Dynamic phasor and frequency estimator for phasor measurement units

Synchrophasors and frequency estimations play an increasingly important role in power systems. Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) may introduce errors into phasor and frequency estimations under dynamic conditions, such as power oscillation. A dynamic phasor and frequency estimator for phasor measurement units (PMUs) is proposed to improve accuracy by considering dynamic characteristics of power systems expressed as Taylor derivatives. Firstly, phasor estimations of sequence components of diffident data windows are attained via DFT. Secondly Taylor derivatives, expressed by adjacent phasors at different data windows, are employed to improve accuracy of estimations by reassigning estimations with the knowledge of dynamic characteristics. Finally, dynamic characteristics of positive sequence components are applied to estimate the fundamental frequency with less delay compared to a state-of-the-art algorithm, phasor-based synchronised frequency measurement (PSFM). To verify the performance, a set of digital dynamic tests and a power oscillation model using PSCAD/EMTDC are presented. The simulation results show that proposed algorithm can achieve highly accurate estimations of phasor and frequency over a wide range of dynamic conditions. Even though a minor increase in calculation burden is required, this technique provides accurate phasor and frequency estimations without changing the legacy structure of PMU devices. Additionally, it has been found that proposed algorithm really meets the needs of online applications.     

原子钟相位与频率估计的误差特性

本文讨论了原子钟内部的3种噪声即白色调相噪声，白色调频噪声和随机游走调频噪声对相位和频率估计的影响，分析表明，这3种噪声对相位估计和频率估计的影响完全不同，在相位估计中，选择适当的平滑长度和取样间隔可以控制估计误差，而在频率估计中，估计精度不能通过[估计器或测量设备的改进而任意提高，存在一个极限，这个极限由原子钟的内部噪声来决定。     

Sinusoidal frequency estimation at low signal‐to‐noise ratio

Abstract

In this paper, an algorithm is developed to estimate the frequencies of the sinusoids corrupted by white noise. First, the input data is analyzed by a large order autoregressive (AR) spectral estimator, and then we root the prediction error filter (PEF) to get a set of zeros. Using a zero‐clustering algorithm, we partition the zeros into clusters. From these zero clusters, we construct filters to enhance the sinusoids. Then, using frequency estimators, we estimate the frequencies of the sinusoids from the filtered data. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides a better resolution ability and estimate accuracy than that of the conventional AR spectral estimator, especially for close sinusoids at low SNR.     

几种基于FFT的频率估计方法精度分析

介绍了噪声背景中正弦信号频率估计的方差下限，对利用FFT主瓣内两条幅度最大谱线进行插值的频率估计方法（Rife-Jane方法和Quinn方法）以及利用FFT相位进行频率插值的方法（分段FFT相位差法和重叠FFT相位差法）的方差进行了理论分析，推导了Quinn方法的频率估计方差计算公式．提出了通过滤波进一步提高分段FFT相位差法的频率估计精度的方法。通过计算机MonteCarlo模拟实验对上述各种方法的频率估计精度以及加窗函数的影响进行了分析并与理论下限进行了比较，指出了每种方法所能达到的估计精度。     

New a posteriori error estimator and adaptive mesh refinement strategy for 2-D crack problems

A posteriori error estimation and adaptive refinement technique for fracture analysis of 2-D/3-D crack problems is the state-of-the-art. The objective of the present paper is to propose a new a posteriori error estimator based on strain energy release rate (SERR) or stress intensity factor (SIF) at the crack tip region and to use this along with the stress based error estimator available in the literature for the region away from the crack tip. The proposed a posteriori error estimator is called the K-S error estimator. Further, an adaptive mesh refinement (h-) strategy which can be used with K-S error estimator has been proposed for fracture analysis of 2-D crack problems. The performance of the proposed a posteriori error estimator and the h-adaptive refinement strategy have been demonstrated by employing the 4-noded, 8-noded and 9-noded plane stress finite elements. The proposed error estimator together with the h-adaptive refinement strategy will facilitate automation of fracture analysis process to provide reliable solutions.     

