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1.
The isolation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and methyl esters of fish oils by silver resin chromatography 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Multigram quantities of the highly unsaturated ω3 component from samples of fish oil fatty acids and esters were isolated
by silver resin chromatography. An XN1010 resin column saturated with silver ions was utilized. Polyunsaturated fatty acid
(PUFA) esters from fish oil concentrate (FOC) were fractionated based on the number of double bonds by using solvent programming
(acetonitrile in methanol). Larger samples (4–9 g) of FOC acids and esters and menhaden acids and esters were enriched in
ω3 polyunsaturates to 82–99% (95–99% total PUFA) by use of a large 100% silver resin column and isocratic elution with 30,
35 or 45% acetonitrile in acetone. 相似文献
2.
Disappearance of unsaturated fatty esters due to autoxidation was estimated by gas liquid chromatography. The stability of
a mixture containing from 0–6 methylene-interrupted double bonds was significantly increased by chromatography over silver
nitrate-silicic acid. The relative stability of the esters is a linear function of the number of double bonds. 相似文献
3.
Peter M. Jangaard 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1965,42(10):845-847
The selective solubility of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in nitromethane at temperatures down to −20C can be used
to concentrate highly unsaturated methyl esters. With a typical sample of marine oils methyl esters having an iodine value
of 110–190, a concentrate can be ready for GLC analysis in an hour or less and the nitromethane layer can be injected directly
for analysis in GLC apparatus with ionization detectors. Examples of the use of the method in the identification of component
fatty acids in herring oil are given. 相似文献
4.
Cholesteryl esters prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters of linseed oil, pig liver lipids, and Japanese anchovy oil have
been separated on the basis of their chain lengths and number of double bonds by gas lipid chromatography on a cyanosiloxane
SILAR 10C column. The equivalent chain lengths of cholesteryl esters having acyl groups with 14–22 carbons and 0–6 double
bonds are presented. A significant influence of the column temperature on the equivalent chain lengths of the polyenoic fatty
acid cholesteryl esters has been found. Separation of the cholestanyl and epicholestanyl esters of linseed oil fatty acids,
respectively, under the same conditions is also described. 相似文献
5.
Long-chain fatty compounds containing an isoxazole heterocyclic ring system substituted at the 3- and 5-ring positions were
prepared in moderate to good yields (40–64%) in one pot by condensing FA esters such as methyl palmitate, stearate, oleate,
or linoleate with the lithiated anion of N-(isopropylidene)isopropylamine followed by dehydrative cyclization. This approach allows readily available FA esters to be
utilized and incorporated into the construction of the isoxazole ring system. These novel products were isolated then characterized
by NMR, IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and m.p. Mass spectra of the fatty isoxazole compounds, derived utilizing EI ionization, showed
distinctive cleavage patterns that occurred uniformly along the fatty alkyl chain allowing the position of double bonds to
be readily located. Two prominent ions at m/z 97 and 110 were common to all the fatty isoxazole compounds examined and were presumably from a McLafferty rearrangement
and a cyclization displacement reaction, respectively. 相似文献
6.
The effect of ultrasound on the oxidation of unsaturated fatty esters was investigated. Unsaturated fatty esters containing
acetylenic or olefinic bonds or both were oxidatively cleaved with KMnO4 in aqueous acetic acid (AcOH/H2O, 1:1, vol/vol for olefinic fatty esters and AcOH/H2O, 9:1, vol/vol for acetylenic fatty esters) to yield the corresponding carboxylic acid moieties in quantitative yields, when
the reactions were conducted under ultrasound (20 kHz, 53 W/cm2, 8–15 min). The methyl ester derivatives of the carboxylic acid moieties formed were identified by gas-liquid chromatographic
analysis. The procedure constitutes a facile method for the determination of the position of the unsaturated center (olefinic
or acetylenic) in an unsaturated fatty ester substrate, especially where the unsaturated system consists of an acetylenic
bond. 相似文献
7.
James B. Saddler Robert R. Lowry Hugo M. Krueger Ian J. Tinsley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1966,43(5):321-324
To study the fatty acids of the coho salmon, entire fish were homogenized and the total lipids extracted with methanol-chloroform.
The fish ranged in size from 75 to 85 mm total length and contained from 2.1%–6.9% lipid in the tissues. Methyl esters of
the fatty acids were produced with anhydrous methanol and HCl. Qualitative identification of the fatty acid methyl esters
was accomplished by gas-liquid chromatography.
