X80管线钢焊接热模拟热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的分析及预测

通过焊接热模拟方法对X80双相管线钢不同焊接热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究,并分析实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样的热影响区疲劳裂纹扩展行为的差异,讨论了焊接热模拟技术应用于疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测的可行性。结果表明,当裂纹在粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)和临界热影响区(ICHAZ)上扩展时,由实际焊接试样与焊接热模拟试样热影响区所测得的疲劳裂纹扩展速率曲线(da/dN-DK曲线)存在明显差异,其原因与显微组织变化引起的裂纹扩展阻力大小不同有关。因此,建议采用实际焊接试样完整的热影响区所测得的da/dN-DK曲线来评估疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。     

A356铸造铝合金的疲劳裂纹萌生及短裂纹扩展研究

研究了A356-T6铸造铝合金的缺口疲劳裂纹萌生与早期扩展行为及机制.结果表明,热等静压试样的疲劳抗力优于非热等静压试样.对于钝缺口试样,疲劳裂纹萌生于缺口根部附近的多个平面,最终哪个裂纹源扩展成主裂纹取决于局部微观组织.对于缺口几何形状不同的热等静压和非热等静压疲劳试样,在疲劳过程中,不管是在高应力状态下,还是在低应力状态下,都出现了铝基体的循环塑性变形和共晶硅粒子断裂导致疲劳裂纹萌生.对于非热等静压试样,铸造缩孔在构件的疲劳过程中起着重要作用,但即使缺口根部存在较大尺度的铸造缩孔,导致了疲劳裂纹萌生,但也同时观察到疲劳裂纹从共晶硅粒子、金属间化合物、铝基体的滑移带和铁基金属间化合物等处萌生.对于脆性的A356铸造铝合金可采用修正的断裂力学参量ΔKn、局部应力范围Δσ或局部应变幅Δε/2作为控制参量来表征疲劳裂纹萌生行为,而缺口有效应力强度因子范围ΔKneff和ΔJs参量可用来表征缺口场中短裂纹扩展行为.     

渗氮及表面增碳对3Cr2W8V钢冷热疲劳行为的影响

用板状缺口试样研究了在自约束条件下，表面增碳和渗氮对３Ｃｒ２Ｗ８Ｖ钢冷—热疲劳裂纹萌生，扩展及裂纹形态特征的影响，结果表明，表面增碳及渗氮均使钢的热疲劳裂纹萌生及扩展抗力降低，渗氮尤为显著，经渗氮处理的试样在冷—热疲劳试验中除缺口尖端出现主裂纹外，试样表面较早出现大量裂纹，最后形成龟裂；表面增碳的试样在试验中也出现少量表面裂纹，而表面化学成分无变化的试样则未出现表面裂纹。     

H13钢铝合金压铸模的离子氮化

采用加氩渗氮和无氩渗氮两种离子渗氮方法,对用作铝合金压铸模材料的H13钢的热疲劳性能进行了比较.结果发现,无氩渗氮的化合物层对H13钢的热疲劳性能具有双重影响,一方面能推迟热疲劳裂纹的萌生,阻止热裂纹向基体内部扩展,另一方面表面裂纹直、宽、多,易于剥落并扩展快,因此,采用含化合物层的离子氮化处理H13钢铝合金压铸模应该慎重.     

喷射沉积Al-Si/SiCp制动盘材料的热疲劳微裂纹扩展行为

采用V形缺口试样,研究喷射沉积Al-Si/SiCp复合材料制动盘在25(450 ℃热循环下的热疲劳行为.通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了复合材料的组织和热疲劳裂纹形貌,研究热疲劳裂纹形成与扩展机制.结果表明:热疲劳主裂纹主要从V形缺口处萌生;在同样的热循环次数下,热处理前的试样要比热处理后的试样先出现裂纹,且裂纹扩展的速率较快;裂纹绕过Si颗粒向前扩展以及裂纹穿过Si颗粒向前扩展是裂纹与Si颗粒相互作用的主要机制;SiC颗粒与热疲劳裂纹有明显的交互作用.因此,改善Si相的形态和分布以及加强Al/SiC颗粒间的界面结合有利于提高热疲劳裂纹扩展的抗力.     

