智能交互系统中人机组队协同工效提升的模型构建

目的 智能交互系统在城市救援及日常生活中应用越来越广泛,探讨了人机组队作业中人机协同工效提升的内在机制和规律,以构建人机组队协同的相容性理论模型并应用于复杂系统中人机组队的设计和优化。方法 采用跨学科交叉分析和文献调研分析的方法,分别对认知心理学、工程心理学和计算机科学等不同领域文献进行充分检索和分析,系统梳理了从智能体的界面设计及自动化水平、操作员状态与情境感知能力、人机关系及交互方式等对人机协同工效的影响因素;并通过共享心理模型、自然主义决策模型、多重表征模型尝试对人机如何协同的机制进行探讨和分析,指出了目前研究中存在的问题和不足。在此基础上提出较为系统的智能交互系统中人机组队相容性理论模型。结果 该模型通过对人、智能体、环境和任务特征进行分析,并从物理相容性、认知相容性和情感相容性三个角度,对人机组队协同工效提升的内在规律和机制进行深入探讨,有效提升人机组队协同的系统工效和用户体验,避免安全事故的发生。结论 智能交互系统中人机组队的相容性模型可用于未来人机协同工效提升的理论和实践研究,也可用于未来智能人机交互系统,特别是智能化时代人机组队的设计和优化,满足众多复杂的人机系统(如商用飞机驾驶舱、核电站中央控制室)人机高效协同设计的需求,为建立自然高效人机协同作业的交互模式提供科学依据。     

Impact of dynamic virtual and real robots on perceived safe waiting time and maximum reach of robot arms

This research examines perception of dynamic objects and robots in a virtual and real industrial work environment. The studies are modelled after those of Karwowski and Rahimi from the early 1990s. By applying virtual reality technology, the real workplace can be simulated in the virtual world for the improvement of facility design. Perception of hazard and risk, safe waiting time, maximum reach of robot arm are measured related to the impact of parameters such as robot size, speed and type and exposure to a virtual accident. Analysis includes techniques such as sequential experiments to compare results in the virtual and real environments. These methods may be considered as a model for studying perception and transfer in other domains. The comparison of the analysed data in the virtual and real environments helps to further determine the transferability of performance and perception from virtual reality to real. Results show similarity in perceived safe waiting time, but there are large differences in perceived maximum reach of robot arms between the virtual and real environments. Using the preliminary results from the integrated data in the sequential experiments, potential guidelines for using virtual facility layout in industry are discussed.     

具身认知视角下的人—智能体交互的意向立场

目的分析人—智能体交互(Human-Agent Interaction,简称HAI)中意向立场的设计要素与意向立场下智能体的具身交互逻辑。方法以具身认知、具身交互理论和身体图式理论为基础,结合具体设计案例,对比一般人机交互和HAI交互逻辑、分层分析智能体的构成与交互要素、解析意向立场对HAI设计的影响,以及分析意向立场下HAI的结构与逻辑。结论 HAI中的人机关系是一种用户被设计引导进而运用意向立场的关系,智能体在用户的意向立场下需要被视为独立的个体进行设计,其在HAI中的交互行为是具身交互行为。为达成良好的HAI交互体验,需要持续性地保持用户在HAI中的意向立场,这需要在智能体认知经验融合的基础上,构建智能体交互的身体图式,并通过设计手段来建立智能体\"形象—功能—载体\"与\"个体—能力—身体\"的隐喻关系,最终形成意向立场下的HAI交互逻辑。     

Human–machine interaction theories and lane departure warnings

A technological race toward always ever-increasing automation is engaged, a race in which automation users are hardly considered. This explains why more automation is not necessarily for the best. A variety of human–machine interaction (HMI) theories co-exist. First, those HMI theories and predictions for lane departure warnings systems (LDWS, assisted driving automation) are described. Second, a synthesis of the key questions currently addressed by empirical data on LDWS is offered. Lastly, a new model of human–machine cooperation modelling is proposed. The model has been inspired by previous theories and empirical data collected with LDWS-assisted driving. Interestingly, automation such as LDWS seems to avoid the ‘ironies of automation’ with no negative effects on human performance. However, a major issue to be addressed is poor automation acceptance. While the focus was set on LDWS to offer a complete overview for this type of device, the model may be extended to other warning assistance devices.     

