Three-dimensional fiber reinforcement shapes obtainable from flat,bidirectional fabrics without wrinkling or cutting. Part 1. A single four-sided pyramid

Criteria are derived for the adoption by bidirectional fabrics, without wrinkling or having to be cut, of the shapes of regular and truncated four-sided pyramids. Pyramids have topological kinship with general convex shapes. Also, their covering by fabrics is fairly simple, and the flat surfaces result in distinct deformation zones that can be compared with experiment. Only the major mode of fabric deformation, trellis shear, was considered. A fishing net analysis was applied to fabrics in specific orientations. The criterion for a fabric, to cover a pyramid having four faces rising to a peak, is that the sum of angles of the fabric quadrants arrayed around the peak must equal the sum of angles of the four faces of the pyramid. Short truncated pyramids can often be covered without wrinkling even when a taller pyramid having sides of similar steepness cannot. The criterion is again a match of angle sums. For taller truncated pyramids, the condition required for covering the corresponding non-truncated pyramid also applies.     

On the FE Modeling of Closed-cell Aluminum Foam

This investigation is concerned with the development of a multi-unit-cell which enables the modeling of the mechanical response of metallic foams subject to oblique loadings. The geometry of the cell was derived from careful observation of the foam morphology. The new closed unit cell is formed by the use of ellipsoids which are interconnected through a truncated pyramid. In this approach, we represent the morphology of closed-cell aluminum foams through the use of corresponding average uniform geometrical and mechanical properties. Extensive multi-unit-cell finite element analyses were conducted to examine the effect of key geometric parameters on the collapse load, normalized crush force versus deformation characteristics as well as the corresponding energy absorption. The numerical simulations were compared with crush test experiments involving different oblique loads. In spite of showing an initial stiff response, which is typical in idealized numerical models, the results revealed that the developed multi-unit-cell is able to simulate the crush behavior of closed-cell foams.     

Fabrication of Electrical Contacts on Pyramid-Shaped NTD-Ge Microcalorimeters Using Free-Standing Shadow Masks

In our effort to fabricate arrays of germanium microcalorimeters for X-ray detection, a truncated square-based pyramid shape has been identified as a suitable geometry for the sensors. It allows to obtain a uniform current spreading across each sensor, and represents a good compromise between having a large support area for the radiation absorber and for maintaining an overall small bolometer volume. This three-dimensional geometry, however, does not allow to create the electrical contacts for the sensors using a regular photoresist-based lift-off metallization process. In this paper we show how to deposit metal contacts on the lateral faces of the pyramidal sensors by metal evaporation through a butterfly shaped shadow mask, made of a five microns thick free-standing microstructured copper film. The process to fabricate the shadow mask, using microlithography and electrodeposition techniques, is also described.     

An efficient 146-line 3D sensitivity analysis code of stress-based topology optimization written in MATLAB

Optimization and Engineering - This paper presents an efficient and compact MATLAB code for three-dimensional stress-based sensitivity analysis. The 146 lines code includes the finite element...     

Design optimization framework for tiltrotor composite wings considering whirl flutter stability

This paper constructs the design optimization framework for the composite wing of a tiltrotor aircraft based on the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) Smart Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (SUAV) TRS4 model. The present optimal design attempts to find the cross-section layout that minimizes the structural weight of a composite wing, while satisfying a series of design constraints. The framework consists of various analysis and design tools that include a 2-D beam cross-section analysis, a whirl flutter analysis, and a 3-D strain/stress analysis under the worst wing-loading case. The variation of wing sectional properties of tiltrotor aircrafts in the course of design optimization greatly affects the whirl flutter stability and shows considerable influence on the structural integrity of the wing. In the design framework, the whirl flutter stability is analysed by the nonlinear flexible multibody analysis code DYMORE and the structural integrity is investigated using a MATLAB-based 3-D strain analysis module along with the previous load analysis result. The MATLAB is used to conduct the optimization with a gradient-based optimizer and integrate all of the design and analysis tools. The nonlinear constraints associated with the aeroelastic stability and the structural integrity are also considered. For optimal design examples using the developed framework, a simplified cross-section model based on the KARI SUAV TRS4 composite wing is considered as an initial model. Design optimization examples are investigated to show the validity of the proposed framework and to illustrate the reduction of the structural weight of the composite wing. It is observed that weight reductions of wing structures by 26% and 40% are achieved, while maintaining the whirl flutter stability margins.     

