大学生“和谐”观教育之促进个人与他人的和谐

个人与他人的和谐是我们构建和谐社会的一个重要组成部分,大学生作为和谐社会的建设者,必须学会在平时生活中处理好个人与他人的关系,特别是同学之间的关系。个人与他人的关系首先是一种利益关系,在处理个人与他人的利益关系时,大学生要做到名利面前让一步,困难面前抢一步,从而自觉维护个人与他人的和谐。为促进个人与他人关系的和谐,大学生要坚持平等原则、诚信原则、宽容原则、互助原则,并正确认识和处理好竞争与合作的关系。     

Self-esteem, academic self-concept, and achievement: How the learning environment moderates the dynamics of self-concept.

The authors examine the directionality of effects between global self-esteem, domain-specific academic self-concepts, and academic achievement. Special emphasis is placed on learning environments as potential moderators of the direction of these effects. According to the meritocracy principle presented here, so-called bottom-up effects (i.e., self-esteem is influenced by academic self-concept) are more pronounced in meritocratic learning environments than in ego-protective learning environments. This hypothesis was examined using a three-wave cross-lagged panel design with a large sample of 7th graders from East and West Germany, a total of 5,648 students who were tested shortly after German reunification. Reciprocal effects were found between self-esteem, academic self-concept, and academic achievement. In conformance with the meritocracy principle, support for bottom-up effects was stronger in the meritocratic learning environment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of tryptophan and of glucose on exercise capacity of horses

A method based on discounted income and risk assessment was developed to aid in the selection of dairy sires. The discounted profit generated from milk production of daughters was proposed as the suitable composite selection criterion to combine estimates of predicted transmitting ability (PTA) for yields of milk, fat, and protein and estimates of sire evaluations for dystocia or expected progeny difference. Steps are described to derive discounted profit (defined as expected income) for a sire with known PTA and evaluation for dystocia. The derivation of profit considered costs for semen, dystocia, heifer raising, production and maintenance of the daughter, and income from milk. Variance of income from a sire depended on the reliability of his PTA and evaluation for dystocia. Total variance from a selected set of sires was defined as the risk. A quadratic programming procedure was developed to identify the best set of sires from a given pool of sires that met a desired expected income goal with minimum risk. Combinations of sires with minimum risk for all possible levels of expected income were defined by the expected income variance frontier. The set of sires at the maximum lower boundary for 95% confidence of the expected income variance frontier was defined as the optimum set of sires to be selected; the optimum set maximized the 95% guaranteed expected income. The quadratic programming procedure provided the optimum percentage of cows to be mated to each sire in the selected set.     

Selfhood at risk: Postmodern perils and the perils of postmodernism.

Various commentaries on the threats to personal well-being involved in contemporary Western middle-class life are examined, especially K. J. Gergen's (1991) treatment of the "saturated self." The version of postmodernism that Gergen advocated is criticized as representing an increasingly fashionable style of metatheory that reflects contemporary threats to selfhood but paralyzes endeavors to cope with them. A. Giddens's (1991) treatment of self and society in late modernity is selectively described as better fitted to a stance within which scientific and professional psychology can contribute to realistic hopefulness rather than to fin de siècle hopelessness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations.

Subjective well-being (SWB) in 55 nations, reported in probability surveys and a large college student sample, was correlated with social, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nations. The SWB surveys, representing nations that include three fourths of the earth's population, showed strong convergence. Separate measures of the predictor variables also converged and formed scales with high reliability, with the exception of the comparison variables. High income, individualism, human rights, and societal equality correlated strongly with each other, and with SWB across surveys. Income correlated with SWB even after basic need fulfillment was controlled. Only individualism persistently correlated with SWB when other predictors were controlled. Cultural homogeneity, income growth, and income comparison showed either low or inconsistent relations with SWB. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perceived discrimination as worldview threat or worldview confirmation: Implications for self-esteem.

In 3 studies, the authors tested the hypothesis that discrimination targets' worldview moderates the impact of perceived discrimination on self-esteem among devalued groups. In Study 1, perceiving discrimination against the ingroup was negatively associated with self-esteem among Latino Americans who endorsed a meritocracy worldview (e.g., believed that individuals of any group can get ahead in America and that success stems from hard work) but was positively associated with self-esteem among those who rejected this worldview. Study 2 showed that exposure to discrimination against their ingroup (vs. a non-self-relevant group) led to lower self-esteem, greater feelings of personal vulnerability, and ingroup blame among Latino Americans who endorsed a meritocracy worldview but to higher self-esteem and decreased ingroup blame among Latino Americans who rejected it. Study 3 showed that compared with women informed that prejudice against their ingroup is pervasive, women informed that prejudice against their ingroup is rare had higher self-esteem if they endorsed a meritocracy worldview but lower self-esteem if they rejected this worldview. Findings support the idea that perceiving discrimination against one's ingroup threatens the worldview of individuals who believe that status in society is earned but confirms the worldview of individuals who do not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personal income and finances: regional comparisons

As the "baby boom" generation moves closer to retirement and Social Security and Medicare face potential problems, the financial condition of U.S. households and families has become a much discussed topic. The personal saving habits, wealth and debt burden of society have been intensely analyzed in order to gauge the future impacts on the economy. This article views personal income growth from a regional perspective, pointing to the vastly differing outcomes of total and per capita data. The importance of regional differences in cost of living and taxation and the possible impacts on personal finances are highlighted. A review and debate on the broad brush approach of many federal programs is suggested.     

