应变率对泡沫Al-Mg合金压缩性能的影响

在应变率分别为10^-3s^-1,600s^-1和1600s^-1条件下对开孔泡沫Al-Mg合金进行了压缩试验，测量了不同应变率下材料的压缩应力．应变(σ-ε)曲线，研究了应变率的变化对这种Al合金泡沫的压缩性能和吸能性的影响。试验结果表明：这种开孔结构的泡沫Al-Mg合金具有明显的应变率效应，随应变率的提高，其屈服强度和流动应力升高；因此，与静态下相比，动态压缩下的吸能性上升，而对应的应力也随之提高。     

Heat Treatment of AZ91D Mg-Al-Zn Alloy: Microstructural Evolution and Dynamic Response

Magnesium alloys are attracting great interest from the automotive industry because of the potential for weight reduction. An AZ91D cast alloy was studied in the current work to understand the effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and dynamic compressive properties. The selected heat treatments include solution treatment (T4) and solution treatment followed by aging (T6). The as-cast alloy microstructure consists of intermetallic β-phase (Mg₁₇Al₁₂) precipitates surrounded by α + β lamellar eutectic in α-Mg solid solution. The AZ91D-T4 specimens showed small β-phase precipitates along the grain boundaries and regions of eutectic mixture. The T6 heat treatment causes the β-phase platelets in the α + β eutectic to grow and develop into β-precipitates. The difference in the phase morphology reflects into the mechanical properties. The Vickers hardness of the T6 heat-treated specimens was 3.6% higher than the as-cast alloy. The compressive yield strengths of T4 and T6 treated specimens were 1.3% and 43.1% higher than those of as-cast specimens. The high strain rate compression testing resulted in increase in the strength with strain rate for the T4 and T6 specimens. A maximum increase of 42% was observed in T6 specimen tested at a strain rate of 4,000/s in comparison to the quasi-static compression. Under high strain rate compression testing, the T6 heat-treated specimens showed failure of the β-precipitates resulting in increased energy absorption in comparison to the quasi-static compression.     

Damping capacity and compressive characteristic in some aluminum foams

1　INTRODUCTIONMetallicfoams ,especiallyaluminumalloyfoamsaresuper lightmetalsexhibitingunique propertiessuchashighenergyabsorptionandhighdampingca pacity .So ,theyarebelievedtohavegreatpotentialforapplicationsinmanyaspects ,forexample ,theap plicationinenergyabsorptionandvibrationdamping .Therefore ,theirmechanicalpropertieshaveattractedaconsiderableattentioninrecentyears .Anumberofworksonthecompressivebehavioroffoamedalu minumanditsalloyhaverevealedthatthedeforma tionbehaviorofaluminumf…     

高温固相扩散处理对开孔泡沫Fe-Ni力学性能的影响

采用高温固相扩散处理对开孔泡沫Fe-Ni进行合金化,研究了不同处理温度,不同保温时间对泡沫Fe-Ni压缩性能及能量吸收特性的影响。采用扫描电镜(SEM)对合金化后的泡沫Fe-Ni进行形貌观察,并利用线扫描分析合金化前后两种元素的扩散情况;对合金化前后的泡沫Fe-Ni进行了纳米压痕试验和准静态压缩试验,研究了泡沫Fe-Ni网丝硬度、准静态压缩力学行为及其吸能性。结果表明:经高温固相扩散处理后,泡沫Fe和Ni镀层界面上发生了Fe-Ni的互扩散,形成(Fe,Ni)无限固溶体结构;随着温度升高,保温时间增长,Fe、Ni元素分布更趋于均匀化,泡沫Fe-Ni网丝平均纳米硬度值更高。1200℃高温固相扩散2h后泡沫Fe-Ni平台区应力值增加,平台区长度增加。泡沫Fe-Ni吸能能力整体趋势随应变的增加而线性增大。其中,1200℃高温固相扩散保温2h,泡沫Fe-Ni能量吸收值比合金化前提高了31.9%。     

Mechanical behaviors and energy absorption properties of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated open-cell nickel-based alloy foams

