Modeling and Optimization of Machining Nimonic C-263 Superalloy using Multicut Strategy in WEDM

In recent years, wire-electrical discharge machining (WEDM) has gained popularity in the industry due to its capability to generate complicated shapes in exotic materials, irrespective of their hardness. Conventional machining of Nimonic C-263 superalloy is an extremely difficult and costly process due to its high hardness and tool wear rate. The present research work investigates the influence of the WEDM process parameters on different performance measures during machining of Nimonic C-263 superalloy. A mathematical model for all four important performance measures, namely, cutting rate, surface roughness, spark gap, and wire wear ratio, was developed and the responses were used for studying the interrelationship between performance measures and process parameters. The optimal settings of operating conditions were predicted using desirability function. The effectiveness of multicut strategy was also investigated in the article.     

Surface modification of WC-Co alloy using Al and Si powder through WEDM: A thermal erosion process

This paper presents the surface modification of WC-Co alloy with the use of aluminum and silicon powder in wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) process. A separate attachment with the stirrer is used to mix the metal powder in the dielectric, which is further supplied by a pump at the workplace continuously. The effects of different process parameters like peak current, pulse on-time, pulse off-time and servo-voltage are investigated on the material transfer, crack formation and white-layer formation with the help of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. It was observed that silicon powder enhances the surface quality (4?µm white layer) compared with aluminum (6?µm white layer) powder. The white-layer thickness without the use of metal powder was around 14?µm. The cracks density after the addition powders reduces significantly.     

Influence of materials and machining parameters on WEDM of Al/AlCoCrFeNiMo0.5 MMC

The current study intends to optimize the wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) parameters while machining the newer AlCoCrFeNiMo_0.5 high entropy alloy (HEA) particles-reinforced aluminum composites. AlCoCrFeNiMo_0.5 HEA particles produced through arc melting technique are reinforced here for different weight % (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15%) along with pure aluminum by the way of powder metallurgy. WEDM studies were conducted by varying the appropriate parameters, namely, pulse ON time, pulse OFF time, and wire feed. Based on the selected parameters, through Taguchi method L18 orthogonal array is designed; the optimal parameter combination for better surface finish, material removal rate (MRR), and reduced kerf width (KW) is identified. For better understanding, through ANOVA, also the effect of each input variables over these adopted response variables was analyzed. The yielded results reveal that addition of AlCoCrFeNiMo_0.5 HEA as reinforcement has considerable effect over the response variablessuch that MRR and KW reduces; surface roughness increases with increase in HEA %. ANOVA results confirm that pulse ON time has higher effect over the response variables than any other parameters involved for the study. Multi-objective optimization done through Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methodology answers that MRR and surface finish have improved, whereas KW gets reduced noticeably.     

WEDM of Mg/CRT/BN composites: Effect of materials and machining parameters

The current work presents a detailed exploration on real-time wire electric discharge machining (WEDM) experiments and grey relational analysis (GRA)–based multi-criteria optimization of material and machining characteristics for lowered surface roughness (R_a) and improvised material removal rate (MRR) of the newly developed magnesium/boron nitride/cathode ray tube (Mg/BN/CRT) hybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs). The composites were fabricated through powder metallurgy (PM) route by reinforcing silica-rich E-waste CRT panel glass powder crushed for different particle sizes (10, 30, and 50?µm) at various weight percentages (5%, 10%, and 15%) and with 2% boron nitride (BN). Taguchi-based orthogonal array procedure was utilized to formulate the experimental plan for WEDM considering reinforcement level and size, pulse on time (P_on), pulse off time (P_off), and wire feed (W_f) as the input process parameters. ANOVA results reveal that P_on and wt% of reinforcement has more effect on R_a and MRR than any other considered parameters. The developed mathematical model for R_a and MRR predicted values similar to that of experimental results. Multi-criteria optimization was done through GRA technique and the so recommended optimum parameter set furnishes higher MRR (22.34?mm³/min) and reduced R_a (2.87?µm).     

Modeling and Analysis of Machinability Evaluation in the Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM) Process of Aluminum Oxide-Based Ceramic

The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) allowed success in the manufacture of the hard, fragile, and materials difficult to cut, especially for electroconductive ceramic materials. In this study, the mathematical models of material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (SR) used for the machinability evaluation in the WEDM process of aluminum oxide-based ceramic material (Al₂O₃ + TiC) have been carried out. The experimental plan adopts the face centered central composite design (CCD). The mathematical models using the response surface methodology (RSM) are developed so as to investigate the influences of four machining parameters, including the peak current, pulse on time, duty factor, and wire speed, on the performance characteristics of MRR and SR. It has been proved that the proposed mathematical models in this study would fit and predict values of the performance characteristics, which would be close to the readings recorded in experiment with a 95% confidence level. The significant parameters that critically affect the performance characteristics are examined.     

