An Innovative Design by Single‐Layer Superaerophobic Mesh: Continuous Underwater Bubble Antibuoyancy Collection and Transportation

Underwater bubbles are unavoidable in the natural world and industrial production. Understanding the behavior of underwater bubbles and manipulating gas bubbles are vital important to both fundamental scientific research and industrial application. Although there has been some progress in controlling underwater bubbles, continuous underwater bubble collection and transportation remain challenging targets. Herein, inspired by the mechanism of water spider's gas storage, a strategy to collect and transport underwater gas bubble is demonstrated by design of a single‐layer underwater superaerophobic mesh (USM) assembled with a quartz tube. Gas bubbles supplied by a syringe pump penetrate the mesh pore and then gather to form a gas column in the quartz tube. Collapse occurs when the gas column reach the maximum storage height/pressure. Under a continuous supply of gas bubbles, the change of pressure becomes a cyclic process, which acts in a pump‐like manner to transport bubbles continuously from the water to the gas phase in the USM device assembled with an asymmetric U‐tube. This novel gas collection and transport system provides a new inspiration for developing new technologies for applications in pipes, sensors, gas collection, and environment protection.     

Superhydrophobic “Pump”: Continuous and Spontaneous Antigravity Water Delivery

Antigravity transportation of water, which is often observed in nature, is becoming a vital demand for advanced devices and new technology. Many studies have been devoted to the motion of a single droplet on a horizontal or inclined substrate under specific assistance. However, the self‐propelled water motion, especially continuous antigravity water delivery, still remains a considerable challenge. Here, a novel self‐ascending phenomenon driven only by the surface energy release of water droplets is found, and a superhydrophobic mesh to pump water up to a height of centimeter scale is designed. An integrated antigravity transportation system is also demonstrated to continuously and spontaneously pump water droplets without additional driving forces. The present novel finding and integrated devices should serve as a source of inspiration for the design of advanced materials and for the development of new technology with exciting applications in microfluidics, microdetectors, and intelligent systems.     

Bioinspired Multifunctional Foam with Self‐Cleaning and Oil/Water Separation

Oil/water separation is a worldwide challenge. Learning from nature provides a promising approach for the construction of functional materials with oil/water separation. In this contribution, inspired by superhydrophobic self‐cleaning lotus leaves and porous biomaterials, a facile method is proposed to fabricate polyurethane foam with simultaneous superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Due to its low density, light weight, and superhydrophobicity, the as‐prepared foam can float easily on water. Furthermore, the foam demonstrates super‐repellency towards corrosive liquids, self‐cleaning, and oil/water separation properties, possessing multifunction integration. We expect that this low‐cost process can be readily and widely adopted for the design of multifunctional foams for large‐area oil‐spill cleanup.     

Bioinspired Solar‐Heated Carbon Absorbent for Efficient Cleanup of Highly Viscous Crude Oil

Efficient cleanup of viscous crude oil spill is a worldwide challenge due to its sluggish flowability at room temperature. Conventional oil remediation methods using physical absorbers, skimmers, and vacuum technologies either demonstrate low absorption efficiency or have severe operational restrictions. Inspired by the highly efficient and passive transpiration process in trees, a solar‐heated carbon absorber (HC‐Wood) with an inherited wood structure of aligned channels for rapid crude oil absorption is reported. The unique porous structure of the carbon absorber can extend the light absorption paths, guide the direction of heat transport, and decrease the resistance to oil flows, endowing the carbon absorber a large efficiency of solar absorption (>99% of the incident irradiation), excellent thermal management, and fast capillarity‐driven oil absorption behavior. The low tortuosity of the porous structure together with the efficient solar‐thermal conversion enable the absorber to demonstrate a crude oil absorption rate of 1550 mL m^?2 in 30 s under 1 sun irradiation, which is 10 times faster than previously reported results for passive absorption of viscous crude oil. Given the unique structural design, low operating cost, and rapid oil absorption speed, this work provides a promising solution for addressing catastrophic large‐area viscous oil spills.     

