Effective solar driven H2 production by Mn0.5Cd0.5Se/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts

Photocatalytic technology offers a practical way to solve the energy crisis by producing hydrogen under sunlight but its performance is encumbered by the fast recombination of photoinduced electron-hole pairs. Constructing heterojunctions to form built-in electric fields could separate these electrons and holes, finally enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. Herein, a Mn_0.5Cd_0.5Se/g-C₃N₄ (MCS/CN) heterojunction was fabricated by a facile method to tap into this advantage. 2%MCS/CN shows a hydrogen evolution rate of up to 354.5 μmol in 3 h, which is 4.49 and 126.6 times that of pure g-C₃N₄ and Mn_0.5Cd_0.5Se, respectively. Its photocatalytic stability is proved by six cycling tests. Photocurrent, EIS, along with PL spectra, prove that the recombination of photoinduced electron-hole pairs is inhibited by constructing a heterojunction between Mn_0.5Cd_0.5Se and g-C₃N₄. In summary, this work demonstrates the enhancement of photocatalysis by constructing a S-scheme heterojunction and offers a feasible way to develop other effective photocatalysts.     

Rational design of plasmonic Ag@CoFe2O4/g-C3N4 p-n heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting

Highly efficient and direct photocatalytic H₂ evolution from water via water splitting without using sacrificial reagents is a challenging approach to convert solar energy into renewable and storable chemical energy. Herein, by amalgamating the architecture recommendations and energy band engineering principles into the design formulation, a novel Ag@CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ plasmonic p-n heterojunction photocatalytic system is designed and constructed for the first time. The Ag@CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst so designed, under the illumination of the visible-light (λ > 420 nm), produced H₂ and O₂ in 2:1 stoichiometric amount at the rates of 335 μmol h^?1 and 186 μmol h^?1, respectively, with an apparent quantum yield reaching 3.35% at 420 nm, demonstrating that Ag@CoFe₂O₄ dimer colloids are responsible for oxidation and g-C₃N₄ for reduction. Moreover, in the presence of triethanolamine, the apparent quantum yield achieved by Ag@CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ is 16.47% with hydrogen produced at the rate 3.5 times higher than the CoFe₂O₄/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst with AQY of 5.49%. The combination of Ag plasmonic effect and internal electric field established at the interface of p-type CoFe₂O₄ and n-type g-C₃N₄ boosts the separation efficiency of photoexcitons from CoFe₂O₄ to g-C₃N₄, extending the visible-light absorption capacity of the systems. The generation of optimum amount of defects like oxygen vacancies at the p-n heterojunction interface due to the structural distortion of CoFe₂O₄ also plays a prominent photocatalytic enhancement by providing active sites for the adsorption of water molecules for the light driven catalytic reactions. Our work introduces a potential avenue to design efficient photocatalysts by constructing several other suitable p-n heterojunction semiconductor photocatalysts toward practical application in solar energy conversion.     

High-efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction photocatalyst for water splitting of Type-II β-AsP/g-C3N4 van der Waals heterostructure

Photocatalytic for water splitting to produce hydrogen is recognized as a low-cost, promising and attractive method to solve environmental problems and energy crises, but finding a high-performance photocatalyst is a big challenge. In this work, we designed a type-II β-AsP/g-C₃N₄ van der Waals heterostructure as an efficient photocatalyst and had the first principles calculations to analyze its stability, electronic properties, and photocatalytic performance. The results showed that the photocatalyst of β-AsP/g-C₃N₄ heterostructure met the proper band gap and band edge of the redox potential of water splitting, had effective charge separation of photogenerated electronic holes, and efficient visible light response. Importantly, our research showed that the β-AsP/g-C₃N₄ heterostructure could proceed spontaneously in thermodynamics and had an excellent photocatalytic performance in further study. It had quite good hydrogen evolution performance with the Gibbs free energy of ?0.02 eV, which is closer to zero than ?0.09 eV of Pt (111). The overpotential of its oxygen evolution reaction is as low as 0.57 V. This work showed excellent development prospects for β-AsP/g-C₃N₄ heterostructure in the field of photocatalysts, which will promote the development of g–C₃N₄–based photocatalytic for water splitting.     