H13钢渗硼层热疲劳性能的研究

采用Uddeholm自约束热疲劳试验方法,运用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析技术及X射线应力测试仪等,研究了H13钢渗硼层在3000周次的热疲劳试验后,渗层形貌和相组成的变化,以及0-3000周次的热循环过程中,表面残余应力的变化,并与未渗硼试样进行对比.分析了渗硼层热疲劳裂纹形成的原因.结果表明,渗硼层所具有的高强度和好的热稳定性,改变了热疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展的方式和热疲劳裂纹的形貌,提高了H13钢的热疲劳抗力.     

TiAl合金750℃下疲劳小裂纹行为研究

研究Ti-46Al-4Nb-1.8Cr-0.2Ta合金在高温下小裂纹的萌生和扩展行为。选用光滑板材试样在原位试验机上进行750 ℃、应力比R=0.1、频率为4 Hz的疲劳试验,并使用扫描电镜对裂纹微观形貌进行观察。结果表明：片层组织TiAl合金的疲劳裂纹最易在片层团界萌生,疲劳过程中伴随较大的微观塑性变形,并在片层团界及片层间萌生大量裂纹,疲劳裂纹扩展试样半圆形缺口根部与水平方向呈45°的应力集中区域最易萌生裂纹,主裂纹通过疲劳过程中产生的片层团界裂纹、片层间裂纹合并而成,并沿与载荷方向垂直的方向扩展。在疲劳裂纹扩展后期,裂纹为穿层扩展断裂。     

冷却条件对Cr24Ni16Nb2钢热疲劳性能的影响

采用自约束热疲劳试验方法、金相显微镜和扫描电镜,研究了冷却条件对Cr24Ni16Nb2钢热疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:空冷试样由于晶粒较为均匀,从而随循环次数增加,裂纹长度增加最慢;自然冷却试样由于明显存在柱状晶,使得裂纹更易扩展;水冷试样与空冷试样的扩展规律基本相同。热疲劳裂纹的扩展沿晶界进行,晶界的氧化促进了扩展进程。循环90次后(如180次)试样边缘出现的齿轮状裂纹及裂纹前沿不断加宽,使中心部位的应力得到松弛,从而减慢了裂纹扩展速率。     

H13钢表面硼铬复合渗层的冷热循环裂纹扩展特性

通过TRD盐浴处理方法在H13钢表面分别制备出硼铬复合渗覆层和单渗硼覆层。在试样上切出预制裂纹并在20～650℃下分别进行热疲劳循环试验,采用电子探针显微分析仪观察预制裂纹尖端的裂纹扩展情况,并通过点扫描分析表面氧化团形成原因。结果表明,硼铬复合渗层表面氧化现象更轻微,扩展的裂纹更少,说明硼铬复合渗层比单渗硼层拥有更好的抗疲劳性能。渗硼试样的裂纹扩展是氧化撕裂和应力撕裂的共同作用导致的;硼铬复合渗试样的裂纹扩展主要原因是应力撕裂。     

热应力作用下碳化钨基钢结硬质合金梯形裂纹的形成机理

在自约束型热疲劳试验机上对碳化钨含量不同的钢结硬质合金进行了热疲劳试验，用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对热疲劳裂纹扩展行为进行了研究。结果表明：在热应力作用下，不仅在合金的表面，在合金的内部都形成了“梯形”裂纹。这种形态的裂纹是由试样缺口处的热疲劳裂纹扩展而引起的，合金中的钢基体相阻碍裂纹扩展，而WC硬质相诱导裂纹扩展，这两种因素的综合作用促使热疲劳裂纹成“梯形”扩展。分析认为：使WC粒子在钢基体中均匀分布，提高钢基体的热疲劳抗力，从而来阻止梯形裂纹的形成，是提高碳化钨钢锆硬质合金抗热疲劳性能的有效途径。     