粘度输油中的模糊控制系统

针对油田及油港口等所用稠油管道输送技术的特点和工艺情况，阐述了将模糊控制的思想应用于这种输油过程的控制及其特点；介绍了粘度输油模糊控制器的设计原理。实时控制结果表明：这种控制思想是可行的，并收到了满意的控制效果。     

Bioinspired Microstructured Adhesives with Facile and Fast Switchability for Part Manipulation in Dry and Wet Conditions

The rapid growth in the miniaturized mechanical and electronic devices industry has created the need for temporary attachment systems that can carry out pick-and-place and transfer printing tasks for fragile and tiny parts. Current systems are limited by a fundamental trade-off between adhesive strength and state-changing trigger force, which causes the need for a rapidly switchable adhesive. In this study, an elastomeric microstructure is presented combining a trapezoidal-prism-shaped (TPS) and a mushroom-shaped microstructure, which overcomes the trade-off with the help of the TPS structure. The optimal design exhibits a strong adhesive strength of 87.8 kPa and a negligible detachment strength of <0.07 kPa with a low trigger shear stress of 10.7 kPa on smooth glass surfaces. The large tip-to-stem ratio (50 to 20 µm) enhances the suction effect, allowing the microstructure to maintain its adhesive performance even in wet conditions. Pick-and-place manipulation tasks of a single and an array of ultralight parts from micrometer to millimeter scales are performed to demonstrate the capability of handling fragile and tiny parts. Moreover, it demonstrates the ability to transfer parts across water and air interfaces. This proposed microstructure offers a facile solution for manipulating microscale fragile parts in dry and wet conditions.     

Photothermal Clothing for Thermally Preserving Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil

Pipeline transportation is the most practically used means to deliver crude oil before it enters refining factories. External heating on pipelines is routinely needed in order to make the oil flow easier, especially in areas with low ambient temperature, which has to involve tremendous energy consumption and causes a significant increase in transportation costs. Here, a green and cost‐effective strategy of “photothermal clothing” is conceived by which the pipeline is only warmed by sunlight based on photothermal conversion. The photothermal material is a complex of polypyrrole and polyurethane interpenetrated at the molecular level, which guarantees the elasticity endures considerable deformation when it is bound on pipelines as a form of tubular fibers. Both simulation and thermal tests verify the excellent performance in photothermal warming and heat preservation at low ambient temperature. As a practical demonstration, the rate of frozen crude oil flowing from pipelines is remarkably sped up solely under solar illumination. By a rough estimation, the photothermal pipeline, at a given length of 1 m, is supposed to harvest solar energy with a calorific value that equals combusting natural gas for more than 30 m³ a year.     

Spontaneous and Directional Transportation of Gas Bubbles on Superhydrophobic Cones

Understanding the behavior of gas bubbles in aqueous media and realizing their spontaneous and directional manipulation are of vital importance in both scientific research and industrial applications, owing to their significant influences on many processes, such as waste water treatment, gas evolution reactions, and the recovery of valuable minerals. However, the behaviors of gas bubbles in aqueous media are mainly dominated by the buoyant force, which greatly impedes gas bubble transportation to any other direction except upward. Consequently, the spontaneous and directional transportation of gas bubbles in aqueous media is still identified as a big issue. Here, superhydrophobic copper cones have been successfully fabricated by integrating low‐surface‐tension chemical coatings with conical morphology. The generated superhydrophobic copper cones are capable of transporting gas bubbles from their tip to the base spontaneously and directionally underwater, even when they are vertically fixed with tips pointing up. The present study will inspire people to develop novel strategies to achieve efficient manipulation of gas bubbles in practical applications.     