Mesoporous g-C3N4/Zn–Ti LDH laminated van der Waals heterojunction nanosheets as remarkable visible-light-driven photocatalysts

Mesoporous g-C₃N₄/Zn–Ti layered double hydroxide (LDH)-laminated van der Waals heterojunction nanosheets were prepared by a facile one-step in situ hydrothermal method. Due to the strong electrostatic interactions between the positively charged Zn–Ti LDH and negatively charged g-C₃N₄ nanocrystal, a laminated van der Waals heterostructure was successfully formed between Zn–Ti LDH and g-C₃N₄. The mesoporous g-C₃N₄/Zn–Ti LDH-laminated van der Waals heterojunction, which had a narrow bandgap of 2.41 eV extended the photoresponse to the visible light region. The obtained heterojunctions showed excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for the complete removal of ceftriaxone sodium (up to ∼97%) and a high hydrogen production rate (∼161.87 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹). This was mainly attributed to the formation of the laminated van der Waals heterojunctions, which favoured charge separation and the absorption of visible light, and the mesoporous structure, which provided more surface active sites. This facile strategy for preparing mesoporous g-C₃N₄/Zn–Ti LDH-laminated van der Waals heterojunctions offers new insights for the fabrication of high-performance van der Waals heterojunction photocatalytic materials.     

g-C3N4/B doped g-C3N4 quantum dots heterojunction photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution under visible light

Developing high activity and eco-friendly photocatalysts for water splitting is still a challenge in solar energy conversion. In this paper, B doped g-C₃N₄ quantum dots (BCNQDs) were prepared via a facile molten salt method using melamine and boron oxide as precursors. By introducing BCNQDs onto the surface of g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄/BCNQDs heterojunction was constructed via hydrothermal treatment. The resulting g-C₃N₄/BCNQDs heterojunction exhibits enhanced hydrogen evolution performance for water splitting under visible light irradiation. The mechanism underlying the improved photocatalytic activity was explored and discussed based on the formation of heterojunction between g-C₃N₄ and BCNQDs with well-matched band structure.     

Preparation,structure and application of g-C3N4/BiOX composite photocatalyst

Graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has attracted great attention for pollutant degradation and clean energy production. The heterojunctions of bismuth halide (BiOX, X = Cl, Br, I) and g-C₃N₄ are proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst, such as low charge separation rate and high charge recombination rate. This review paper systematically discusses the progress in synthesis, structure, and applications of heterojunction photocatalytic composites made of g-C₃N₄ and BiOX based on the understanding of their photocatalytic reaction mechanism. We clarify and summarize structural mechanisms of a single and compound semiconductor to reveal the factors that affect photocatalytic performances. We discuss and compare advantages and disadvantages of versatile preparation processes. Particularly, we focus on the understanding of the structure and characteristics of type II, Z-type, n-n, and p-n heterojunctions and their applications, specifically in pollutant degradation, H₂ production by water splitting, CO₂ reduction, and medical sterilization. The future prospects of g-C₃N₄/BiOX composites are also discussed from aspects of their preparation, application, and research methods. This work may offer a good avenue and data reference to develop novel g-C₃N₄ photocatalytic materials to meet the ever-increasing environmental pollution and energy shortage.     