In this study,Y-and Ce-modified Cr coatings applied by pack cementation method were prepared on the surface of open-cell nickel-based alloy foam.The morphologies and microstructures of Y-and Ce-modified Cr coatings with various Y and Ce contents were investigated in detail.Then,the effects of Y and Ce addition on the mechanical properties of open-cell nickel-based alloy foams were analyzed and compared.Simultaneously,the energy absorption capacity and energy absorption efficiency of the Y-and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams were discussed and compared at the room and high temperatures.The results show that Cr coatings containing minor amounts of rare earth element(Y and Ce) are well adhered to the nickel-based foam struts.Especially,the microstructure of the 2 wt% Ce-modified Cr coating is denser and uniform.In addition,the compressive strength and plateau stress of Y-and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams firstly increase and then decrease by increasing the Y and Ce contents at room and high temperatures.The energy absorption capacity of Y/Cr and Ce/Cr coated alloy foams increases linearly with the strains increasing.The Ce/Cr coated alloy foams can absorb more energy than Y/Cr coated alloy foams in the plateau and densification regions at room temperature.Compared to those at room temperature,the Y-and Ce-modified Cr coated alloy foams show higher energy absorption efficiency when deformation within 10%-30% at high temperature.     

Strain rate effects on sandwich core materials: An experimental and analytical investigation

Poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) based closed-cell foams were tested at different strain rate under compression loading ranging from 130s–1750 s⁻¹ using a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus, consisting of polycarbonate bars. Foams with different density and microstructure were examined. The attainment of stress equilibrium within the specimen at various strain rates was examined. It was found that the stress equilibrium was reached early at lower strain rate as compared to higher strain rate. Both the peak stress and absorbed energy were found to be dependent on foam density and strain rate, although foam density was found to be a more dominating factor. A model based on unit cell geometry of the closed-cell foam was also developed to predict the absorbed energy at high strain rate. The proposed model is found to be promising in predicting the energy absorption during high strain rate loading.     

Heat Treatment of Closed-Cell A356 + 4 wt.%Cu + 2 wt.%Ca Foam and Its Effect on the Foam Mechanical Behavior

In this investigation, aluminum-silicon alloy foam is developed by adding certain amounts of copper and calcium elements in A356 alloy. Addition of 4 wt.%Cu + 2 wt.%Ca to the melt changed bubbles morphology from ellipsoid to spherical by decreasing Reynolds number and increasing Bond number. Compression behavior and energy absorption of the foams are assessed before and after aging. Solid solution treatment and aging lead to the best mechanical properties with 170% enhancement in yield strength and 185% improvement in energy absorption capacity as compared to non-heat-treated foams. The metallographic observations showed that bubbles geometry and structure in the A356 + 4wt.% Cu + 2 wt.%Ca foam are more homogeneous than the A356 foam.     

固溶时效处理对Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金准静态和动态力学性能的影响

采用万能力学试验机及霍普金森压杆试验研究了固溶和时效处理对Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金准静态拉伸性能和动态压缩性能的影响。结果表明,Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金经固溶时效处理后(固溶温度941 ℃),其屈服强度可达1097 MPa以上,抗拉强度可达1167 MPa以上。相比热处理前的Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金,强度显著提升,而且塑性指标也维持在较高水平。同时,不同应变速率下Ti-6Al-4V ELI钛合金的动态压缩性能提升明显,动态压缩强度和应变速率的对数呈线性关系,且随着应变速率的增加而增大。     

Fabrication and compressive behavior of open-cell aluminum foams via infiltration casting using spherical CaCl2 space-holders

The infiltration casting fabrication process based on spherical CaCl₂ space-holders and the compressive behavior including the mechanical performance and energy absorption capacity of open-cell aluminum foams were investigated.Open-cell aluminum foams with different porosities in the range of 63.1%to 87.3%can be fabricated by adjusting compression ratios of CaCl₂ preforms prepared by precision hot-pressing.The compression tests show that a strain-hardening phenomenon always occurs especially for open-cell aluminum foam with low porosity,resulting in the inclining stress-strain curve in the plateau region.The energy absorption capacity of open-cell aluminum foam decreases with increasing porosity when compared at the same strain.However,when compared at a given stress,each foam can absorb the maximal energy among the five foams in a special stress range.Additionally,open-cell aluminum foam possesses the maximum energy absorption efficiency at its optimum operating stress.At this stress condition,the foam can absorb the highest energy compared with other foams at the same stress point.The optimum operating stress and the corresponding maximal energy absorption decrease with increasing the porosity.The optimum operating stress for energy absorption can also be determined similarly when taking into consideration of the lightweight extent of foams.     

