叶脉型微通道热沉设计及散热特性分析

为改善相控阵天线多热源阵面温度的均匀性,基于植物叶脉优良的传质特性,提出一种用于相控阵多热源阵面的叶脉型微通道热沉。首先,对叶脉型微通道热沉的流动特性和散热特性进行仿真分析,得到热沉的热源温度分布。然后,以热源温度标准差最小化为目标,进一步优化叶脉型微通道结构,得到了非对称叶脉型微通道拓扑结构。最后,采用金属3D打印加工了铝基微通道热沉样件并进行散热性能测试。数值仿真结果表明,相比于传统平行微通道热沉,叶脉型微通道热沉不仅强化了传热,而且使得热源温度更均匀,压力损失更小;实验结果验证了叶脉型微通道热沉优良的散热性能。研究结论可为相控阵多热源阵面的热沉设计提供依据。     

An approach to expansion of the scanning sector of active phased antenna arrays with linear-frequency-modulated wideband probe signal

The process of construction of the directional pattern of active phased antenna arrays with emission of wideband linear-frequency-modulated signals is analyzed. Factors responsible for the appearance of distortions in the directional pattern are established and an approach to elimination of these distortions is proposed.     

Neural network method for direction of arrival estimation with uniform cylindrical microstrip patch array

In this study, a new neural network algorithm is proposed for real-time multiple source tracking problem with cylindrical patch antenna array based on a previously reported Modified Neural Multiple Source Tracking (MN-MUST) algorithm. The proposed algorithm, namely cylindrical microstrip patch array modified neural multiple source tracking (CMN-MUST) algorithm implements MN-MUST algorithm on a cylindrical microstrip patch array structure. CMN-MUST algorithm uses the advantage of directive pattern of microstrip patch elements by considering only a part of array elements for a chosen sector. This reduces neural network sizes and also improves the spatial filtering performance. The proposed algorithm improves MN-MUST algorithm in the sense of accuracy and speed while covering the full azimuth range.     

Focused beam control for ultrasound surgery with spherical-section phased array: sound field calculation and genetic optimization algorithm

This study aims at a sound field calculation for the spherical-section phased array and an optimization algorithm for the focus patterns of phased array ultrasound surgery. An efficient field calculation formula represented as an explicit expression is derived by the strategies of projection and binomial expansion. An optimization algorithm based on genetic algorithm is constructed by the suitable fitness function and the selection strategies. The simulation results of 256-element spherical-section phased array show the capability of controlling focus accurately and effectively with the combined method made up of the explicit expression method and the genetic optimization algorithm. The simulation results of single focus, multiple foci, on-axial focus, and off-axial focus further convince the feasibility of three-dimensional (3-D) focus steering with excellent acoustic performances. A single focus with the focus dimension of 1.25 mm x 1.25 mm x 7 mm and with the intensity of 6080 W/cm2 is formed. The multiple-focus pattern can enlarge the treatment volume 22 times larger than that of single focus with a sonication. In addition, a comparison between the explicit expression approach and the point source approach testifies to the applicability of the explicit expression approach. The experiment and simulation results of 16-element array actually confirm the feasibility of the combined method.     

一种相控阵雷达天线极化特征的外场测试方法

为了解决相控阵雷达天线极化特征的外场测量问题,研究了极化的幅相测量法和斜天线测试场的布局方法,设计了基于双通道接收技术的相控阵雷达天线极化特征的一种外场测试方法。给出了应用该种方法的测量装置、测量布局、测量内容、测量步骤,分析了测量误差。该种测试方法在相控阵雷达天线极化特征测试任务中得到成功应用,为某武器系统的研制提供了准确的测量数据和宝贵的研究资料。     

Experimental demonstration of an optical phased array antenna for laser space communications

The feasibility of an optical phased array antenna applicable for spaceborne laser communications was experimentally demonstrated. Heterodyne optical phase-locked loops provide for a defined phase relationship between the collimated output beams of three single-mode fibers. In the far field the beams interfere with a measured efficiency of 99%. The main lobe of the interference pattern can be moved by phase shifting the subaperture output beams. The setup permitted agile beam steering within an angular range of 1 mr and a response time of 0.7 ms. We propose an operational optical phased array antenna fed by seven lasers, featuring high transmit power and redundance.     