Accelerating photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of Ta2O5/g-C3N4 via nanostructure engineering and surface assembly

Despite that several strategies have been demonstrated to be effective for improving the catalytic hydrogen evolution activity of bulky g-C₃N₄, the large-scale hydrogen production over g–C₃N₄–based photocatalysts still confronts a big challenge. Here, a two-step calcination method is presented in constructing metal oxide/two-dimensional g-C₃N₄, i.e., Ta₂O₅/2D g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst. Thanks to the superiority of the synthetic method, nanostructure engineering forming 2D structure, and surface assembly with another semiconductor, can be realized simultaneously, in which ultrathin structure of 2D g-C₃N₄ and strong interfacial coupling between two components are two important characteristics. As a result, the structure engineered Ta₂O₅/2D g-C₃N₄ induces high photocatalytic hydrogen evolution half reaction rate of ~19,000 μmol g^?1 h^?1 under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm), and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 25.18% and 12.48% at 405 nm and 420 nm. The high photocatalytic performance strongly demonstrates the advance of the synchronous engineering of nanostructure and construction of heterostructure with tight interface, both of which are beneficial for the fast charge separation and transfer.     

Construction of MOFs/g-C3N4 composite for accelerating visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution

In this work, we researched the effect of PCN-222 (M = Ni, Fe, Co) (PM) with different metal ligands on their photocatalytic performance. Compared with PFe and PCo, PNi has the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency due to the narrowest bandgap and the highest conduction band (CB) position. Furthermore, PCN-222(M)/g-C₃N₄ (PM/CN) heterojunctions was synthesized by one-pot solvothermal method in which PNi/CN displayed the most outstanding photocatalytic activity for H₂ evolution. PNi/CN-1 displayed the highest photocatalytic activity. Its hydrogen evolution rate is 19.3 and 3.7 times higher than that of PNi and CN, respectively. A mechanism is proposed to expound the roles of PNi and the enhancement of visible-light photocatalytic performance of the PNi/CN. This work presents a new perspective for the development of high performance photocatalysts for hydrogen production under visible-light driven.     

Rationally designed ternary CdSe/WS2/g-C3N4 hybrid photocatalysts with significantly enhanced hydrogen evolution activity and mechanism insight

Excellent light harvest, efficient charge separation and sufficiently exposed surface active sites are crucial for a given photocatalyst to obtain excellent photocatalytic performances. The construction of two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) or zero-dimensional/2D (0D/2D) binary heterojunctions is one of the effective ways to address these crucial issues. Herein, a ternary CdSe/WS₂/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst through decorating WS₂/g-C₃N₄ 2D/2D nanosheets (NSs) with CdSe quantum dots (QDs) was developed to further increase the light harvest and accelerate the separation and migration of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and thus enhance the solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. As expected, a remarkably enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of 1.29 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ was obtained for such a specially designed CdSe/WS₂/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst, which was about 3.0, 1.7 and 1.3 times greater than those of the pristine g-C₃N₄ NSs (0.43 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), WS₂/g-C₃N₄ 2D/2D NSs (0.74 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and CdSe/g-C₃N₄ 0D/2D composites (0.96 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), respectively. The superior photocatalytic performance of the prepared ternary CdSe/WS₂/g-C₃N₄ composite could be mainly attributed to the effective charge separation and migration as well as the suppressed photogenerated charge recombination induced by the constructed type-II/type-II heterojunction at the interfaces between g-C₃N₄ NSs, CdSe QDs and WS₂ NSs. Thus, the developed 0D/2D/2D ternary type-II/type-II heterojunction in this work opens up a new insight in designing novel heterogeneous photocatalysts for highly efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.     

Novel up-conversion N,S co-doped carbon dots/g-C3N4 photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible and near-infrared light

In photocatalytic splitting water for hydrogen evolution, narrow light response range and fast electron-hole recombination of g-C₃N₄ (CN) limit its photocatalytic activity. In this article, the N, S co-doped carbon dots (NSCDs) with up-converted property were loaded on CN nanosheets by thermal polymerization to obtain NSCDs/CN composite catalyst. Characterization, electrochemical researches and hydrogen evolution tests suggest that the photocatalytic activity of CN is greatly promoted by the introduction of NSCDs. Under visible and near-infrared irradiation, the hydrogen evolution rate is 5033.1 μmol g^?1 h^?1 of NSCDs-5/CN, which is 8.3 times higher than that of CN. The performance improvement is mainly attributed to the increased specific surface area, elevated hydrophilic surface, increased light absorption and suppressed carrier recombination of CN after the introduction of NSCDs. This work unveils the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution activity improvement in NSCDs-5/CN, and also offers a new prospect in the design of high-performance CN-based photocatalysts.     