The LR-Chart: An Alternative to the MR-Chart

An individuals chart is proposed in which the mean level is estimated using the regression smoother LOWESS, and deviations from this mean estimate are plotted. This LOWESS-range (LR) chart yields an estimator of the process variance from stable measurements, which is almost as efficient as the estimator based on the sample standard deviation. The estimator often has lower mean squared-error than a moving-range-based estimator when applied to mean-shifted measurements.     

竞争失效产品加速寿命试验的非参数统计方法

研究了竞争失效产品恒定应力加速寿命试验（简称恒加试验）的非参数统计方法，给出了恒加试验的矩估计的最小二乘估计，并研究了它们的优良性。     

Estimation of a dense velocity field based on the statistics of dynamic speckle

This article presents a new technique for flow velocity estimation from ultrasound image sequences. The method is based on the analysis of the temporal statistics of the speckle pattern in motion. We demonstrate that the biased local temporal variance (LTV) of a single pixel within an image of dynamic speckle is related to velocity. This allows us to estimate the total velocity magnitude without the requirement of neither block matching nor autocovariance estimation. A new estimator, asymptotically without bias, called LTV is presented. Results conducted on experimental B mode sequences (40 MHz) of blood mimicking fluid with calibrated velocities are presented. Performances of the estimator are studied and results show good agreement with the statistical model. Magnitude of the 3D velocity vector in the range of 0.1–2 mm/s have been estimated with a standard deviation error of less than 12%. The validity of the method and its limitations are then discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 20, 268‐276, 2010     

谐波信号的闭环检测和估计算法及其应用

从联合检测估计的角度讨论了检测器和估计器之间的耦合机制,并就水声目标线谱特征提取问题研究了一种谐波信号的闭环检测和估计算法.该算法通过迭代形式在检测器和估计器之间不断交换信息,用以改善未知参数的先验分布,从而得到较好的检测和估计性能.对海试数据的仿真结果表明,该算法可以有效地提取目标的线谱特征.     

Weiss-Hill estimator

In this paper the asymptotic distributional behaviour is derived for a new estimator for the extreme value index γ of distribution, which is a combination of two estimators proposed by Weiss and Hill (Weiss, 1971, and Hill, 1975). For |γ|>1/2, the estimator outperforms the Moment estimator (Dekkers and al., 1989). in the sense that it has a smaller asymptotic variance than the latter; moreover, for γ>1/2 (γ<0, resp.) the estimator behaves asymptoticaly like the Hillresp. Weiss—estimator; for |γ|<1/2 the estimator does not achieve the same rate of convergence as the Moment estimator. Simulation results concerning the comparison of the mentioned estimators are also presented. This research project was partially supported by FCT/PRAXIS XXI/FEDER and POCTI.     

具有多级自适应滤波器的有限元密度估计器

基于可能相关并具有某种遍厉性的样本数据,该文设计了一个具有多级自适应滤波器的有限元估计器去估计相应的(平稳)密度函数。数值例了表明了估计器的有效性。同时也讨论了一个有关估计器稳定性的性质。     

Error estimation for crack simulations using the XFEM

The extended finite element method (XFEM) is by now well‐established for crack calculations in linear elastic fracture mechanics. An advantage of this method is its discretization independence for crack simulations. Nevertheless, discretization errors occur when using the XFEM. In this paper, a simple recovery based error estimator for the discretization error in XFEM‐calculations for cracks is presented. The method is based on the Zienkiewicz and Zhu error estimator. Enhanced smoothed stresses incorporating the discontinuities and singularities because of the cracks are recovered to enable the error estimation for arbitrary distributed cracks. This approach also allows the consideration of materials with generally inelastic behaviour. The enhanced stresses are computed by means of a least square fit problem. To assess the quality of the error estimator, global norms and the effectivity index for the global energy norm for examples with known analytical solutions are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

