石灰窑有机朗肯循环余热发电系统的比较研究

以2×500 t/d石灰窑烟气为对象,应用已运行的有机朗肯循环余热发电机组,在相同热源参数条件下,余热发电系统分别采用有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统和水蒸气与有机工质联合循环(S-ORC)系统进行模拟计算,对比分析2种循环系统的工艺特点及性能评价指标。结果表明:在相同热源参数条件下,S-ORC系统各项性能指标优于ORC系统,但S-ORC系统更复杂,运行检修工作量大,造价较高。     

烟厂锅炉烟气余热发电系统变工况性能模拟研究

利用有机朗肯循环发电技术回收利用烟厂锅炉烟气余热资源,既有助于解决节约能耗问题,又能有效减少环境污染,具有十分重要的现实意义。以R245fa(五氟丙烷)作为有机朗肯发电系统的循环工质,模拟分析了烟气入口温度、蒸发温度、凝结温度及工质流量变工况条件下对有机朗肯发电系统的影响。结果表明:系统发电效率随烟气入口温度变化存在最大值,当烟气入口温度为300℃时,系统发电效率的最大值为15.61%。开展此项研究对有机朗肯循环在烟厂锅炉烟气余热发电领域的应用具有一定的指导意义。     

车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统的设计及分析

针对一台车用柴油机全工况范围内排气能量的变化规律,设计了一套有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)余热回收系统,进而与车用柴油机耦合形成了车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统。ORC余热回收系统采用非共沸混合工质R416A,以高效回收柴油机的排气能量。采用螺杆膨胀机作为有机朗肯循环系统的动力输出部件,通过试验测试确定螺杆膨胀机的最优工况点(进气压力1.7MPa、膨胀比8、等熵效率0.65),进而设定有机朗肯循环系统的最优运行参数。研究结果表明:加装有机朗肯循环系统后,与原柴油机相比,车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统的输出功率最大提升了30.6kW,热效率最大提升了10.99%,余热回收效率最高可达10.61%,有效燃油消耗率最大降低了35g/(kW·h)。     

椭圆H型翅片管在烟气余热回收中的优化设计

为了利用陶瓷厂的烟气余热,采用有机朗肯循环回收该部分余热.根据有关实验研究结论对用于烟气和导热油换热的椭圆H型翅片管换热器进行了具体设计.最后对换热器进行了优化得到了设计结果.整个设计优化过程有望为烟气余热回收的工程应用提供参考.     

钢铁企业中低温烟气发电系统的比较和优化

为高效利用钢铁厂200～450℃烟气余热,利用EES软件模拟计算了水蒸气朗肯循环(SRC)4种有机朗肯循环(ORC)和水蒸气-有机物联合双循环(S-ORC)的热效率、火用效率和单位质量工质的发电能力。通过比较各发电系统的性能,探讨了低温发电系统的优化措施。为进一步利用ORC系统透平机乏汽余热,针对300℃以上的热源设计了梯级有机朗肯循环(CORC)。综合考虑各发电系统的性能,得出:对于200～300℃的烟气,可采用以R141b为工质的ORC发电系统;对于300～450℃的烟气,可采用CORC发电系统。由于S-ORC的热效率、火用效率、发电功率比传统SRC的高,且能有效减小工质在冷凝器的负压,对于450℃以上的热源,可用S-ORC代替传统的SRC。     

有机工质朗肯循环发电技术在钢铁行业中的应用

采用低沸点双工质有机朗肯循环余热发电系统来回收钢铁生产过程中产生的的低品位余热。本文阐述目前我国低温余热回收状况,介绍有机工质的物理性质、化学性质、热力学性质等,分析运用朗肯循环余热发电的经济性和解决低沸点双工质发电系统的关键技术,结合实际工程经验对该系统进行分析。     

有机朗肯循环复合系统中喷射器能量分析

有机朗肯循环利用太阳能、地热能和余热驱动,是回收余热、实现能源可持续发展的一个很好途径。有机朗肯循环可与喷射制冷循环结合,可同时提供电能和冷量。喷射器内部流体的不可逆混合引起的能量损失,是该系统最大部分的能量损失。着眼喷射器内部流场分布和机理,分析工作参数和几何参数对其性能的影响,以优化喷射器设计,减小系统能量损失,提高带有喷射器的有机朗肯循环复合系统的效率和节能潜力。结果显示,提高引射压力和出口压力会导致喷射器内部更多能量损失,制约整体系统的性能;在给定工况下,可通过钝化喷嘴内壁面、喷嘴处于最佳位置使喷射器达到最大喷射系数、最优性能,和最小的能量损失。     