Graphitic carbon nitride heterojunction photocatalysts for solar hydrogen production

Photocatalytic hydrogen production is considered as an ideal approach to solve global energy crisis and environmental pollution. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) has received extensive consideration due to its facile synthesis, stable physicochemical properties, and easy functionalization. However, the pristine g-C₃N₄ usually shows unsatisfactory photocatalytic activity due to the limited separation efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. Generally, introducing semiconductors or co-catalysts to construct g–C₃N₄–based heterojunction photocatalysts is recognized as an effective method to solve this bottleneck. In this review, the advantages and characteristics of various types of g–C₃N₄–based heterojunction are analyzed. Subsequently, the recent progress of highly efficient g–C₃N₄–based heterojunction photocatalysts in the field of photocatalytic water splitting is emphatically introduced. Finally, a vision of future perspectives and challenges of g–C₃N₄–based heterojunction photocatalysts in hydrogen production are presented. Predictably, this timely review will provide valuable reference for the design of efficient heterojunctions towards photocatalytic water splitting and other photoredox reactions.     

Photo-assisted electrolysis of urea using Ni-modified WO3/g-C3N4 as a bifunctional catalyst

Urea splitting to produce H₂ is as an energy-saving alternative to water electrolysis. However, efficient catalysts are required for the practical implementation of urea splitting because of the high overpotentials of the urea oxidation reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, a Ni-modified direct Z-scheme photocatalyst for the urea oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions was synthesized by electroplating a WO₃/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite on Ni-decorated carbon felt (WO/CN–Ni@CF). The 2D/2D nanostructure of the as-synthesized WO₃/g-C₃N₄ composite was confirmed by SEM and TEM. The WO/CN–Ni@CF catalyst electrode exhibited excellent bifunctional photocatalytic activity for the urea oxidation and hydrogen evolution reactions. Consequently, the potential required to generate 100 mA cm^?2 in an illuminated photoelectrochemical cell using WO/CN–Ni@CF as the anode and the cathode was reduced from 1.80 to 1.50 V. The photoelectrochemical cell exhibited good stability for 18 h with stable H₂ generation.     

Redox couple mediated charge carrier separation in g-C3N4/CuO photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic H2 production

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is one of the promising two-dimensional metal-free photocatalysts for solar water splitting. Regrettably, the fast electron-hole pair recombination of g-C₃N₄ reduces their photocatalytic water splitting efficiency. In this work, we have synthesized the CuO/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction via wet impregnation followed by a calcination method for photocatalytic H₂ production. The formation of CuO/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction was confirmed by XRD, UV–vis and PL studies. Notably, the formation of heterojunction not only improved the optical absorption towards visible region and also enhanced the carrier generation and separation as confirmed by PL and photocurrent studies. The photocatalytic H₂ production results revealed that CuO/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst demonstrated the increased photocatalytic H₂ production rate than bare g-C₃N₄. The maximum H₂ production rate was obtained with 4 wt % CuO loaded g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst. Importantly, the rate of H₂ production was further improved by introducing simple redox couple Co²⁺/Co³⁺. Addition of Co²⁺ during photocatalytic H₂ production shuttled the photogenerated holes by a reversible conversion of Co²⁺ to Co³⁺ with accomplishing water oxidation. The effective shuttling of photogenerated holes decreased the election-hole pair recombination and thereby enhancing the photocatalytic H₂ production rate. It is worth to mention that the addition of Co²⁺ with 4 wt % CuO/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst showed ∼7.5 and ∼2.0 folds enhanced photocatalytic H₂ production rate than bare g-C₃N₄/Co²⁺ and CuO/g-C₃N₄ photocatalysts. Thus, we strongly believe that the present simple redox couple mediated charge carrier separation without using noble metals may provide a new idea to reduce the recombination rate.     