Selection of optimal processing condition during WEDM of compocasted AA6061/cenosphere AMCs based on grey-based hybrid approach

Investigation on the machining of Aluminium Matrix Composites (AMCs) through non-conventional approach are the current attention over the conventional machining approach of those may produces additional complexity in industrial manufacturing. The current research focused on investigating the machinability characteristics of the newly prepared compocasted AA6061/ cenosphere AMCs implementing a non-traditional material removal process via spark erosion called Electro Discharge Machining (Wire-EDM). The performance measure of the system for the different combinations of independent process variables were considered as cutting rate (CR), Kerf Width (KW) and Surface Roughness (SR). Experimental design were carried out based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employed face centered Central Composite Design (CCD) required for the analysis. A hybrid approach comprises of grey relation theory in conjunction with RSM Grey- Response Surface Methodology (GRSM) were executed for the prediction of optimal settings of machining condition which yield the optimum performance characteristics of the system. The model fit summary revealing an adequate fitness of the developed model to the actual system, as the R-square value was found to be 0.9607,close to unity and a larger (<4.0) adequate precision value of 20.87. Noticeable improvement were attained on cutting speed (3.234%), kerf width (2.7415%) and surface roughness (7.053%) implementing the optimal setting of machining parameters based on the proposed hybrid GRSM approach. Generous improvement was also noticed on the 3D optical Wire Electro Discharge (WED) machined surface texture demonstrating the quality of surface roughness and texture using hybrid GRSM predicted processing conditions.     

材料特性对亲水性固结磨料研磨垫加工性能的影响

为研究材料特性对亲水性固结磨料研磨垫的加工性能影响,本文研究了K9玻璃和硅片两种材料在不同加工顺序下研磨过程中的声发射信号和摩擦系数特征,采用扫描电镜分析磨屑的尺寸与形态.结果表明:不同加工顺序下工件的材料去除速率差别很大.与直接研磨硅片相比,先研磨K9玻璃再研磨硅片,硅片的材料去除速率大幅下降;相反,先研磨硅片再研磨K9玻璃,与直接研磨K9玻璃相比,K9玻璃的材料去除速率变化不大.无论采用哪种加工顺序,后研磨的工件表面粗糙度均比直接研磨的同种工件要大.扫描电镜的分析表明,硅片的磨屑尺寸集中在600 nm~1.5μm,磨屑大部分都棱角完整;而K9玻璃的磨屑尺寸集中在300 nm~500 nm左右,无明显棱角.硅片磨屑较大的尺寸与完整的棱角促进了研磨垫的自修正过程,所以硅片这类脆性较大的材料有利于研磨垫的自修正过程.     

光学元件聚氨酯抛光特性研究

本文研究了应用于平面光学元件的快速抛光技术,从材料去除率、元件面形和表面粗糙度出发,对快速抛光技术应用于平面大口径元件的加工效果进行了探讨。研究了在快速抛光技术中压力和主轴转速对材料去除率的影响,验证了Preston公式在快速抛光中的适用性,快速抛光技术的去除效率可达10μm/h;其次,研究了聚氨酯抛光元件面形的精度,对于330mm&#215;330mm元件可达～1.0λ（λ=632.8nm）;最后,对快速抛光系统中抛光粉颗粒大小及形态随使用时间的变化进行了观测,并测量了使用300目和500目抛光粉时快速抛光元件表面粗糙度以及其随抛光粉使用时间的变化。     

环境因子对磁性瓜环去除腐殖酸的影响及其稳定性研究

采用紫外可见分光技术研究了磁性瓜环(MQ[n])对水体污染物腐殖酸(HA)的去除性能、稳定性及磁性能。考察了MQ[n]的投加量、HA的初始浓度、溶液温度、作用时间及pH值等因素对去除HA的影响。结果表明,MQ[n]对HA具有很好的去除作用,其中,MQ[n]投加量与pH值对HA的去除效果影响较大。其较优条件为MQ[n]投加量20mg、HA初始质量浓度10 mg/L、吸附温度315 K、平衡时间360 min、pH值7.0,在此条件下,MQ[n]对HA的去除率达到98.73%。MQ[n]稳定性好,且易于磁性分离。     