有机朗肯循环回收直接空冷机组排气余热系统的热力性能研究

空冷机组汽机排汽热损失巨大,而有机朗肯循环是利用中低温热源的重要技术之一。提出采用有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热的技术方案,建立空冷机组和有机朗肯循环的物理模型,编制有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热技术的模拟程序,并将模拟计算结果与厂家提供的某型号有机朗肯循环机组的性能数据进行对比。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟某典型600 MW机组为对象,探究汽机乏汽温度、环境温度、ORC机组过热度等关键参数变化对系统热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,ORC机组净出功和ORC机组热效率随着汽机乏汽温度的升高而增大,而随着环境温度和ORC机组过热度的增大而减小。     

涡卷热马达余热利用发电技术

以涡卷热马达作为发电系统的动力机构,利用低品位能源（烟气余热废热）驱动有机朗肯循环的热发电技术背景、工作原理、系统构成和应用前景。     

中低温工业余热ORC回收装置的工质发展与应用

工业余热领域热源类型多样,如何筛选安全、稳定、高效的循环工质,成为有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)研究的关键性问题之一。采用纯工质作为工作流体更有利于工程应用中对系统的维护。本文在综述近五年国内外适用于中低温工业余热有机朗肯循环纯工质研究的基础上,探讨了亚临界循环和超临界循环ORC动力回收装置中循环工质的发展与应用现状。     

A comparative study of the carbon dioxide transcritical power cycle compared with an organic rankine cycle with R123 as working fluid in waste heat recovery

The organic rankine cycle (ORC) as a bottoming cycle¹ to convert low-grade waste heat into useful work has been widely investigated for many years. The CO₂ transcritical power cycle, on the other hand, is scarcely treated in the open literature. A CO₂ transcritical power cycle (CO₂ TPC) shows a higher potential than an ORC when taking the behavior of the heat source and the heat transfer between heat source and working fluid in the main heat exchanger into account. This is mainly due to better temperature glide matching between heat source and working fluid. The CO₂ cycle also shows no pinch limitation in the heat exchanger. This study treats the performance of the CO₂ transcritical power cycle utilizing energy from low-grade waste heat to produce useful work in comparison to an ORC using R123 as working fluid.Due to the temperature gradients for the heat source and heat sink the thermodynamic mean temperature has been used as a reference temperature when comparing both cycles. The thermodynamic models have been developed in EES² The relative efficiencies have been calculated for both cycles. The results obtained show that when utilizing the low-grade waste heat with the same thermodynamic mean heat rejection temperature, a transcritical carbon dioxide power system gives a slightly higher power output than the organic rankine cycle.     

有机朗肯循环系统回收低温余热的优势

当前国内传统余热发电系统都是利用水蒸气的朗肯循环。举例分析了目前我国低温余热回收状况,进而通过和传统水蒸气余热发电系统的对比,阐述了有机朗肯循环(ORC)在回收低温余热领域的优势以及国内外实际应用情况。最后提出了对于国内发展ORC余热发电系统的建议。     

A combined thermodynamic cycle used for waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine

In this paper, we present a steady-state experiment, energy balance and exergy analysis of exhaust gas in order to improve the recovery of the waste heat of an internal combustion engine (ICE). Considering the different characteristics of the waste heat of exhaust gas, cooling water, and lubricant, a combined thermodynamic cycle for waste heat recovery of ICE is proposed. This combined thermodynamic cycle consists of two cycles: the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), for recovering the waste heat of lubricant and high-temperature exhaust gas, and the Kalina cycle, for recovering the waste heat of low-temperature cooling water. Based on Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state (EOS), the thermodynamic parameters in the high-temperature ORC were calculated and determined via an in-house computer program. Suitable working fluids used in high-temperature ORC are proposed and the performance of this combined thermodynamic cycle is analyzed. Compared with the traditional cycle configuration, more waste heat can be recovered by the combined cycle introduced in this paper.     

基于热源耦合ORC ANN模型的循环性能预测及工质优选

基于已建立的有机朗肯循环(ORC) 人工神经网络(ANN)模型,将其与热源进行耦合,从而在不同烟气工况下对ORC进行循环性能预测及工质优选。为了分析与热源耦合的ORC ANN模型精度,基于初选的10种工质,比较了该模型与REFPROP软件对基本ORC和回热ORC的计算结果,比较结果表明：该ORC ANN模型对大部分循环参数的平均相对偏差都小于5%。在此基础上,针对不同烟气热源温度（523.15,488.15和453.15 K）,以最大净输出功为目标,分别优化循环的蒸发温度,优化结果显示：3种热源温度对应的最佳工质分别为R1336mzz(Z),R600a和R236fa。     

大型F级燃气蒸汽联合循环烟气余热利用探讨

探讨了大型F级联合循环机组利用烟气余热进行凝结水/给水加热、燃料气加热,进气冷却,以及利用烟气余热制冷和采暖方面的应用,分析表明,大型联合循环电厂烟气余热利用潜力较大,充分利用烟气余热,具有一定的节能意义.     