Thin layer silver nitrate-silicic acid plates were used to separate the component methyl esters according to the number of
double bonds. Location of the ethylenic groups of the unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters was established by reductive ozonolysis
and identification of the aldehydes and aldehyde-esters produced. The number of carbons in the unsaturated fatty acid methyl
esters was determined by hydrogenation of each of the fractions.
Fatty acids found in the highest concentrations were: 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶4, and 22∶6. Fatty acids 16∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2,
20∶5, and 22∶6, differed markedly from concentrations found in tubificid worms, the exclusive diet of the fish during the
experiment.
Technical Paper No. 2059, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
Work supported in part by research Grant No. EF105, U.S.P.H.S. 相似文献
8.
C. Boelhouwer J. Gerckens Ong Tian Lie H. I. Waterman 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1953,30(2):59-61
Summary The displacement of the double bond of several unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters during hydrogenation with a nickel-kieselguhr
catalyst at 180°C. was investigated. The analysis of the dicarboxylic acids (obtained by oxidation of the reaction products
with KMnO4 in acetic acid solution) by means of partition chromatography enabled a reliable semiquantitative determination of the position
isomers formed.
During hydrogenation of methyl esters of oleic, elaidic, petroselinic, and linoleic acid formation of large amounts of position
isomers was proved to occur. Migration of the double bonds in both directions took place but was in all cases strongly pronounced
in a direction opposite the ester group. The place and configuration (cis or trans) of the double bonds in the starting material
apparently were of little importance in this respect. It follows that hydrogenation of fatty acid esters leads to products
which are far more complicated, as is generally known. This is especially of importance with respect to the application of
hydrogenated fatty oils in the food industries. 相似文献
9.
Triacylglycerols from Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), sandeel (Ammodytes sp.) and Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) have been fractionated by silver ion high-performance liquid chromatography. An ion exchange column loaded with silver ions
was the stationary phase, and a gradient in the mobile phase from 1,2-dichloroethane/dichloromethane (1∶1, v/v) to acetone
and then to acetone/acetonitrile (2∶1, v/v) was used to effect the separation with light-scattering (i.e., mass) detection.
Fractions were collected via a streamsplitter, and fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by transesterification in the presence
of an internal standard for identification and quantification by gas liquid chromatography. Triacylglycerols were separated
according to the number of double bonds in the fatty acyl residues. Resolution was excellent at first, when the least unsaturated
molecules eluted (trisaturated to dimonoene-monodiene fractions). Base-line resolution could no longer be achieved when molecules
containing trienoic or more highly-unsaturated fatty acids began to elute because of overlapping components. Nonetheless,
some valuable separations of species containing two saturated and/or monoenoic fatty acids and one polyenoic fatty acid were
achieved. Double bond indices (average number of double bonds in each triacylglycerol molecule) were calculated to estimate
the separations possible. Fractions containing at least 11–14 double bonds per molecule were obtained. 相似文献
10.
Evidence of thermal decomposition of fatty acid methyl esters during the synthesis of biodiesel with supercritical methanol 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joaquín Quesada-Medina Pilar Olivares-Carrillo 《The Journal of Supercritical Fluids》2011,56(1):56-63
New evidence on the thermal decomposition of fatty acid methyl esters during biodiesel synthesis in supercritical conditions is presented. Thermal decomposition products were detected chromatographically, by applying the UNE-EN 14105:2003 standard, as a broad single peak during the determination of glycerides in the reaction samples. These degradation products could be quantified chromatographically by the above standard because the area of the peak was proportional to the disappearance of the polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters, which contain two or more double bonds (methyl linoleate and linolenate), generated during biodiesel synthesis from soybean oil. In the experimental conditions tested, thermal decomposition reactions of these unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters began to appear at 300 °C/26 MPa, and were more intense as the temperature rose. For its part, the main saturated fatty acid methyl ester (methyl palmitate) generated during the reaction was hardly decomposed at all in the experimental conditions tested and only began to disappear at 350 °C/43 MPa. 相似文献
11.
Heats of combustion of fatty esters and triglycerides 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Gross heats of combustion (HG) have been measured for three classes of fatty esters and two classes of triglycerides (TGs).