用两种软件对比分析四缸发动机振源

针对某直列四缸发动机,利用MATLAB和ADAMS两种软件分别对其进行振源分析。首先通过理论分析初步确定该机的主要激振源:二阶往复惯性力和倾覆力矩,利用MATLAB软件对激振源的时频域特性进行研究。然后应用ADAMS软件对该发动机进行动力学仿真,在后处理中选择适当位置的测量信息,经过进一步分析确定该机的激振源类型及其时频域特性。将用ADAMS分析得到的结果与MATLAB分析得到的结果进行对比,其一致性良好,从而验证两种分析方法的正确性。分析结果为进一步对该发动机进行振源控制提供必要的数据参考。     

工程图形几何特性符号描述及子模式分解

提出了一种新的矢量化工程图形几何特性描述方法－－基于角度的编码,它能满足所有方位图形元素的编码要求,对任意几何外形在平移、相似及旋转变换下具有不变性。为了有效地实现图形几何开头信息提取,文章最后根据图形元素几何约束关系提出了图形子模式分解的一般方法,大大提高了图形的识图形元素几何约束关系提出了图形子模式分解的一般方法,大大提高了图形的识别效率和识别稳定性。     

高速列车半主动悬挂系统遗传优化模糊控制

为有效抑制高速列车车体的横向振动,在ADAMS/Rail软件中建立列车横向半主动悬挂动力学模型,在Matlab中编写遗传算法程序,提出采用浮点数与整数混合编码和基于个体适应度值标准差的自适应遗传交叉、变异概率的方法,优化半主动模糊控制器的量化因子、比例因子、隶属度函数和模糊规则,以车体前后两端横向振动加速度的均方根值作为遗传算法优化性能指标,不断优化半主动悬挂系统的模糊控制器。联合仿真结果表明：采用遗传优化设计模糊半主动悬挂,能有效抑制车体横向振动加速度,改善列车的乘坐舒适性。     

Polymer incremental sheet forming process: Temperature analysis using response surface methodology

To reduce costs associated with the manufacturing of customized products, several innovative forming processes have been developed. Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is one of these new technologies, becoming, in the past decade, more interesting for the academic and industrial community. The influence of main process parameters, namely, tool diameter, spindle speed, feed rate, and step down, is studied in depth in this paper. The maximum temperature achieved during the forming process of a truncated pyramid frustum with a circular generatrix using three nonbiocompatible and two biocompatible polymer materials is measured. Box–Behnken design of experiments and the response surface methodology have been utilized to statistically analyze the results and to provide models able to predict the maximum temperatures.     

Finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities for the modeling of failure in solids

This paper presents new finite elements that incorporate strong discontinuities with linear interpolations of the displacement jumps for the modeling of failure in solids. The cases of interest are characterized by a localized cohesive law along a propagating discontinuity (e.g. a crack), with this propagation occurring in a general finite element mesh without remeshing. Plane problems are considered in the infinitesimal deformation range. The new elements are constructed by enhancing the strains of existing finite elements (including general displacement based, mixed, assumed and enhanced strain elements) with a series of strain modes that depend on the proper enhanced parameters local to the element. These strain modes are designed by identifying the strain fields to be captured exactly, including the rigid body motions of the two parts of a splitting element for a fully softened discontinuity, and the relative stretching of these parts for a linear tangential sliding of the discontinuity. This procedure accounts for the discrete kinematics of the underlying finite element and assures the lack of stress locking in general quadrilateral elements for linearly separating discontinuities, that is, spurious transfers of stresses through the discontinuity are avoided. The equations for the enhanced parameters are constructed by imposing the local equilibrium between the stresses in the bulk of the element and the tractions driving the aforementioned cohesive law, with the proper equilibrium operators to account for the linear kinematics of the discontinuity. Given the locality of all these considerations, the enhanced parameters can be eliminated by their static condensation at the element level, resulting in an efficient implementation of the resulting methods and involving minor modifications of an existing finite element code. A series of numerical tests and more general representative numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the performance of the new elements. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient optimization of multilayer coatings for ultrafast optics using analytic gradients of dispersion