H13钢热疲劳性能研究

以盐浴法为手段,对H13钢进行了热疲劳实验,探讨了淬火温度、回火温度、表面处理对其热疲劳失效裂纹的影响并确定了合理的热处理工艺。实验得出:试样热疲劳循环次数在400个周期时,裂纹形成后扩展迅速,裂纹平均生长速度约为2.51×10-3mm/周,而采用1 020℃淬火、640℃回火热处理工艺,与裂纹平均生长速度相比,热疲劳裂纹生长速度减缓了0.45×10-3mm/周,表面渗氮的试样裂纹源可推迟50个热疲劳循环周期。     

H13钢低温等离子渗氮层的热疲劳性能

采用扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、光学显微镜、显微硬度计、XRD等研究了H13钢表面经过机械研磨处理(SMAT)后420℃的离子渗氮效果。结果表明,经过机械研磨处理后,H13钢表层形成一层厚度约10μm的塑性变形层。经420℃离子渗氮4 h后,普通抛光试样和经SMAT处理后试样的渗氮层总厚度分别为90μm和120μm,表明SMAT处理对H13钢离子渗氮具有一定的促渗作用,SMAT试样表层的硬度约为1102.5 HV0.1;热疲劳试验结果表明SMAT试样表现出更好的抗热疲劳性能。     

Thermal fatigue of hot working steel after hybrid surface treatment

Abstract

The application of surface treatment methods like ion nitriding, physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings and their combination in duplex treatments effectively reduces the occurrence of oxidation, corrosion, erosion and wear processes. However, it is still uncertain whether nitriding and duplex treatment have any real effect on the decrease in the nucleation and growth of thermal fatigue cracks on the surface. This paper presents the results of thermal fatigue investigations of a nitrided layer and different composite layers ‘nitrided layer/PVD coating’ (TiN, CrN and TiAlN) obtained on the EN X40CrMoV5·1 hot working steel. The ion nitrided only and three different duplex treated substrates were compared, based on the intensity of the thermal fatigue cracks observed after testing. The nitrided layer and composite layers investigated were obtained with the use of the hybrid surface treatment technology consisting of ion nitriding followed by arc evaporation coating deposition. Apparatus based on high frequency induction heating and water spray cooling was used for thermal fatigue tests under the following conditions: maximum temperature 600°C, minimum temperature 80°C and two different rates of thermal cycling: 500 and 1000. The thermal fatigue intensities of the nitrided layer and the three different composite layers were measured according to the surface crack density and crack length (i.e. penetration into the testpiece) after different numbers of thermal cycles. Finally, based on the results obtained, the influence of different PVD coatings in the composite layer on the increase in thermal fatigue resistance of hot working steel was discussed.     

Influence of different plasma nitriding treatments on the wear and crack behavior of forging tools evaluated by Rockwell indentation and scratch tests

Forging tools are often showing short lifetimes compared to cold forming tools e.g. for sheet metal forming. This is based on the process conditions where high local surface temperatures are alternating with chilling conditions due to the spray cooling with water based cooling lubricants. The resulting thermal shock is provoking fatigue of the tool material in the near surface regions. Crack initiation and crack growth due to thermal shock exposure then causes chipping of the tool steel material in the surface regions. These are starting points for extensive wear.Hardness and wear resistance of tool surfaces at elevated temperatures can be dramatically enhanced with nitriding pretreatments. This has become state-of-the-art for hot forming tool steels in many forging applications. With inappropriate adjustments of the nitriding parameters a decrease of the ductility can occur and will reduce the crack resistance of the tool surface especially under thermal shock conditions.The hot working steel DIN-1.2367 (X38CrMoV5) is currently one of the most often used chromium-molybdenum tool steels in the field of forging. Exemplary for this material is the influence of the nitriding parameters like temperature, nitrogen supply and plasma parameters on the nitriding depth, the maximum hardness and the crack sensitivity will be discussed.Nitrided samples will be investigated with methods developed for the adhesion measurement of hard coatings. It could be shown that this is also appropriate for a qualification of the crack sensitivity of tools. Comparative application tests in the production of automotive components show the influence on the wear behavior and lifetime of forging tools in an industrial environment.     