不同磨料对微晶玻璃化学机械抛光的影响

为了提高微晶玻璃化学机械抛光(CMP)的材料去除速率(MRR),降低其表面粗糙度,利用自制的抛光液对微晶玻璃进行化学机械抛光,研究了4种含不同磨料(Si O2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Ce O2)的抛光液对微晶玻璃化学机械抛光MRR和表面粗糙度的影响.利用纳米粒度仪检测抛光液中磨料的粒径分布和Zeta电位,利用原子力显微镜观察微晶玻璃抛光前后的表面形貌.实验结果表明,在相同条件下,采用Ce O2作为磨料进行化学机械抛光时可以获得最好的表面质量,抛光后材料的表面粗糙度Ra=0.4 nm,MRR=100.4 nm/min.进一步研究了抛光液中不同质量分数的Ce O2磨料对微晶玻璃化学机械抛光的影响,结果表明,当抛光液中Ce O2质量分数为7%时,最高MRR达到185 nm/min,表面粗糙度Ra=1.9 nm;而当抛光液中Ce O2质量分数为5%时,MRR=100.4 nm/min,表面粗糙度最低Ra=0.4 nm.Ce O2磨料抛光后的微晶玻璃能获得较低表面粗糙度和较高MRR.     

模拟热轧工艺对氧化铁皮组织性能的影响

采用热模拟实验机、场发射扫描电子显微镜、电化学测试等试验方法,研究了开轧温度、终轧温度和卷取温度对氧化铁皮组织和耐蚀性能的影响规律.研究表明:热轧钢板表面氧化铁皮由3层结构组成,即最外层Fe2O3、中间层Fe3O4和最内层FeO.随着开轧温度和终轧温度的降低,FeO先共析转变的驱动力增大,FeO在整个氧化铁皮层中的含量逐渐减少,Fe2O3和Fe3O4含量逐渐增多.随着卷取温度由650℃降低到500℃,在FeO层中析出的Fe3O4粒子数量不断增加,粒子尺寸越来越细小.析出的Fe3O4越多,氧化铁皮的耐蚀性能越高.当卷取温度降低至450℃时,FeO发生了共析转变,生成片层状Fe+Fe3O4的共析组织,这些片层状组织形成微电池,使氧化铁皮的耐蚀性能急剧降低.     

Effect of deep cryotreated tungsten carbide electrode and SiC powder on EDM performance of AISI 304

Abstract

Powder mixed electric discharge machining (PMEDM) is a further advancement of conventional EDM process in which electrically conductive powder is suspended in the dielectric fluid to enhance the material removal rate (MRR) along with the surface quality. Cryotreatment is introduced in this process for improving the cutting tool properties as well as tool life. In this investigation, EDM is performed for the machining of AISI 304 stainless steel using cryotreated double tempered tungsten carbide electrode when SiC powder is suspended in the kerosene dielectric. The influence of process parameters viz. pulse on time, peak current, duty cycle, gap voltage and powder concentration on tool wear rate (TWR), surface roughness (R_a), and MRR has been studied. Metallographic analysis was carried out for the machined surfaces. By the addition of powder concentration and cryotreated double tempered electrode, significant improvement in the machining efficiency has been found out. When cryotreated electrode used MRR, TWR and R_a decreased by 12%, 24% and 13.3%, respectively and when SiC powder used MRR increased by 23.2%, TWR and R_a decreased by about 25% and 14.2%, respectively.     

基于磨损行为的单晶硅片化学机械抛光材料的去除特性

为了掌握化学机械抛光（CMP）过程中硅片表面材料的去除行为,根据CMP过程中硅片表面材料的磨损行为,建立了硅片CMP时的材料去除率构成成分模型,设计了不同成分的抛光液并进行了材料去除率实验,得出了机械、化学及其交互作用所引起的材料去除率.结果显示,机械与化学的交互作用率为85.7%～99.1%.磨粒的机械作用率为69.5%～94.0%,磨粒的机械与化学交互作用率为55.1%～93.1%.由此可见,磨粒的机械作用是化学机械抛光中的主要机械作用,磨粒与抛光液的机械化学交互作用引起的材料去除率是主要的材料去除率.研究结果可为进一步研究硅片CMP时的材料去除机理提供理论参考依据.     

基于游离磨粒的化学机械抛光材料去除非均匀性形成机制(英文)

本文主要研究硬脆晶体材料化学机械抛光中基片内材料去除非均匀性的形成机理.首先分析了化学机械抛光时抛光机的运动参数对硅片表面上相对速度分布非均匀性、摩擦力分布非均匀性、接触压力分布非均匀性及磨粒运动轨迹密度分布非均匀性的影响规律.然后通过基片内材料去除非均匀性实验,得出了抛光机运动参数对基片表面材料去除非均匀性的影响.通过比较理论分析与实验结果,基片表面上相对速度分布非均匀性、摩擦力分布非均匀性及接触压力分布非均匀性随转速的变化趋势与基片表面材料去除非均匀性的实验结果相差较大,只有磨粒在基片表面上的运动轨迹分布非均匀性与基片表面材料去除非均匀性的实验结果趋势相同.研究结果表明,基片表面材料去除非均匀性是由磨粒在基片表面上的运动轨迹分布非均匀性造成的,充分说明了基片表面材料去除的机械作用主要是磨粒的机械作用.     