Effect of Ce content on mechanical properties of Ce/Cr coated open-cell Ni–Cr–Fe alloy foams

The Ce/Cr coating was homogenously deposited onto the reticulated open-cell Ni–Cr–Fe alloy foam by the pack cementation process. The mechanical properties of the Ce/Cr coated alloy foams were investigated by the quasi-static compression test. Simultaneously, the deformation and failure mechanisms of Ce/Cr coated alloy foams were discussed. The results show that the adding amount of CeO₂ powders influences the mechanical properties of the Ce/Cr coated alloy foams. Despite an increase in density as compared to the uncoated foams, the Ce/Cr coated foams exhibit improvement in both yield strength and energy-absorption performance. Especially, the energy-absorption performance of 2% Ce/Cr (mass fraction) coated alloy foam is averagely 1.9 times as high as that of the bare Ni–Cr–Fe alloy foam. In addition, the mechanical properties of the Ce/Cr coated alloy foams increase with the increase of strain rate. The distortion and cracking are mainly the deformation behavior of the Ce/Cr coated alloy foam, confirmed by SEM images.     

浸渍法制备泡沫铝的显微组织和力学性能(英文)

利用聚合物泡沫采用压力浸渗铸造工艺制备开孔泡沫铝。所制备的泡沫铝能够很好地复制聚合物泡沫的几何尺寸。开孔泡沫铝的强度比闭孔泡沫铝的低很多,从而得到更多的应用。添加陶瓷颗粒可以改善泡沫铝的力学性能。本研究中,向 AC3A 铝合金中添加 SiC 颗粒得到复合材料泡沫。在复合材料泡沫中,SiC 颗粒嵌入在合金基体中及孔筋表面。高体积分数的陶瓷颗粒使合金泡沫铝的压缩强度、能量吸收、显微硬度增大。这些性能的改善归结为于泡沫铝的结构改变以及 SiC 颗粒存在于结点和孔筋处而引起的强度增加。     

Dynamic Compressive Property of Closed-Cell Mg Alloy Composite Foams Reinforced with SiC Particles

The high-strain-rate mechanical response of Mg alloy/SiC_p composite foams has received increased attention in recent years due to their light weight and potential to absorb large amounts of energy during deformation. Dynamic compressive properties of closed-cell Mg alloy/SiC_p composite foams with diff erent relative densities(0.162, 0.227 and 0.351) and diff erent SiC_p additions(0, 4 and 8 wt%) have been investigated using Split-Hopkinson pressure bar. It is shown that peak stress and energy absorption capacity signifi cantly increase as the relative density increases at the range of testing strain rates. Peak stress and energy absorption display strain rate dependence. The peak stress of specimens with 0 wt% and 4 wt% SiC particles additions grows with increasing strain rate. Meanwhile, the increment in the peak stress of specimens with 8 wt% addition is not signifi cant with strain rate increasing. The increase in strain rate increases the energy absorption capacity. The suitable amount of SiC particles addition has great advantages over increasing the peak stress and energy absorption capacity at the high strain rate. The strain-rate-sensitive matrix, cell morphology, morphological defects and gas pressure have an impact on the strain-rate sensitivity of Mg alloy/SiC_p composite foams.     

热处理对多孔铝合金压缩吸能性能的影响

采用渗流铸造工艺 ,制备了Al Si系多孔铝合金 ,讨论了其压缩变形特征及能量吸收性能 ,分别对ZL10 1、ZL111两种多孔铝合金进行T6热处理 ,研究了热处理对这两种多孔铝合金压缩吸能性能的影响。研究结果表明 ,热处理能够提高多孔铝合金的能量吸收能力 ,对屈服强度及能量吸收效率也有显著的影响 ,为提高多孔铝合金的压缩性能 ,应尽可能施行热处理     

微量Er对高强铝合金组织与性能的影响

借助力学性能测试和光学金相（OM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）与能谱（EDS）的观察和分析，研究了微量Er对高强铝合金Al-6Zn-2Mg的力学性能、微观组织结构、时效硬化特性及再结晶行为的影响。结果表明：Er能非常显著地细化合金的晶粒组织，这是因为初生Al3Er作为非均质形核核心，能提高形核率，从而有效地细化晶粒；Er能够较大幅度地提高合金的拉伸力学性能，细晶强化与析出强化是合金的主要强化机制；Er可加快合金的时效进程，提高时效强化效果；同时，Er可以抑制合金再结晶，提高再结晶温度，这是由于细小的二次Al3Er质点钉扎位错和亚晶界而引起的。     

真空渗流法制备泡沫铝及其动态力学性能的研究

以真空渗流法制备陶瓷中空球泡沫铝,研究了应变率对吸能量和吸能效率的影响、相对密度对屈服强度的影响,并与普通泡沫铝进行比较。结果表明,工艺简单可行,所制备的泡沫铝的动态压缩应力-应变曲线只有弹性变形区和塑性变形区;随应变率的增大,屈服强度和吸能效率变化规律不明显,吸能量增大;随相对密度的增大,屈服强度增大,吸能量增大,吸能效率也增大;动态压缩时两种泡沫铝的吸能效率均较高,最大吸能效率大于0.9,是良好的吸能材料。     