低温离子氮碳共渗温度对AerMet100钢摩擦学性能的影响

研究了不同温度对AerMet100钢渗氮层和氮碳共渗层的显微组织、表面硬度、渗层截面硬度梯度以及耐磨性的影响,并考察了渗层的磨损机理.结果表明,氮碳共渗层相较于渗氮层表面生成的化合物更加细小,表面更加平整光滑;离子渗氮、离子氮碳共渗处理都可显著提高AerMet100钢的表面硬度;随着温度的增加,共渗层厚度也明显增加;氮...     

等离子体渗氮气压对合金钢渗氮层微观结构和性能的影响

目的 选择M50NiL钢（高合金钢）和AISI 4140钢（低合金钢）2种合金钢,研究渗氮气压对合金钢等离子体渗氮层组织结构、渗层厚度、硬度、韧性和摩擦磨损性能的影响规律。方法 根据离子渗氮GB/T30883—2017,在0～500 Pa渗氮气压范围内选择170、250、350 Pa 3个渗氮气压进行等离子体渗氮,研究渗层微观结构和性能。结果 对于M50NiL和AISI 4140两种合金钢,350 Pa时渗层厚度均最大,170 Pa次之,250 Pa厚度最小。M50NiL钢在350 Pa渗氮和AISI 4140钢在170 Pa渗氮时,表面层具有最优的强韧性。摩擦磨损性能显示,170 Pa和350 Pa气压渗氮的摩擦磨损性能明显优于250 Pa气压渗氮,其中磨损率规律与渗氮层的韧性值测试结果吻合。结论 气压影响了氮离子的能量和分布,从而影响了渗层厚度,钢中的合金元素含量和气压共同影响表面强韧化效果,并且表面强韧化效果直接影响渗氮层的摩擦磨损性能。     

Rapid nitriding of pure iron by thermal plasma jet irradiation

Pure iron samples were exposed to thermal plasma jet and nitrided for 15 min at a temperature ranging from 545 °C to 742 °C. For comparison purposes, conventional ion nitriding was also performed using glow discharge plasma at 580 °C for 8 h. For conventional plasma nitriding, a top compound layer and a bottom diffusion zone are observed. In contrast, an additional “transition zone” is observed between the compound layer and the diffusion zone for the thermal plasma jet treatment when the process temperature is 667 °C or above. This “transition zone” is quite thick (a few tens of micrometers), determined by the treatment temperature, and has unique features in the phase formation and nitrogen distribution. At 706 °C, the content of γ′phase, as well as the content of nitrogen and the hardness, reaches the maximum. Compared with the traditional plasma nitriding process, the reaction speed of thermal plasma irradiation is much higher. A nitrided case depth over a few tens of micrometers is obtained in plasma jet nitriding for only 15 min versus a depth of only a few micrometers in conventional plasma nitriding for 8 h. The formation of the “transition zone” and the mechanism for the high nitriding speed are discussed in the paper. It is believed that this technology can be applied at atmospheric pressure in field without the requirement for a vacuum system. Hence, this technology may be advantageous for practical applications.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel by Plasma Nitriding at Low Temperature

A series of experiments were carried out to study the influence of low temperature plasma nitriding on the mechanical properties of AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel. Plasma nitriding experiments were carried out for 15 h at 350℃ by means of DC- pulsed plasma in 25%N2＋ 75%H2 atmosphere. The microstructure, phase composition, and residual stresses profiles of the nitrided layers were determined by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The microhardness profiles of the nitridied surfaces were also studied. The fatigue life, sliding wear, and erosion wear loss of the untreated specimens and plasma nitriding specimens were determined on the basis of a rotating bending fatigue tester, a ball-on-disc wear tester, and a solid particle erosion tester. The results show that the 350℃ nitrided surface is dominated by c-Fe3N and ON, which is supersaturated nitrogen solid solution. They have high hardness and chemical stabilities. So the low temperature plasma nitriding not only increases the surface hardness values but also improves the wear and erosion resistance. In addition, the fatigue limit of AISI 420 steel can also be improved by plasma nitriding at 350℃ because plasma nitriding produces residual compressive stress inside the modified layer.