In-situ synthesis of Pd nanocrystals with exposed surface-active facets on g-C3N4 for photocatalytic hydrogen generation

Engineering surface-active facets of metal cocatalysts is one of the most widely explored strategies to develop advanced photocatalysts and promote photocatalytic solar energy conversion. Here, the surface-active facets of Pd nanocrystals in Pd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst was related to the injection flow rate of PdCl₂. When PdCl₂ was injected at a low flow rate of 7.5 mL/h (7.5-Pd/g-C₃N₄), the Pd nanocrystals were uniformly dispersed onto the g-C₃N₄ with exposed low-index {100} and {111} surface-active facets. However, increasing the injection flow rate to 150 mL/h (150-Pd/g-C₃N₄) formed Pd nanocrystals where only the {100} surface-active facet was exposed. Under visible light irradiation, the 7.5-Pd/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite exhibited excellent water splitting activity for hydrogen production (7.61 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹), which was significantly better than with the 150-Pd/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite (3.3 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). Theoretical calculations and experimental results confirm the importance of the {111} surface-active facets in the 7.5-Pd/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposite for promoting photocatalytic activity.     

Construction of g-C3N4/BCN two-dimensional heterojunction photoanode for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting

Two-dimensional heterojunction g-C₃N₄/BCN was constructed via thermal polymerization process. The formed two-dimensional heterostructure could enhance the interfacial contact area between BCN and porous g-C₃N₄ as well as shorten the photogenerated charge carriers transfer time and distance. The two-dimensional g-C₃N₄/BCN heterojunction photoanode shows enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance for water splitting under visible-light irradiation, which primarily originates from the improved charge transfer and separation, and prolonged lifetime of electrons. Under the visible light irradiation, the g-C₃N₄/BCN heterojunction sample yields a photocurrent density of ∼0.62 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is about eight times as many as that of CN (0.08 mA cm⁻²) electrode at the same conditions. In addition, the possible electron transfer model and mechanism of PEC water splitting for H₂ evolution have been discussed.     

A facile one-step strategy to construct 0D/2D SnO2/g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst for high-efficiency hydrogen production performance from water splitting

Fabricating 0D/2D heterojunctions is considered to be an efficient mean to improve the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄, whereas their applications are usually restricted by complex preparation process. Here, the 0D/2D SnO₂/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst is prepared by a simple one-step polymerization strategy, in which SnO₂ nanodots in-situ grow on the surface of g-C₃N₄ nanosheets. It shows the outstanding photocatalytic H₂ production activity relative to g-C₃N₄ under the visible light, which is due to the formation of 0D/2D heterojunction significantly contributing to the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. In particular, the H₂ production rate over the optimal SnO₂/g–C₃N₄–1 sample is 1389.2 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹, which is 6.06 times higher than that of g-C₃N₄ (230.8 μmol h⁻¹ g⁻¹). Meanwhile, the AQE value of H₂ production over the SnO₂/g–C₃N₄–1 sample reaches up to a maximum of 4.5% at 420 nm. This work develops a simple approach to design and fabricate g–C₃N₄–based 0D/2D heterojunctions for the high-efficiency H₂ production from water splitting.     