Modeling evidence accumulation with partial loss in expanded judgment.

Various sequential sampling models of discrimination were quantitatively tested in a task requiring binary classification of the means of distributions of line segments. Experiment 1 tested accumulator and random walk models, which were shown to be unable to account for either the speed-accuracy trade-off or the moments of the response time distributions. Results were confirmed by Experiment 2 in which distributions were fitted. Data were well described by a model that assumed magnitude-dependent information loss during the sampling period. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

弱势群体需要差别对待

在努力构建和谐社会的今天,弱势群体的权利正受到更多的重视.文章从平等这一基本理论出发分析弱势群体为什么需要差别对待,并提出对弱势群体必须进行倾斜性保护的原则,从而使弱势群体的权利得到实质上的平等.     

Health and social cohesion: why care about income inequality?

Throughout the world, wealth and income are becoming more concentrated. Growing evidence suggests that the distribution of income-in addition to the absolute standard of living enjoyed by the poor-is a key determinant of population health. A large gap between rich people and poor people leads to higher mortality through the breakdown of social cohesion. The recent surge in income inequality in many countries has been accompanied by a marked increase in the residential concentration of poverty and affluence. Residential segregation diminishes the opportunities for social cohesion. Income inequality has spillover effects on society at large, including increased rates of crime and violence, impeded productivity and economic growth, and the impaired functioning of representative democracy. The extent of inequality in society is often a consequence of explicit policies and public choice. Reducing income inequality offers the prospect of greater social cohesiveness and better population health.     

Effects of hypnotically induced dreams on creative problem solving.

A wealth of anecdotal evidence supports the age-old notion that the nocturnal dream is a source for creative inspiration. Unfortunately, scientific research on so-called creative dreaming has not been forthcoming. Using hypnosis in an effort to bring the phenomenon under experimental control, the present investigation induced dreams in 24 undergraduates representing a number of occupational and educational backgrounds. Each S was at an impasse in the course of working on an academic, vocational, avocational, or personal problem or project at the time of participation in the experiment. As hypothesized, when compared with a rational-cognitive treatment group that emphasized a linguistic and logical approach to creative problem solving, a significantly greater number of Ss who were administered the hypnotic dream treatment were able to overcome their creative blocks within 1 wk of treatment. Treatment success was assessed in accordance with criteria derived from an operational definition of creativity developed in the introduction. The hypothesis is considered to have received conditional support, pending the outcome of suggested research. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Whiteness and Ethnocentric Monoculturalism: Making the "Invisible" Visible.

Whiteness and ethnocentric monoculturalism are powerful and entrenched determinants of worldview. Because they are invisible and operate outside the level of conscious awareness, they can be detrimental to people of color, women, and other marginalized groups in society. Both define a reality that gives advantages to White Euro American males while disadvantaging others. Although most Americans believe in equality and fairness, the inability to deconstruct these 2 concepts allows society to continue unjust actions and arrangements toward minority groups. Making the "invisible" visible is the major challenge to liberating individuals and society from the continued oppression of others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Brain attack": the rationale for treating stroke as a medical emergency

Stroke is the third leading cause of death in the United States, behind only heart disease and cancer. With an estimated three million survivors of stroke in the United States, the cost to society, both directly in health care and indirectly in lost income, is staggering. Despite recent advances in basic and clinical neurosciences, which have the potential to improve the treatment of acute stroke, the general approach to the acute stroke patient remains one of therapeutic nihilism. Most basic science studies show that to be effective, acute intervention to reperfuse ischemic tissue must take place within the first several hours, as is the case with ischemic myocardium. In addition, most neuroprotective agents must also be administered within a short time frame to be effective at salvaging at-risk tissue. Recent studies have suggested that the outcome after intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage is improved with early intervention. However, most stroke patients fail to present to medical attention within this short "window of opportunity." The public's knowledge about stroke is woefully inadequate. However, clinicians who deal with stroke can use the dramatic changes in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction over the last 2 decades as a guide for shaping changes in the management of acute stroke. Comprehensive educational efforts aimed at clinicians and the public at large have dramatically reduced the time from symptom onset to presentation and treatment for acute myocardial infarction, enabling treatment methods such as thrombolysis to be effective. The Decade of the Brain offers a unique opportunity to all concerned with the treatment of the patient with acute stroke to engage in a concerted effort to bring patients with a "brain attack" to specialized neurological attention within the same timeframe that the "heart attack" patient is handled. Such an effort is justified because, although at the present time there are few therapeutic interventions of "proven" value in the treatment of acute stroke, there is more than sufficient suggestive evidence that a number of approaches may be beneficial within the first few hours after the onset of the stroke.     

Operation Homecoming.