删失下的指数分布的贝叶斯估计

本文分别在Ⅱ型删失和随机删失下,表明了共轭先验下的指数分布的刻度参数的贝叶斯估计为具有如下形式的收缩估计(?)_(BE)=a■ bEθ,此处■为依赖样本θ的一个无偏估计且Eθ表示先验分布的期望。当采用平方损失函数时,a b=1;如果用加权平方损失函数,则a b＜1。     

IEEE802.16e系统信道估计算法研究

针对IEEE802.16e系统下行链路的导频分配模式,提出了一种适用于IEEE802.16e系统下行链路的信道估计方法。该方法采用两个一维信道估计器的级联。首先在时域进行滤波,根据最近原则将前一个符号导频处的信道响应作为下一个符号相同位置子载波处的信道响应,从而得到梳状导频结构;其次在频域进行滤波,采用最大似然算法估计出所有子载波上的信道响应。车速60km/h和车速120km/h信道下的仿真结果表明,采用该信道估计方法可降低系统的误码率,提高高速移动环境下系统的性能。     

Linear Statistical Analysis of Discrete Data

The generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) is widely used to model extreme values, for example, exceedences over thresholds, in modeling floods. Existing methods for estimating parameters have theoretical or computational defects. An efficient new estimator is proposed, which is computationally easy, free from the problems observed in traditional approaches, and performs well compared with existing estimators. A numerical example involving heights of waves is used to illustrate the various methods and tests of fit are performed to compare them.     

Postgrouped sampling method of estimation

A postgrouped sampling is considered for estimating the (finite or finite), population mean. Double sampling and an empirical-weighted estimator is used. Unbiasedness, variance and efficiency are considered. Its properties are discussed allowing the simple random sampling with replacement (SRSWR) design in the first phase, and in each stratum for the second phase. It is shown that for a fixed sample size in each postgroup, the variance of the proposed estimator with less prior information is asymptotically equivalent to the usual stratified estimator for fixed allocation. Some examples are provided for natural populations., The method is also extended to simple random sampling without replacement (SRSWOR) design in the first phase, and in each stratum for the second phase. Unbiased variance estimation is provided for both types of sampling designs.     

The effects of timing jitter in sampling systems

Timing jitter generally causes a bias (systematic error) in the amplitude estimates of sampled waveforms. Equations are developed for computing the bias in both the time and frequency domains. Two principle estimators are considered: the sample mean and the so-called Markov estimator used in some equivalent-time sampling systems. Examples are given using both real and simulated data. It is shown that the bias that results from using the sample mean as an estimator can be approximated in the frequency domain by a simple filter function. The Markov estimator is shown to asymptotically converge to the population median. It is therefore an unbiased estimator for monotonic waveforms sampled with jitter distributions having a median of zero     

Empirical laser sintering time estimator for Duraform PA

The paper presents work on the development of a build-time estimator for rapid manufacturing. A time estimator is required to develop a comprehensive costing tool for rapid manufacturing. An empirical method was used to estimate build times using both simulated and actual builds for a laser sintering machine. The estimator presented herein is based upon object geometry and, therefore, the fundamental data driving the model are obtainable from current three-dimensional computer-aided design models. The aim is to define a model describing the build times for a laser sintering machine either for single or multiple objects.     

Randomized residual-based error estimators for the proper generalized decomposition approximation of parametrized problems

This article introduces a novel error estimator for the proper generalized decomposition (PGD) approximation of parametrized equations. The estimator is intrinsically random: it builds on concentration inequalities of Gaussian maps and an adjoint problem with random right-hand side, which we approximate using the PGD. The effectivity of this randomized error estimator can be arbitrarily close to unity with high probability, allowing the estimation of the error with respect to any user-defined norm as well as the error in some quantity of interest. The performance of the error estimator is demonstrated and compared with some existing error estimators for the PGD for a parametrized time-harmonic elastodynamics problem and the parametrized equations of linear elasticity with a high-dimensional parameter space.