The esters included saturated methyl esters, Me 6:0–22:0; saturated ethyl esters, Et 8:0–22:0; and unsaturated methyl esters,
Me 12:1–22:1, Me 18:2 and Me 18:3. The TGs included the saturated TGs, C 8:0–22:0, and unsaturated TGs, C 11:1, C 16:1, C
18:1, C 18:2, C 18:3, C 20:1 and C 22:1. HG were measured in a Parr adiabatic calorimeter according to a modification of ASTM
D240 and D2015. Linear regression analysis (LINREG) yielded equations that related HG to carbon number (CN) or chain length,
electron number (EN) or number of valence electrons and molecular weight (MW). Calculated HG values from CN, EN, or MW were
nearly identical. Thus, any one of these three variables can be used to predict HG satisfactorily. R squared values for all
equations were 0.99. Equations for correlating HG of saturated or unsaturated TGs with molecular characteristics of these
molecules have not been reported. With LINREG, we developed equations that permitted predictions of HG from structures of
the saturated and unsaturated TGs. Equations for predicting HG of methyl and ethyl esters were compared to those in the literature
and were found to be more accurate and precise.
Presented in part at the AOCS meeting in New Orleans, LA, in May 1987. 相似文献
12.
The role of singlet oxygen in oxidation was studied by analyzing hydroperoxide isomers in unsaturated fats and esters by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). On oxidation photosensitized with methylene blue at 0 C, methyl oleate produced
a 50–50% mixture of 9- and 10-hydroperoxides, linoleate a mixture of 66% conjugated (9+13) and 34% unconjugated (10+12) hydroperoxides,
and linolenate a mixture of 75% conjugated (9+12+13+16) and 25% unconjugated (10+15) hydroperoxides. Cottonseed, safflower,
and corn oil esters showed, as in soybean esters, the presence of varying amounts of 12-hydroxy esters derived from the corresponding
hydroperoxide at low peroxide values. Since these oils do not contain linolenic acid, a likely source of the 12-hydroperoxide
is linoleic acid by photosensitized oxidation. Several lines of evidence support the conclusion that singlet oxygen may contribute
to the unique hydroperoxide composition of vegetable oil esters at low levels of oxidation. In the presence of photosensitizers
such as methylene blue and chlorophyll, the unique hydroperoxide composition (high levels of 10- and 12-hydroperoxides) obtained
in soybean esters was similar to that produced by oxidation at low peroxide values. In contrast, a normal hydroperoxide composition
was produced, as expected from the fatty acid composition of soybean oil esters, when singlet oxygen quenchers such as β-carotene
and α-tocopherol were used and when the esters were treated with carbon black to remove natural photosensitizers. GC-MS analyses
of the derived unsaturated alcohols provided indirect evidence for 12-hydroperoxy-9,13-diene in soybean esters as expected
by photosensitized oxidation of linoleate.
Presented at the AOCS Meeting, San Francisco, California, April 29–May 3, 1979.
The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 相似文献
13.
A fractionally distilled C14−C16 fatty acid methyl ester, derived from palm oil, was sulfonated with gaseous SO3 in a falling film reactor to form an α-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester (α-SF; unbleached and unneutralized form). The included
dark-colored impurities were then separated from α-SF as a diethyl ether-insoluble matter. After purification by thin-layer
chromatography, the colored species were analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography, gel-permeation chromatography, and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectrometry. These data suggested that the colored species were polysulfonated compounds with conjugated
double bonds. Minor components in the raw fatty acid methyl ester, found by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, were spiked
into the purified methyl palmitate and then sulfonated. The unsaturated methyl ester and hydroxy ester showed the worst color
results. The methyl oleate and methyl 12-hydroxystearate were then sulfonated and analyzed. Deep black products were obtained,
which showed the same properties as the colored species in α-SF. It was concluded that low levels of unsaturated fatty acid
methyl esters and hydroxy esters in the fatty acid methyl ester are the main causes of the coloring. 相似文献
14.