Self-calibration of large phased-array antennas for radar

Self-calibration of a phased antenna array is required when distortions in the array are not known a priori and cannot be measured, or when turbulence in the propagation medium perturbs the radiation field. Two types of self-calibration procedures are discussed that have proved successful in experimental high-resolution two-dimensional microwave radar imaging. Each extracts information from the backscattered reradiation field to deduce a compensating weight vector for the phased array antenna. The first depends upon the presence of a strong reflector in the field of view of the transmitter. The second calibrates the array from correlation estimates of wavefront samples in the array. The basic algorithm in each group is described, along with two more sophisticated algorithms in the latter class. Two-dimensional radar images of airplanes are shown with resolution comparable to human vision. The performance of each algorithm and comparisons between them are illustrated by these images of targets and by simulation experiments.©1993 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

Adaptive update interval tracking based on adaptive grid interacting multiple model

The update interval is adjustable in the phased array radar system. An adaptive update interval algorithm based on the adaptive grid interacting multiple model is proposed. The moving step size of mid-model's parameter is utilised to adapt the update interval to the target's behaviour. Furthermore, a controllable parameter is introduced to balance the tracking precision and the system load. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified through simulation. The simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can save much system resource while achieving the same tracking quality as the fixed update interval algorithm.     

Subspace‐based techniques for 2‐d DOA estimation with uniform circular array under local scattering

Abstract

In mobile communication systems, local scatterers in the vicinity of the sources cause angular spreading of radiating signals as seen from a base station antenna array. Thus, the base station antenna array is typically situated on the roof of a high building away from potential multipath reflectors. The uniform circular array (UCA) geometry provides 360° azimuthal coverage and also provides information on source elevation angles. We consider the problem of two‐dimensional (azimuth and elevation) direction‐of‐arrival (DOA) estimation with UCA. In the multipath scenario, the base station antenna can receive many coherent signals that cause the array manifold to be different from the conventional array manifold model. Herein, parameters of the spatial signature in the presence of local scattering are presented which apply to UCA. Then, we present a fast searching technique to improve the efficiency of the MUSIC algorithm for two‐dimensional DOA estimation. The fast signal subspace‐based estimation method utilizes the ESPRIT algorithm and then adopts sequential one‐dimensional searching to save computational cost. Several simulation results are included for illustration and comparison.     

Shape calibration of a conformal ultrasound therapy array

A conformal ultrasound phased array prototype with 96 elements was previously calibrated for electronic steering and focusing in a water tank. The procedure for calibrating the shape of this 2D therapy array consists of two steps. First, a least squares triangulation algorithm determines the element coordinates from a 21×21 grid of time delays. The triangulation algorithm also requires temperature measurements to compensate for variations in the speed of sound. Second, a Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formulation of the acoustic radiation integral is aligned to a second grid of measured pressure amplitudes in a least squares sense. This shape calibration procedure, which is applicable to a wide variety of ultrasound phased arrays, was tested on a square array panel consisting of 7-×7-mm elements operating at 617 kHz. The simulated fields generated by an array of 96 equivalent elements are consistent with the measured data, even in the fine structure away from the primary focus and sidelobes. These two calibration steps are sufficient for the simulation model to predict successfully the pressure field generated by this conformal ultrasound phased array prototype     

Certain investigations on the reduction of side lobe level of an uniform linear antenna array using biogeography based optimization technique with sinusoidal migration model and simplified-BBO

In this paper, we propose biogeography based optimization technique, with linear and sinusoidal migration models and simplified biogeography based optimization (S-BBO), for uniformly spaced linear antenna array synthesis to maximize the reduction of side lobe level (SLL). This paper explores biogeography theory. It generalizes two migration models in BBO namely, linear migration model and sinusoidal migration model. The performance of SLL reduction in ULA is investigated. Our performance study shows that among the two, sinusoidal migration model is a promising candidate for optimization. In our work, simplified – BBO algorithm is also deployed. This determines an optimum set value for amplitude excitations of antenna array elements that generate a radiation pattern with maximum side lobe level reduction. Our detailed investigation also shows that sinusoidal migration model of BBO performs better compared to the other evolutionary algorithms discussed in this paper.     