Comments on the ecology of representations in computerised systems

This paper discusses how the difference between the disembodied and the embodied perspective on the human mind gives rise to a disagreement as to the status of representations in computerised systems. A major claim of the disembodied approach of contemporary cognitive science is that mental representations are constructed on the basis of sensory input. Hence, it is the mental mechanisms for the interpretation of these data that matters, not the external system representation per se. The embodied approach on the other hand claims that mental representations emerge as a relation between the perceiver and the perceived. Because the body constrains how we can perceive anything, the system representation per se is important. Following the latter approach, the ecology of common forms of representations were mapped. The mapping of representations, together with the notion of distributed cognitive systems, points in the direction of further augmentation of the ecology of human-machine systems. A case from energy management was presented which gives an example of how such a task might be pursued.     

Visualization support to better comprehend and improve decision tree classification modelling process: a survey and appraisal

Data mining (DM) can be defined as the non-trivial process of identifying valid, novel, potentially useful and ultimately understandable patterns in data. Modelling is the crucial step where DM algorithms are applied in order to extract data patterns. In order for domain experts, who play significant roles in DM process, to make the most efficient and effective use of DM tools, these tools must incorporate appropriate visualization to facilitate the process of modelling. Yet, unfortunately, study of how visualization should be designed, particularly what components should be included and how to present them, has been rather limited. This paper surveys the current state of art in application of visualization techniques to better comprehend and improve the decision trees modelling process in three modes: visualization of tree models, visualization of model evaluation and visual interactive tree construction. A number of issues that have been overlooked and areas that need to be improved are identified through reviewing a collection of related research and examining six current DM softwares in terms of their design of a few important features in each mode of the visualization support to decision trees classification modelling. Although this article focuses on decision trees classification modelling, guidelines derived from this study can be beneficial to other modelling techniques as well. At the end of the paper, a desirable design of visualization support to DM modelling is proposed with a conceptual model.     

Assistance in human–machine interaction: a conceptual framework and a proposal for a taxonomy

Many interactive systems offer assistance when users have difficulties in operating or using them. In spite of the overwhelming variety of assistance techniques available, it is often unclear what type of assistance is really needed and how special assistance functions should be designed. The first step towards theoretically solid design decisions is a conceptual framework and a comprehensive taxonomy of assistance. This paper proposes to define assistance as access to machine functions and provides a taxonomy based mainly on action stages to be assisted. These stages are: (1) motivation, activation and goal setting; (2) perception; (3) information integration, generating situation awareness; (4) decision-making, action selection; (5) action execution; and (6) processing feedback of action results. In analogy to social assistance, various types of technical assistance are assigned to the six action stages. As additional dimensions to classify assistance, we also discuss adjustment, initiative, presentation media and input modality.     

A formal control-theoretic model of a human–automation interactive manufacturing system control

This paper describes a human–automation interactive manufacturing system and presents a formal model for describing and controlling the system. The model presented in this paper considers a system from two perspectives: structural and operational perspectives. Human and an automated controller are considered agents that cooperate to achieve given goals by executing assigned tasks. A human–automation interaction is described with a particular communication model between two agents that exchanges messages. A system control schema and human tasks are modelled separately and then integrated in a formal manner using a modified communicating finite state machine framework. An interface model that coordinates the message exchanges between two agents is then introduced. An automated shop floor control system with a human material handler is modelled with the proposed framework and a simple illustrative example is provided.     

A case for information theory-based modelling of human multitasking performance

Technological advances have led to increased prevalence of human multitasking. Traditionally, multitasking performance is measured for each individual task, utilising multiple performance metrics. Recently, the human operator informatic model (HOIM) has been developed as a quantitative model of human–machine interaction capable of measuring multitasking performance with a single metric. In this study, we investigated the performance effects of both a different number of tasks and five different task combinations while maintaining a constant level of overall difficulty. Results indicate that, at a constant difficulty level, neither number of tasks nor task combination significantly affects multitasking performance, indicating the reliability of input baud rate as a measure of system complexity. No task interaction effects were found among the different tasks. This study demonstrates the application of information theory for modelling of human multitasking performance and makes a case for the use of the HOIM in future studies of human information processing.