Lipid composition of selected vegetable oils 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Dorothy L. Carpenter Joanna Lehmann Blanche S. Mason Hal T. Slover 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1976,53(12):713-718
This paper gives analytical data on the composition of 14 selected consumer-available liquid vegetable oils, including soybean,
soybean-cottonseed blends, corn, safflower, peanut, olive and apricot kernel oils. Label information identified six samples
as specially processed or refined and three samples as cold pressed with no preservative added; the labels of the remaining
five samples did not mention processing. Data are given for fatty acid composition,trans content, location of the double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids, percent conjugation, tocopherol content, fatty acid
composition of the 2-poisition of the triglycerides, polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio, and the ratio of
α-tocopherol to polyunsaturated fatty acids (α-T/P). The ranges of values found were: conjugated unsaturation, 0.18–1.09%;
α-tocopherol, 0.01–0.60 mg/gm; total tocopherol 0.14–1.52 mg/gm; P/S, 0.5–8.7; and α-TP, 0.03–2.26. The compositions of the
fatty acids on the 2-position and on the 1,3-position of the triglycerides were compared with those calculated by the Evans’
hypothesis and found to agree well for all but olive and apricot kernel oils.
Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also be suitable.
Deceased 相似文献
15.
Sambasivarao Koritala 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1970,47(12):463-466
Hydrogenation of linolenate with copper chromite produced a large amount of conjugated diene and minor amounts of nonconjugatable
dienes. The double bonds in conjugated dienes and monoenes were scrambled all along the chain. This product distribution can
be explained if it is assumed that conjugation of the double bonds is followed by hydrogenation. In competitive hydrogenation,
fatty esters with conjugated double bonds were reduced preferentially over fatty esters with methylene-interrupted double
bonds. Isomerization of conjugated double bonds (geometric and positional) occurred more rapidly than reduction. Reduction
of conjugated double bonds in the presence of deuterium resulted in a majority of the products containing no deuterium. Most
of the added deuterium was incorporated into the unreacted material. Mechanisms are proposed to account for the products formed
during the hydrogenation of linolenate, linoleate and their isomers.
One of 10 papers to be published from the Symposium “Hydrogenation,” presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970.
No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
16.
In vitro batch incubations were used to study the rumen biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids. An earlier study using
increasing supplementation levels of stearidonic acid (18:4n-3), revealed that the rumen microbial population extensively
biohydrogenates 18:4n-3 after 72 h of in vitro incubation, though several intermediates formed were not completely characterized.
Therefore, in the present study, samples were reanalyzed in order to identify the 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates
of 18:4n-3. Gas–liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to characterize these intermediates. The acetonitrile
chemical ionization mass spectrometry of the fatty acid methyl esters derivatives enabled the discrimination of fatty acids
as non-conjugated or conjugated biohydrogenation intermediates. In addition, the acetonitrile covalent adduct chemical ionization
tandem mass spectrometry yielded prominent ions indicative of the double bond position of the major 18:3 isomers, i.e. Δ5,11,15
18:3. Furthermore, the 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives prepared from the fatty acid methyl esters enabled the structure
of novel 18:2, 18:3 and 18:4 biohydrogenation intermediates to be elucidated. The intermediates accumulated in the fermentation
media after 72 h of incubation of 18:4n-3 suggest that similar to the biohydrogenation pathways of linoleic (18:2n-6) and
α-linolenic (18:3n-3) acids, the pathway of the 18:4n-3 also proceeds with the formation of conjugated fatty acids followed
by hydrogenation, although no conjugated dienes were found. The formation of the novel biohydrogenation intermediates of 18:4n-3
seems to follow an uncommon isomerization pattern with distinct double bond migrations. 相似文献
17.
The total lipids and fatty acid composition ofEntomophthora coronata were determined. The fungus was grown on a chemically defined medium and a chemically nondefined medium (Sabouraud dextrose
yeast extract) for a period of 26 days. The organism contained from 16.2% to 44.6% total lipids depending upon the days of
growth. The major fatty acids were 12∶0 (5.5–9.0%), 13∶0 (1.2–8.2%), 14∶0 (33.5–43.5%), 16∶0 (9.7–13.9%), 18∶19 (20.4–22.4%), and 18∶29,12 (3.5–10.5%). Lesser amounts of 15∶0, 16∶1, 16∶2, 17∶0, 18∶0, two other 18∶2 (both having conjugated double bonds), 18∶36,9,12, another 18∶3 (conjugated double bonds), 20∶38,11,14, 20∶45,8,11,14, another 20∶4 (conjugated double bonds), and 24∶1 acids were found. Trace amounts of 20∶0, 20∶1, 20∶2, 22∶0 and 24∶0 were
also present. The relative percentage of most of the fatty acids did not vary appreciably with growth. However, 18∶29,12 and 20∶45,8,11,14 increased with age of the chemically defined culture. Peak E (18∶2, conjugated double bonds) increased and 13∶0 and 18∶36,9,12 decreased with age of the chemically nondefined culture. The fatty acids were predominately saturated (56.9–69.1%) and contained
a high percentage of shorter chain fatty acids (C 12 to C 15). The fatty acids of the chemically defined culture were more
unsaturated than the Sabouraud culture and the unsaturation increased with age of the culture. 相似文献
18.