Fabrication of direct Z-scheme heterojunction between Zn0.5Cd0.5S and N-rich graphite carbon nitride for boosted H2 production

In this work, a novel direct Z-scheme g-C₃N₅/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S (CN/ZCS) heterojunction was successfully synthesized. Furthermore, its photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production was also investigated, whose photoluminescence spectrum revealed the charge transfer procedure of g-C₃N₅ and ZCS. Moreover, the optimized hydrogen production rate of ZCS with 15 wt% of g-C₃N₅ (15% CN/ZCS) was about 142.8 mmol/h/g and quantum efficiency (Q.E.) was circa 33.7% under 420 nm monochromatic light. Compared with the pure ZCS and ZCS with 2 wt% of Pt, the 15% CN/ZCS composite exhibited considerable improved hydrogen production rate, which was about 20 times and 7 times, respectively. The formation of CN/ZCS composite resulted in faster separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Our work may supply valuable data for the application of g-C₃N₅ on photocatalysis.     

Facile synthesis of anatase/rutile TiO2/g-C3N4 multi-heterostructure for efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting

Rational design of high-efficiency heterostructure photocatalyst is an effective strategy to realize photocatalytic H₂ evolution from pure water, but remains still a considerable challenge. Herein, an anatase/rutile TiO₂/g-C₃N₄ (A/R/CN) multi-heterostructure photocatalyst was prepared by a facile thermoset hybrid method. The combination of two type-II semiconductor heterostructures (i.e., A/R and R/CN) significantly improve the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers of anatase TiO₂, rutile TiO₂ and g-C₃N₄, and A/R/CN photocatalyst with high activity is obtained. The optimal A/R/CN photocatalyst exhibits significantly increased photocatalytic overall water splitting activity with a rate of H₂ evolution of 374.2 μmol g⁻¹h⁻¹, which is about 8 and 4 times that of pure g-C₃N₄ and P25. Moreover, it is demonstrated to be stable and retained a high activity (ca. 91.2%) after the fourth recycling experiment. This work comes up with an innovative perspective on the construction of multi-heterostructure interfaces to improve the overall photocatalytic water splitting performance.     

Montmorillonite-hybridized g-C3N4 composite modified by NiCoP cocatalyst for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by dye-sensitization

The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of g-C₃N₄ was enhanced via the hybridization with montmorillonite (MMT) and using NiCoP as cocatalyst. The highest hydrogen-evolution rate from water splitting under visible-light irradiation observed over MMT/g-C₃N₄/15%NiCoP was 12.50 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ under 1.0 mmol L⁻¹ of Eosin Y-sensitization at pH of 11, which was ∼26.0 and 1.6 times higher than that of MMT/g-C₃N₄ (0.48 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and g-C₃N₄/15%NiCoP (7.69 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). The apparent quantum yield at 420 nm reached 40.3%. The remarkably improved photocatalytic activity can be ascribed to the increased dispersion of g-C₃N₄ layers, staggered conduction band potentials between g-C₃N₄ and NiCoP, as well as the electrostatic repulsion originated from negatively charged MMT. This work demonstrates that MMT can be an outstanding support for the deposition of catalytically active components for photocatalytic hydrogen production.     

Construction of heterostructured g-C3N4@TiATA/Pt composites for efficacious photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Construction of heterostructured photocatalysts is a feasible method for improving hydrogen production from water splitting because of its good charge transport efficiency. Herein, we coupled the Ti-MOFs (TiATA) with metal-free graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) to synthesize composites, g-C₃N₄@TiATA, in which a heterostructure was formed between g-C₃N₄ and TiATA. The establishment of heterojunctions not only broadens the light absorption range of g-C₃N₄@TiATA (490 nm) by contrast with g-C₃N₄ (456 nm), but also greatly accelerates charge migration. Photocatalytic studies present that the construction of heterostructure steering the charges flow from g-C₃N₄ to TiATA and then delivery to the cocatalyst of Pt nanoparticles, exhibiting an impressively photocatalytic hydrogen production rate (265.8 μmol·h⁻¹) in assistance of 300 W Xenon lamp, which is about 3.4 times as much as g-C₃N₄/Pt.