Handheld direction of arrival finder with electronically steerable parasitic array radiator using the reactancedomain MUltiple SIgnal Classification algorithm

Reactance-domain multiple signal classification (RD-MUSIC) is a promising scheme for enabling ESPAR (electronically steerable parasitic array radiator) antennas to accurately estimate the DOAs (directions-of-arrival) of radio waves. The ESPAR antenna is a variable directional antenna designed for battery-operated mobile terminals, and is utilised for handheld DOA finder applications as well as for wireless communication systems. We present some experimental results showing that the RD-MUSIC with a conventional calibration obtains a sharp spectrum for accurate DOA estimation, although the ESPAR antenna is equipped with only a single-port output unlike a conventional array antenna. The results also demonstrate that RD-MUSIC works well even when exploiting fewer beam patterns than the number of antenna elements. Moreover, we have verified that a human body hardly generates any degradation of DOA estimation even holding the DOA finder close to the body. The degradation of DOA estimation because of a human body is kept to less than about 6deg, and removing beam patterns towards directions of reflections from the human body is found to be useful in decreasing the errors. Although the reduction in the number of beams results in reducing the total number of estimated waves, it can mitigate the influence of a human body for actual DOA estimation with the handheld DOA finder.     

Directional Antenna Intelligent Coverage Method Based on Traversal Optimization Algorithm

Wireless broadband communication is widely used in maneuver command communications systems in many fields, such as military operations, counter-terrorism and disaster relief. How to reasonably formulate the directional antenna coverage strategy according to the mobile terminal dynamic distribution and guide the directional antenna dynamic coverage becomes a practical research topic. In many applications, a temporary wireless boardband base station is required to support wireless signal communications between many terminals from nearby vehicles and staffs. It is therefore important to efficiently set directional antenna while ensuring large enough coverage over dynamically distributed terminals. The wireless broadband base station mostly uses two rotatable conical-polarized directional antennas with a coverage angle of 80 degrees. In this paper, we study this directional antenna coverage problem and propose a new solution by using three-dimensional coordinate transformation, provides wireless signal coverage schemes for point-to-point and point-to-region, determined the required horizontal rotation angle and pitch rotation angle of the directional antenna intelligent coverage, which lays the foundation for the performance of the wireless broadband communication in the maneuver command communication system.     

A Novel Quantum Stegonagraphy Based on Brown States

In this paper, a novel quantum steganography protocol based on Brown entangled states is proposed. The new protocol adopts the CNOT operation to achieve the transmission of secret information by the best use of the characteristics of entangled states. Comparing with the previous quantum steganography algorithms, the new protocol focuses on its anti-noise capability for the phase-flip noise, which proved its good security resisting on quantum noise. Furthermore, the covert communication of secret information in the quantum secure direct communication channel would not affect the normal information transmission process due to the new protocol’s good imperceptibility. If the number of Brown states transmitted in carrier protocol is many enough, the imperceptibility of the secret channel can be further enhanced. In aspect of capacity, the new protocol can further expand its capacity by combining with other quantum steganography protocols. Due to that the proposed protocol does not require the participation of the classic channel when it implements the transmission of secret information, any additional information leakage will not be caused for the new algorithm with good security. The detailed theoretical analysis proves that the new protocol can own good performance on imperceptibility, capacity and security.     

The signal recovery of continuous variable quantum communication system

In this paper, a novel continuous variable quantum teleportation (CVQTS) scheme based on quantum neural network (QNN) is proposed to implement the high-efficient and communication security. To achieve the teleportation in two-dimensional Hilbert space, the continuous variable quantum states are split into N modes by an array of N ? 1 beam splitters (N-splitter) in the continuous variable quantum teleportation channel (CVQTC). The QNN is applied to trace and restore the distortion signals. It used QNN training indirectly to obtain the weight parameters. In order to ensure the communication security, only a small number of information is extracted as training expectation. The results demonstrate that our scheme is capable of enhancing the fidelity close to 1 for almost all teleported information. Due to the simple structure of QNN, CVQTS scheme based on QNN can be applied to any other inputs and improves the maneuverability and realizability in the experiment.     