A fully analytic method for computing gradients of dispersion (to any order) for a dielectric multilayer coating is developed, and it is demonstrated how group delay gradients can be used to optimize the dispersion of such a filter. The algorithm complexity is linear with the number of layers and quadratic in dispersion order. To our knowledge, this is the first published algorithm for computing exact analytic gradients of dispersion. We show an approximation that speeds up the computation significantly, making it linear in dispersion order. MATLAB and C code implementing the algorithms are made available.     

Parametric topology optimization with multiresolution finite element models

We present a methodical procedure for topology optimization under uncertainty with multiresolution finite element (FE) models. We use our framework in a bifidelity setting where a coarse and a fine mesh corresponding to low- and high-resolution models are available. The inexpensive low-resolution model is used to explore the parameter space and approximate the parameterized high-resolution model and its sensitivity, where parameters are considered in both structural load and stiffness. We provide error bounds for bifidelity FE approximations and their sensitivities and conduct numerical studies to verify these theoretical estimates. We demonstrate our approach on benchmark compliance minimization problems, where we show significant reduction in computational cost for expensive problems such as topology optimization under manufacturing variability, reliability-based topology optimization, and three-dimensional topology optimization while generating almost identical designs to those obtained with a single-resolution mesh. We also compute the parametric von Mises stress for the generated designs via our bifidelity FE approximation and compare them with standard Monte Carlo simulations. The implementation of our algorithm, which extends the well-known 88-line topology optimization code in MATLAB, is provided.     

四边简支方形幕壳的基频计算

本文引用А.Г.Назаров关于用转折角θ表示脉冲曲率的建议,推导出四边简支方形幕壳基频的近似理论计算公式。同时在大量模型试验基础上,推导出半经验公式。前者在幕角α_0≤20°,顶跨比 b/a≥0.5的范围内,后者在幕角α_o≤30°,顶跨比 b/a≥0.25的范围内,与实验数据对比,误差不超过5%,故可作为工程设计参考。     

Modelling the plastic deformation of Ti6Al4V under dynamic loading

In this paper, a multiscale numerical method is presented with the aim to model the response of a Ti6Al4V sheet under explosive forming. The numerical modelling focuses on the accurate definition of the plastic deformation of the Ti6Al4V specimens based on the texture of the material. The viscoplastic self-consistent polycrystal model code (VPSC) is used as a link between macroscopic response and the underlying microstructure taking into account the viscoplastic deformation of the specimen. Comparison is made with experimental results. The Cazacu–Barlat (CB06) material model is used because of its capability to describe the yielding asymmetry between tension and compression and to take into account the anisotropic behaviour of the sheet. The study focuses on the evaluation of the material model parameters and on how these affect the structural response of the Ti6Al4V specimens under explosive loading.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Euromech 570: Interface-dominated materials.     

An efficient assumed strain element model with six DOF per node for geometrically non-linear shells

The present paper describes an assumed strain finite element model with six degrees of freedom per node designed for geometrically non-linear shell analysis. An important feature of the present paper is the discussion on the spurious kinematic modes and the assumed strain field in the geometrically non-linear setting. The kinematics of deformation is described by using vector components in contrast to the conventional formulation which requires the use of trigonometric functions of rotational angles. Accordingly, converged solutions can be obtained for load or displacement increments that are much larger than possible with the conventional formulation with rotational angles. In addition, a detailed study of the spurious kinematic modes and the choice of assumed strain field reveals that the same assumed strain field can be used for both geometrically linear and non-linear cases to alleviate element locking while maintaining kinematic stability. It is strongly recommended that the element models, described in the present paper, be used instead of the conventional shell element models that employ rotational angles.     