Energy,exergy and exergo-environmental impact assessment of a solid oxide fuel cell coupled with absorption chiller & cascaded closed loop ORC for multi-generation

A novel solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) multigeneration system fueled by biogas derived from agricultural waste (maize silage) is designed and analyzed from the view point of energy and exergy analysis. The system is proposed in order to limit the greenhouse gas emissions as it uses a renewable energy source as a fuel. Electricity, domestic hot water, hydrogen and cooling load are produced simultaneously by the system. The system includes a solid oxide fuel cell; which is the primary mover, a biogas digester subsystem, a cascaded closed loop organic Rankine cycle, a single effect LiBr-water absorption refrigeration cycle, and a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer subsystem. The proposed cascaded closed-loop ORC cycle is considered as one of the advanced heat recovery technologies that significantly improve thermal efficiency of integrated systems. The thermal performance of the proposed system is observed to be higher in comparison to the simple ORC and the recuperated ORC cycles. The integration of a splitter to govern the flue gas separation ratio is also introduced in this study to cater for particular needs/demands. The separation ratio can be used to vary the cooling load or the additional power supplied by the ORC to the system. It is deduced that net electrical power, cooling load, heating capacity of the domestic hot water and total energy and exergy efficiency are 789.7 kW, 317.3 kW, 65.75 kW, 69.86% and 47.4% respectively under integral design conditions. Using a parametric approach, the effects of main parameters on the output of the device are analyzed. Current density is an important parameter for system performance. Increasing the current density leads to increased power produced by the system, decreased exergy efficiency in the system and increased energy efficiency. After-burner, air and fuel heat exchangers are observed to have the highest exergy destruction rates. Lower current density values are desirable for better exergy-based sustainability from the exergetic environmental impact assessment. Higher current density values have negative effect on the environment.     

Modelling of organic Rankine cycle system and heat exchanger components

Numerical models of a standard organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system and the heat exchangers comprising the system are developed as a design tool platform for a flexible design. The objective is design of an efficient, cost-effective ORC power plant that can effectively exploit low-grade industrial waste heat or low to medium-temperature geothermal fluid. Typical heat exchanger configurations were modelled, including the circular finned-tube evaporator, air-cooled condenser, and flat-plate preheater. A published ORC configuration and process conditions from experiments are used for the thermodynamic cycle analysis in order to validate of the system model. Heat transfer correlations and friction factors are described for the modelling of the heat exchangers. The simulation results of the ORC system provide the design requirements for the heat exchangers. Geometric specifications and performance of the heat exchangers are determined by iterative simulations.     

Heat exchanger network design of an organic Rankine cycle integrated waste heat recovery system of a marine vessel using pinch point analysis

The coexistence of different kinds of waste heat sources on marine vessels with various temperature ranges increases the need for an optimal heat exchanger network (HEN) design for the heat collection process to reduce the unutilizable heat that needs to be discharged to overboard. The optimal HEN design has not been taken into consideration by using pinch point analysis in previous studies of marine organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems that utilize from different kinds of waste heat sources. The objective of the study is to determine the optimal HEN design for an ORC integrated waste heat recovery system of a marine vessel by utilizing the pinch point analysis to improve the overall energy efficiency. Lubricating oil, high-temperature cooling water and scavenge air of the main engine, and the exhaust gas emitted from the boiler plant were identified as the major waste heat sources of a reference container ship. A heat collection stream, in which thermal oil is used as the heat transfer fluid that transfers the collected heat to an ORC system, was proposed. The pinch point analysis showed that the optimum waste heat recovery could be gained by separating the scavenge air cooler into three stages and the lubricating oil cooler into two stages. The results of the parametric study for the varying evaporator inlet pressure between 1000 and 3000 kPa showed that R1234ze(Z) yields the best performance among nine different organic working fluids with the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of 15.24% and 86.47% for the ORC system, respectively. For the proposed configuration, the unavailable waste heat that cannot be transferred to thermal oil was found as 23.71%, 16.56%, 13.17%, and 7.81% of the total waste heat produced by the heat sources, and also 8.24%, 9.80%, 11.55%, and 12.93% of the net power output produced by the main engine can be recovered for 25%, 50%, 76%, and 100% maximum continuous rating (MCR), respectively.     

径向热管换热器在天然气工业炉低温烟气中的应用

当前我国的能源形势紧张,能源利用状况令人担忧.在一些高耗能的企业,工业生产中排放的中低温烟气余热由于回收难度高、回收成本大等问题,一直得不到合理的利用,如何合理回收成为亟待解决的难题之一.简要介绍了一种新型余热利用换热设备——径向热管换热器,提出了计算热管换热器经济性评价指标的方法,并以某工厂低温烟气余热回收工程为实例,对烟气余热的回收利用进行了技术和经济效益分析.实践应用证明,径向热管换热器在工业低温烟气余热回收中有很好的实用性和可行性.