Methyl esters from seed oils of four Chenopodiaceae species are unusual in that they contain methylcis-5-hexadecenoate (4.6–12%) and methyl 5-octadecenoate (1.1–1.2%). There are indications of small amounts of 18∶25,9 and 18∶35, 9, 12 along with unsaturated acids commonly found in seed oils-oleic (14–21%), linoleic (53–57%) and linolenic (3.5–7.8%). Fatty
acid composition of the oils was determined by gas chromatography, and positions of the double bonds were established by application
of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to the methoxylated methyl esters.
N. Market. Nutr. Res. Div., ARS, USDA. 相似文献
19.
The lipid ester core aldehydes formed during a rapid oxidation (7.8 M tert-butyl hydroperoxide, 90 min at 37°C) of the triacylglycerols of purified corn and sunflower oils were isolated as dinitrophenylhydrazones
by preparative thin-layer chromatography and identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with on-line
electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and by reference to standards. A total of 113 species of triacylglycerol core aldehydes
were specifically identified, accounting for 32–53% of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-reactive material of high molecular
weight representing 25–33% of the total oxidation products. The major core aldehyde species (50–60% of total triacylglycerol
core aldehydes) were the mono(9-oxo)nonanoyl- and mono(12-oxo)-9,10-epoxy dodecenoyl- or (12-oxo)-9-hydroxy-10,11-dodecenoyl-diacylglycerols.
A significant proportion of the total (9-oxo)nonanoyl and epoxidized (12-oxo)-9,10-dodecenoyl core aldehydes was found in
complex combinations with hydroperoxy or hydroxy fatty acyl groups (6–10% of total triacylglycerol core aldehydes). Identified
were also di(9-oxo)nonanoylmonoacylglycerols (0.5% of total) and tri(9-oxo)nonanoylglycerols (trace). The identification of
the oxoacylglycerols was consistent with the products anticipated from tert-butyl hydroperoxide oxidation of the major species of corn and sunflower oil triacylglycerols (mainly linoleoyl esters).
However, the anticipated (13-oxo)-9,11-tridecadienoyl aldehyde-containing acylglycerols were absent because of further oxidation
of the dienoic core aldehyde. A significant proportion of the unsaturated triacylglycerol core aldehydes contained tert-butyl groups linked to the unsaturated fatty chains via peroxide bridges (2–9%). The study demonstrates that rapid peroxidation with tert-butyl hydroperoxide consitutes an effective method for enriching natural oils and fats in triacylglycerol core aldehydes
for biochemical and metabolic testing. 相似文献
20.
Anju Chopra A. K. Tewari S. Vatsala Ravindra Kumar A. S. Sarpal B. Basu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(9):1285-1296
In the present work, methods based on Gas Chromatography (GC), Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) and 1H-NMR techniques was developed for the characterization and estimation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Esters (PUFA) in biodiesel.
The GC method enables the separation, identification and estimation of these polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters to be
carried out using a highly polar capillary column (100% cyanopropyl silicon). GC–MS was utilized for unambiguous identification
and estimation of esters and isomers present in biodiesel. The estimation of PUFA content is important because PUFA content
is a part of the EN 14214 specifications of biodiesel. There is no existing standard method for the estimation of total PUFA
content in biodiesel. The developed GC method also quantifies EPA and DHA (C20:5 and C22:6) fatty acid methyl esters which
can be used as markers for the estimation of fish oil biodiesel. The presence of EPA and DHA indicates the contamination of
fish oil in biodiesel. Further, the 1H-NMR technique has also been employed to identify and estimate PUFA containing ≥3 double bonds. The PUFA content was estimated
from the integral intensities of the chemical shift region corresponding to all type of double bonds in the 1H-NMR spectra. Based on the developed method, GC fingerprinting of various biodiesel samples was carried out to estimate a
PUFA content as low as 1,000 ppm. 相似文献