Superoleophobic Surfaces with Controllable Oil Adhesion and Their Application in Oil Transportation

Controlling liquid adhesion is a fundamental issue in many applications for special wettable surfaces. Compared to superhydrophobic surfaces of different water adhesion, superoleophobic surfaces of controllable oil adhesion are much more practical, as it leads to non‐wetting for both water and oil. However, previously the investigation for oil adhesion ability on superoleophobic surfaces in oil/air/solid system has been extremely rare. In this work, we describe a convenient approach to fabricate superoleophobic surfaces through perfluorothiolate reaction on Cu(OH)₂ nanostructure surfaces and investigate their possible application in oil droplet transportation. The prepared surfaces exhibit controllable oil adhesive force depending on surface nanostructures or external preloads on the oil droplet. A model of the penetrating Cassie state is used to help analyze the unique phenomena on oil adhesion. Moreover, we provide a proof of demonstrate of oil transportation for application in oil‐based microreactors via our surfaces. Our results give a useful attempt in understanding the fabrication principle of preparing superoleophobic surfaces with controllable oil adhesion.     

Stimuli‐Responsive Bioinspired Materials for Controllable Liquid Manipulation: Principles,Fabrication, and Applications

Many emerging interfacial technologies, such as self‐cleaning surfaces, oil/water separation, water collection, and microfluidics, are essentially liquid manipulation processes. In this regard, micro‐nanostructures of the living organisms are highly preferable, by virtue of the evolutionary pressure and the adaptation to the specific environments, to inspire the optimization of man‐made interfaces. With the increasing demands of modern life, research, and industry, intelligent materials with stimuli‐responsive liquid manipulation functions have gained substantial attention from interfacial scientists. This review introduces the recent progress in the development of stimuli‐responsive liquid‐manipulating materials with bioinspired structures and surface chemistry according to two classified manipulation modes: (i) smart manipulation of liquid wetting behaviors, including lyophobic/lyophilic and superlyophobic/superlyophilic, and (ii) smart manipulation of liquid motion behaviors, including coalescence, transportation, rolling/adhesion, and sliding/pinning. At the beginning of the presentation of each classification, the theoretical basis and the sources of inspiration are introduced comprehensively to ensure a better understanding. This review mainly focuses on the mechanisms, fabrication, and applications of the state‐of‐the‐art works related to smart and biomimetic liquid‐manipulating materials. Finally, conclusions and future prospects are provided, and the remaining problems and promising breakthroughs in fabricating large‐scale, cost‐effective, and efficient smart liquid‐manipulating materials are outlined.     

Aerophilic Electrode with Cone Shape for Continuous Generation and Efficient Collection of H2 Bubbles

Hydrogen as a sustainable and clean energy source has attracted great attention with the increasing global energy crisis. However, sufficient production of hydrogen is seriously impeded by the adhesion of hydrogen bubble to electrodes. Efficient removal of hydrogen bubbles attached to the electrode can improve the efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction. Following this concept, numerous approaches to shorten the adhesion time of hydrogen bubbles on electrodes have been presented, such as ultrasonic treatment and electrode surface micro/nano‐modification. Almost all of the existing solutions are based on the instant and direct release of generated hydrogen bubbles into the electrolyte, which can be identified as “Releasing strategy” accordingly. In this contribution, an aerophilic electrode with cone shape is fabricated, from which the generated hydrogen bubbles can be timely removed through efficient and directional transportation (from tip to the base). Correspondingly, this approach is defined as “Transporting strategy”. Furthermore, integrating the base of electrode with a superaerophilic sponge, which possesses excellent properties of efficiently absorbing and releasing gas bubbles, can realize the collection of generated hydrogen. It is believed that the present approach can contribute to promising applications in water electrolysis and will offer inspiration for fabricating novel hydrogen collector.     