Influence of air inlet and cleaning chamber on the performance of mining cartridge filter

This study is aimed at shedding light on the influence laws of air inlet position, air inlet area and cleaning chamber. To achieve this aim, first, the influences of air inlet position on pressure drop, air flow rate and mass of coal dust collected on the filter cartridges were investigated with the aid of a homemade experimental system. In addition, the effects of air inlet area on dynamic pressure and air flow rate of the air inlet were evaluated. Furthermore, the velocity within 30 cm in front of the air inlet was tested for determining the effective suction range. Finally, the impacts of cleaning chamber height on pressure drop and air flow rate of the cartridge filter were demonstrated. The research is expected to provide guidance for the setting of the air inlet and the cleaning chamber of the cartridge filter.     

Influence of processing parameters on lattice parameters in laser deposited tool alloy steel

Laser aided direct metal deposition (DMD) has been used to form AISI 4340 steel coating on the AISI 4140 steel substrate. The microstructural property of the DMD coating was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. Microhardness of the DMD was measured with a Vickers microhardness tester. Results indicate that DMD can be used to form dense AISI 4340 steel coatings on AISI 4140 steel substrate. The DMD coating is mainly composed of martensite and retained austenite. Consecutive thermal cycles have a remarkable effect on the microstructure of the plan view of the DMD coating and on the corresponding microhardness distribution. Orientation relationships among austenite, martensite and cementite in the DMD coating followed the ones in conventional heat treated steels. As the laser specific energy decreased, cooling rate increased, and martensite peaks broadened and shifted to a lower Bragg's angle. Also martensite lattice parameters increased and austenite lattice parameters decreased due to the above parameter change.     

二维超声振动辅助化学机械磨削技术及单晶硅实验

为了提高材料去除率和加工通用性,本文提出了工具施加二维超声波振动辅助的化学机械磨削(CMG)复合加工方式,开发具有伸缩和弯曲两种模态的二维超声波振动子及实验装置.以单晶硅片为加工对象,进行单点切削加工轨迹特性分析,并比较不同加工模式以及加工参数对表面粗糙度和材料去除率的影响.实验结果表明,二维超声辅助下的单点切削轨迹存在更多延性加工趋势.在同样普通机床精度条件下,随着时间的增加,二维超声辅助CMG表面粗糙度明显改善,达到纳米级.较无超声情况下二维超声波辅助CMG复合加工材料去除率提高约1倍,可获得最优表面粗糙度5 nm,一维径向超声辅助加工结果次之.     

Influence of weld parameters on the mechanical properties of spot-welded Fe-Mn-Al-Cr alloy

The static weld strength, hardness and microstructure evolution of a Fe-Mn-Al-Cr alloy during spot welding were investigated. A nugget can be formed for weld times as low as 5 cycles at 60 Hz (83 ms). The nugget growth rate is different between the front and the rear of the acceptable weld region. In the acceptable weld region, the tensile-shear strength ranges from 3038 to 3626 N, and the cross-tension strength varies from 2356 to 3136 N. The static weld strength strongly depends on the nugget size, and the dependence of the static weld strength on the electrode force is affected by the weld time and weld current. Evolution of spot-welded nuggets indicates that the hardness in the nuggets is, on average, about 100 H _V higher than that in the base unwelded metal, which is attributed to a cooling effect after welding.     

Abrasive waterjet cutting of cladded material: kerf taper and MRR analysis

Gas/plasma cutting of cladded materials provides inferior cut quality that demands subsequent finishing processes. Abrasive waterjet cutting could be a proficient alternate in terms of cut quality. However, the inherent problem of kerf taper and low material removal rate in comparison to the said thermal cutting processes limit its application. Therefore, potential of aforesaid machining process for cutting of stainless-clad steel is investigated with a prior focus on maximizing the material removal rate with minimum kerf taper. Abrasive mass flow, traverse speed, water pressure, and stand-off distance have been selected as input parameters. ANOVA analysis revealed that traverse rate as well as abrasive mass flow are the major contributing factors for both the responses. Optimal settings of parameters developed by S/N ratio analysis results in an improvement of 18.6% in material removal rate and 39% in the kerf taper. Moreover, regression models are developed and validated through various statistical tests.     

热变形参数对LD7铝合金流动应力的影响

在Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机上对LD7铝合金试样在变形程度为60％，变形温度为360－480℃、变形速率为0.01-1s^-1的条件下进行等温压缩试验，得到了不同应变、不同变形温度和应变速率下材料的真实应力，并利用古布金公式对实验结果进行了摩擦修正。研究结果表明：LD7铝合金是动态回复型合金；合金的流动应力随温度的升高而降低，最佳变形温度是400－450℃；该材料对应变速率具有很高的敏感性。