Describes the military's "Operation Homecoming" for Vietnam war veterans and argues that the military's effort to be helpful (delaying reentry into society and discouraging fanfare) was unnecessary and harmful. The hero's welcome provides a means of relief from guilt felt over killing, destruction, and activities not normally tolerated by society. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Homoscedasticity.

William Kruskal, of the Department of Statistics at the University of Chicago, has been kind enough to point out an error in my interpretation of Narumi's theorem in my comment (La Forge, 1958) on Nefzger and Drasgow's article "The needless assumption of normality in Pearson's r" (see record 1959-02530-001). "Homoscedasticity" had a different definition in the conditions of Narumi's theorem from the current definition of equality of variance among all the conditional distributions of y given x; Narumi used "homoscedasticity" to mean identity of the conditional distributions themselves, as the condition implying bivariate normality. Thus my specific criticism in the last sentence of my first paragraph on page 546 is unjustified. The general criticism remains in force, however, since Nefzger and Drasgow were actually discussing, on page 624 of their article, "the assumption of normal and homogeneous dispersions" in the y × x. Since normal distributions are identical up to a translation if their dispersions are equal, the conditions of Narumi's theorem are satisfied. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More human than you: Attributing humanness to self and others.

People typically evaluate their in-groups more favorably than out-groups and themselves more favorably than others. Research on infrahumanization also suggests a preferential attribution of the "human essence" to in-groups, independent of in-group favoritism. The authors propose a corresponding phenomenon in interpersonal comparisons: People attribute greater humanness to themselves than to others, independent of self-enhancement. Study 1 and a pilot study demonstrated 2 distinct understandings of humanness--traits representing human nature and those that are uniquely human--and showed that only the former traits are understood as inhering essences. In Study 2, participants rated themselves higher than their peers on human nature traits but not on uniquely human traits, independent of self-enhancement. Study 3 replicated this "self-humanization" effect and indicated that it is partially mediated by attribution of greater depth to self versus others. Study 4 replicated the effect experimentally. Thus, people perceive themselves to be more essentially human than others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The physician executive and laboratory tests

Sera Central Hospital was founded in 1953 as Sera District Medical Center under the auspices of the neighboring five towns. At that time, the hospital had 3 doctors, 10 nurses, and 20 beds. But now in 1992, we have 12 doctors, 53 nurses and 110 beds. The present medical specialists are physician (4), surgeon (2), orthopedist (3), pediatrician (1), clinical laboratory physician (1), and dentist (1). Although the yearly income and expenditures were well balanced until 1989, thereafter the income began to decrease insidiously and expenditures began to increase year by year. In this symposium titled "Suggestions for Clinical Laboratory Medicine by Experienced Hospital Directors," I must refer to the issue of "Clinical Laboratory Medicine Administrator's Standpoint". Recently, the unaccustomed phrase "Physician Executive" is occasionally heard as the details of medical care become more numerous and more intricate and economic efficiency is strictly persued. From this perspective, the clinical laboratory physician is responsible for managing the laboratory department with well disciplined knowledge and technique. Therefore, training as "Physician Executive" has developed naturally within the field of Clinical Laboratory Medicine. So, I cannot help coming to the conclusion that the management of a hospital, as a matter of course, will be entrusted to a doctor including clinical laboratory physician who can do his best for the citizens, for the patients, and ultimately for ourselves.     

Two-dimensional affective space: A new approach to orienting the axes.

What are the constructs that underlie affective experiences? Some authors have suggested Valence and Activation, whereas others have suggested Positive Activation and Negative Activation—both approaches are represented by different axis orientations in traditional two-mode (People × Adjectives) factor analysis. The authors provide new evidence for this debate by using three-mode (People × Adjectives × Occasions) parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis to determine the appropriate axes (and hence constructs) for representing affective experiences. Unlike traditional factor analysis, with PARAFAC different orientations of the axes fit the data differently so it is possible to determine the best fitting axes. In Study 1, the authors assessed the extent to which the PARAFAC procedure was able recover the axes defining a two-dimensional factor space under different conditions. In both Study 2 (N = 112) and Study 3 (N = 349), undergraduate students rated their emotional states on a variety of occasions. The best fitting axes for two-dimensional affective space were Valence and Activation in both studies. Exploration of higher dimensional solutions in Study 3 revealed a three-factor solution that, in addition to an activation factor, supported the separation of positive and negative emotions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beginning the Decade of Behavior.

This year marks the opening of the Decade of Behavior. The idea for a Decade of Behavior began with the American Psychological Association's Board of Scientific Affairs, but it has expanded into a multidisciplinary collaboration backed by numerous behavioral and social science organizations and with an advisory committee representing a dozen disciplines. The advisory committee has developed four themes that form the core of the initiative: health, education, safety, and promoting a more prosperous and democratic society. What does this effort mean for readers of the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General? It is an occasion to celebrate our successes: to reflect on what we do that is in fact relevant to the focus areas of the Decade. It is also a time to think about how we can make this relevance more evident both within our community and to the groups of other researchers and practitioners who can enrich and apply what we do. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)