基于嵌入式系统的广播电视数据采集回传技术

提出了一种新的广播电视数据采集回传技术。硬件实现是基于嵌入式系统的电视信号抽帧器设备,该设备能够对目标频道循环抽取图像并采用高性能压缩算法进行图像压缩,最终输出静止图像序列存储于硬盘,或经网络回传给监控中心。该方法能明显降低设备费用、网络带宽和存储空间,可广泛应用于电视节目内容监控和电视安全播出系统,应用于电视剧版权保护、广告播出秩序保障、上星电视落地情况监控等领域。     

Ultrafast,Reversible Transition of Superwettability of Graphene Network and Controllable Underwater Oil Adhesion for Oil Microdroplet Transportation

Recently, reversible surface superwettability has attracted enormous interest, and methods to shorten the cycle time of transition have also garnered the attention of researchers. Herein, a superhydrophobic, open‐cell graphene network (OCGN) is fabricated via self‐assembly of graphene oxide and vapor ejection. Owing to the special open‐cell microstructure, the OCGNs can be transformed to be superhydrophilic rapidly within only 1 s by air plasma treatment. Moreover, the OCGNs with pure graphene composition have a high conductivity and show an ultrafast Joule heating rate of up to 20 °C s^?1 at a voltage of 20 V. By means of this property, for the first time an ultrafast recovery of the superhydrophobicity for OCGNs by self‐induced Joule heating with the shortest time of 1 min is reported. The mechanism of ultrafast, reversible transition is also explored specifically in this study. In addition, the superhydrophilic OCGNs show superoleophobicity in water and their underwater adhesion for oil droplets can be controlled by plasma treatment. Finally, the OCGNs with different oil adhesion properties are fabricated and the underwater oil microdroplet transportation is realized using OCGNs. Therefore, the OCGNs with smart surface can be an excellent candidate for achieving multifunctional superwettability of surfaces.     

Electric Field and Gradient Microstructure for Cooperative Driving of Directional Motion of Underwater Oil Droplets

Driving a liquid droplet with control of directional motion on a solid surface, by introducing a surface wettability gradient or external stimuli, has attracted considerable research attention. There still remain challenges, however, due to the slow response rate and slow speed of continuous liquid droplet motion on the structured surface. Here, an approach to continuously drive the underwater oil droplet with control of directional motion by the cooperative effects of an electric field and the gradient of a porous polystyrene microstructure is demonstrated. The gradient microstructure induces the liquid droplet to take on an asymmetrical shape, causing unbalanced pressure on both ends to orient the droplet for motion in a particular direction. Meanwhile, the electric field decreases the contact area and the corresponding viscous drag between the droplet and the gradient‐structured surface. Then, the unbalanced pressure pushes the underwater oil droplet to move directionally and continuously at a certain voltage. This work provides a new strategy to control underwater oil droplets and realize unidirectional motion. It is also promising for the design of new smart interface materials for applications such as electrofluidic displays, biological cell and particle manipulation, and other types of microfluidic devices.     

基于水温压力检测的数据采集系统

设计一种基于水温压力检测的数据采集系统,能够对某些关键参数进行不同采样间隔的数据采集和保存以供分析处理,要求系统可随时更改数据采样间隔,保存形成历史数据文件。现场单片机系统与上位机能够进行实时串行通信。主要介绍其中的单片机的硬件和软件设计。该系统整体结构简单,数据处理快捷。通过实践证明,系统能达到较高的精度,能够很好地满足工程的需要。     

油气储运系统中存在的问题及策略分析

油气储运系统存在着许多问题,例如油气储运期间存在的火灾隐患;储运期间发生的油气蒸发耗损;以及油气管道存在的腐蚀现象等等。油气作为不能再生能源,其在储运期间存在的问题,将是我们怎样更合理更环保的使用该资源的主要问题,必须引起足够的重视。并针对存在问题实施分析采取相应的策略,为油气储运系统安全环保运转创造有利的保障。     

中小型企业的实时数据集中与实现技术

分析了实时数据集中与数据仓库的区别，说明了在中小型企业管理决策中实时数据集中的优势及作用，并给出了SQL Server7．0，实时数据集中的实现方法。