3–15 years.     

An equilibrium pricing model for wind power futures

Generation from wind power plants is intermittent and affects profits of wind power generators and conventional generators alike. Currently, generators have limited options for transferring the resulting wind-related volume risks. The European Energy Exchange (EEX) recently introduced exchange-traded wind power futures to address this market imperfection. We propose a stylized equilibrium pricing model featuring two representative agents and analyze equilibrium prices as well as the mechanics behind risk premia for wind power futures. We calibrate and simulate stochastic models for wind power generation, power prices, electricity demand, as well as other relevant sources of uncertainty and use the resulting scenarios to conduct a case study for the German market; analyzing prices, hedging effectiveness, and risk premia. Our main result suggests that wind generators are willing to pay an insurance premium to conventional generators to reduce their risks. We conduct a thorough sensitivity analysis to test the influence of model parameters and find that our results on risk premia hold for a broad range of reasonable inputs.     

多种绿色能源形态下的虚拟电厂定价机制研究

  [目的]  含多种绿色能源的虚拟电厂研究正在成为智能电网研究和试点的热点,但如何优化调度,激励参与资源的积极性和可持续性,同时实现系统的补贴成本最小,是虚拟电厂定价机制的难点。  [方法]  基于用户柔性负荷,电动汽车,储能,分布式电源四类资源参与虚拟电厂调度开展参与方式和参与成本的分析,根据资源和商业模式差异单独设定成本模型;通过测算不同资源的实际参与边际成本,采用类似现货市场出清的方式,依据系统调整负荷需求,进行可调资源的排序,最终确定补贴价格的上限。  [结果]  利用该定价机制,从经济角度实现对电力经济价值较低、响应潜力大的用户优先进行调度,实现电力资源的合理分配,保证参与资源的成本得到补贴的同时系统补偿成本最小。  [结论]  基于实际算例测算,证明文章定价机制及方法准确有效,可为未来虚拟电厂的补贴政策提供支持。     

考虑预测误差分析的混合储能补偿优化策略

为提高风电场预测功率精度,对于风电场和混合储能构成的风储混合系统,提出基于预测信息搭建的混合储能补偿方案。首先,依据风电预测误差进行概率统计分析,提出风电功率预测误差的分层补偿策略,制定针对补偿预测误差的允许误差域及置信区间补偿域。其次,利用储能对不同误差层的预测误差给出相应的储能补偿方案,基于小波包分解将超出区域外待补偿预测误差分解,通过不平衡功率DFT分频法确定临界点作为功率型储能和能量型储能的目标分配值,对于荷电状态越限问题通过自适应模糊控制进行二次修正。最后,以新疆某风电场为例进行仿真分析,结果表明所提策略可有效减少风电功率预测误差。