Three‐dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities to model material failure in the infinitesimal range

This paper presents new three‐dimensional finite elements with embedded strong discontinuities in the small strain infinitesimal range. The goal is to model localized surfaces of failure in solids, such as cracks at fracture, through enhancements of the finite elements that capture the propagating discontinuities of the displacement field in the element interiors. In this way, such surfaces of discontinuity can be sharply resolved in general meshes not necessarily related to the detailed geometry of the surface, unknown a priori. An important issue is also the consideration of general finite element formulations in the developments (e.g., basic displacement‐based, mixed or enhanced assumed strain finite element formulations), as needed to optimally resolve the continuum problem in the bulk. The actual modeling of the discontinuity effects, including the incorporation of the cohesive law defining the discontinuity constitutive response, is carried out at the element level with the proper enhancement of the discrete strain field of the element. The added elemental degrees of freedom approximate the displacement jumps associated with the discontinuity and are defined independently from element to element, thus allowing their static condensation at the element level without affecting the global mechanical problem in terms of the number and topology of the global degrees of freedom. In fact, this global‐local structure of the finite element methods developed in this work arises naturally from a multi‐scale characterization of these localized solutions, with the discontinuities understood to appear in the small scales, thus leading directly to these computationally efficient numerical methods for their numerical resolution, easily incorporated to an existing finite element code. The focus in this paper is on the development of finite elements incorporating a linear interpolation of the displacement jumps in the general three‐dimensional setting. These interpolations are shown to be necessary for hexahedral elements to avoid the so‐called stress locking that occurs with simpler constant approximations of the jumps (namely, a spurious transfer of stresses across the discontinuity not allowing its full release and, hence, resulting in an overstiff or locked numerical solution). The design of the new finite elements is accomplished in this work by a direct identification of the separation modes to be incorporated in the discrete strain field of the element, rather than from an assumed discontinuous interpolation of the displacements, assuring with this approach their locking‐free response by design. An additional issue addressed in the paper is the geometric characterization and propagation of the discontinuity surfaces in the general three‐dimensional setting of interest here. The paper includes a series of numerical simulations illustrating and evaluating the properties of the new finite elements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient numerical implementation of pressure,time, and temperature superposition for elasto‐visco‐plastic material model by using a symbolic approach

This article is concerned with the finite element implementation of an elasto‐visco‐plastic constitutive model using a symbolic approach. The model combines the Knauss–Emri (KE) pressure, temperature, and time superposition principle in the implicit finite element scheme. The equation development and code generation was performed using the symbolic tool AceGen. The same symbolic system was applied to derive analytical sensitivities of the numerical model with respect to the material and shape parameters. To enable efficient numerical implementation of the KE model the convolution integrals were transformed into their respective incremental forms, so that radical improvements of code efficiency and computer storage requirements were achieved. The numerical examples derived for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymers demonstrate that symbolic systems can be applied to develop complex constitutive models capable of simulating material responses that are in good agreement with experimental measurements over a wide range of strain rates, temperatures, and loading conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于图像处理的条码识别技术及雷管检测应用

目的 为了高效、方便、安全地对便携式起爆器的数码电子雷管进行检测,设计一种条形码检测方法。方法 首先分析雷管外印有的雷管条形码的构成,提出一种新型的模拟电子雷管条形码检测方法,通过在Matlab软件平台下与嵌入式条码系统相结合,对含有条形码的图像进行图像处理识别。结果 在Matlab环境下能够准确识别出图像中的条形码,而且时间5.1 ms范围内,嵌入式开发的条码扫描能显示正确的条码序列。结论 嵌入式条码扫描系统与市场上现有的一些条码识别软件相比,具有很好的适应性和准确性,将使便携式起爆器中雷管扫描录入工作变得更加快捷高效,能为后续起爆器的功能完善提供基础保障。