开孔泡沫Al-10%Mg合金的动态压缩行为的研究

用Hopkinson压杆实验装置对开孔结构的泡沫Al—10％Mg合金进行了动态压缩实验，在应变率为准静态、800s^-1和2000s^-1条件下测量了动态和准静态压缩应力—应变曲线，研究了这种铝合金泡沫的动态压缩行为，并分析了其应变率效应。结果表明：在动态和准静态压缩下，泡沫Al—10％Mg合金的压缩σ—ε曲线均表现出弹性变形段、平缓段和紧实段三阶段特征；泡沫Al—10％Mg合金具有明显的应变率敏感性，随应变速率的提高，相同应变量下的流动应力上升。     

泡沫钛孔隙结构及力学性能

通过挂浆烧结法制备了两种不同孔隙结构的泡沫钛,利用数码相机和扫描电镜对泡沫钛孔隙结构与形貌观特征进行了观察,通过静态的室温压缩试验,测试了泡沫钛的力学性能与吸能特性。研究发现,应用挂浆烧结法制备的泡沫钛继承了先驱体的结构特征,呈三维立体网状结构,且孔棱是非致密的,存在大量的微孔。泡沫钛是应变速率不敏感的,在应变速率3×10_-4s_-1~1×10_-2s_-1范围内,其屈服强度为1.00MPa~2.38MPa,且泡沫钛具有一定的吸能特性,细孔泡沫钛和粗孔泡沫钛的最大吸能量分别为0.78MJ/m₃和0.22MJ/m₃。     

High strain rate compressive characterization of aluminum alloy/fly ash cenosphere composites

The strain rate dependence of compressive response is determined for aluminum alloy/hollow fly ash cenosphere composites. A4032 alloy is used as the matrix material. Quasi-static and high strain rate compression tests are conducted on the matrix alloy and the composite. A split-Hopkinson pressure bar is used for high strain rate testing. While the matrix alloy does not show any appreciable strain rate sensitivity, the composite shows higher strength at higher strain rates. The energy absorption capability of A4032/fly ash cenosphere composites is found to be higher at higher strain rates.     

2219铝合金动态压缩下应变率敏感性行为研究

为了研究2219铝合金的应变率敏感性行为,采用分离式霍普金森冲击压杆装置(SHPB)对两种热处理状态(T4态和T6态)2219铝合金进行了动态压缩实验,并利用金相显微镜(OM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对压缩后的试样进行了显微分析。研究发现两种热处理状态下材料应变率超过2000 s-1时,材料的流动应力显著下降,即出现显著的应变率软化行为。基于应变率敏感性行为随真实应变及应变率的二维等高线图,发现在高应变量、高应变率条件下材料表现出负应变率敏感性行为,流动应力随着应变量与应变率的提升而下降。通过理论计算及微观组织表征,发现温升软化和变形带导致的软化作用,是材料在高应变量、高应变率表现出负应变率敏感性行为的重要原因。     

Effects of particle size,bimodality and heat treatment on mechanical properties of pumice reinforced aluminum syntactic foams produced by cold chamber die casting

In recent years,metal matrix syntactic foams (MMSFs) have become highly attractive owing to their unique physical,microstructural and mechanical features.Due to their promising potential for different industrial areas like automotive,aviation,and defense,these advanced engineering materials can also be evaluated as serious alternatives to particle reinforced metallic composites and conventional metallic foams.Differently from previously reported laboratory scaled techniques in the literature,this experimental effort focuses on the feasibility of MMSF manufacturing via a fully automated and industrial-based cold chamber die casting technique.Accordingly,1–2 mm,2–4 mm,and bimodal (50vol.%) natural-based pumice filled aluminum syntactic foams were manufactured utilizing a purpose-made casting machine.Physical,macroscopic,and microscopic examinations show that all of the fabricated samples display perfect matrix/filler harmony.Average density levels of fabricated syntactic foams range between 1.50 and 1.80 g·cm^-3 depending upon the pumice particles size interval.To assess mechanical responses,quasi-static compression tests were performed.Furthermore,half of the foam samples were subjected to heat treatment to explore possible influences of aging on the compressive features and damage modes.Results indicate that although the heat treatment enhances the compressive strength,plateau stress,and energy absorption properties of the fabricated foams,it changes damage mode of the samples by causing brittle dominant deformation.