Bi-dimensional bi-periodic centred-fed microstrip leaky-wave antenna analysis by a source modal decomposition in spectral domain

A novel source modal decomposition in spectral domain is used to analyse the radiation from a finite bi-dimensional (2-D) omnidirectional centred-fed microstrip leaky-wave antenna (LWA). The driving element of the 2-D microstrip LWA induces the excitation of surface waves along (Ox) and (Oy) directions. Thus, the 2-D structure can be modelled as a phased array antenna. The electric integral equation in the spectral domain is reduced to simple expressions by using the admittance operator, based on a simple transverse equivalent network taking into account all the antenna characteristics and the central excitation. Several numerical results are given for a 2-D structure operating in a large frequency range.     

Demonstration of a linear optical true-time delay device by use of a microelectromechanical mirror array

We present the design and proof-of-concept demonstration of an optical device capable of producing true-time delay(s) (TTD)(s) for phased array antennas. This TTD device uses a free-space approach consisting of a single microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror array in a multiple reflection spherical mirror configuration based on the White cell. Divergence is avoided by periodic refocusing by the mirrors. By using the MEMS mirror to switch between paths of different lengths, time delays are generated. Six different delays in 1-ns increments were demonstrated by using the Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device as the switching element. Losses of 1.6 to 5.2 dB per bounce and crosstalk of -27 dB were also measured, both resulting primarily from diffraction from holes in each pixel and the inter-pixel gaps of the MEMS.     

Experimental investigation of directional characteristics for ionospheric clutter in HF surface wave radar

The unwanted radar echoes from the ionosphere are collectively called ionospheric clutter. It has proved to be the greatest impediment to achieve consistently good performance in long-range detection of surface vessels and sea-state monitoring for high-frequency surface wave radar (HFSWR). Field experimental data recorded by the HFSWR OSMAR2003 (Ocean State Monitor and Analysis Radar, manufactured in 2003) has been used in detailed investigations of the directional characteristics for this ionosphere clutter, leading to the development of effective mitigation techniques based on antenna design and adaptive signal processing. Particular attention is given to the amplitude and phase relationship among multiple spatial channels for two types of ionospheric clutter. Preliminary experimental results show that the random gain and phase variation of the antenna pattern overhead null destroyed the amplitude and phase consistency among channels. As a result, no significant measured directivity is observed in this type of specular clutter. For the incidence clutter from a lower elevation angle, it is observed that the spread clutter possesses high directivity. A nonlinear receiving array composed of multiple V-shaped antennas without deep and broad null at near-vertical incidence is proposed for adaptive ionospheric clutter suppression     

Millimetre-wave monopulse antenna incorporating substrate integrated waveguide phase shifter

A compact planar E-plane monopulse antenna is proposed and realised at 36.5 GHz for millimetre-wave radar or direction-finding system application, which is built on the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. A phase shifter having a non-uniform SIW width configuration is self-consistently made of a periodically embedded via array and it can achieve good performances over a relative broad bandwidth. A 180deg directional coupler incorporating this proposed phase shifter structure is developed in the design of an integrated feeding network for the monopulse antenna. Four elements array based on the configuration of antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna is designed as radiator, offering a pair of 'sum' and 'difference' beams along the long direction of the substrate. Measured gain of the 'sum' beam is higher than 16 dBi, whereas the zero depth of the 'difference' beam is lower than -38 dB. This type of monopulse antenna presents an excellent candidate in the development of intelligent millimetre-wave directional- finding system.     

Blocked element compensation in phased array imaging

In clinical applications using large apertures, a significant number of phased array elements may be blocked due to discontinuous acoustic windows into the body. These blocked elements produce undesired beamforming artifacts, degrading spatial and contrast resolution. To minimize these artifacts, an algorithm using multiple receive beams and the total-least-squares method is proposed. Simulations and experimental results show that this algorithm can effectively reduce imperfections in the point spread function of the imager. Combined with first-and second-order scatterer statistics derived from multiple receive beams, the algorithm is modified for blocked element compensation on distributed scattering sources. Results also indicate that compensated images are comparable to full array images, and that even full array images can be improved by removing undesired sidelobe contributions. This method, therefore, can enhance detection of low contrast lesions using large phased-array apertures.