Designing a fine‐grained parallel differential evolution with Pareto tournaments for solving an optical networking problem

The future of designing optical networks focuses on the wavelength division multiplexing technology. This technology divides the huge bandwidth of an optical fiber into different wavelengths, providing different available channels per link of optical fiber. However, when it is required to establish a set of demands, a problem comes up. This problem is known as routing and wavelength assignment problem. In this work, we have tackled the static routing and wavelength assignment problem by using multiobjective evolutionary computing. The algorithm applied is the differential evolution but modified with the Pareto tournaments concept for being adapted to the multiobjective context. By using OpenMP, an application programming interface that supports multiplatform shared memory multiprocessing programming, we have demonstrated that this algorithm is highly suitable to be parallelized. We have performed several experiments in multicore systems with two, four, and eight cores, obtaining 97.57% of mean efficiency. To ensure that our heuristic obtains relevant results, we have compared it with a parallel version of the standard fast nondominated sorting genetic algorithm. Finally, in order to show the goodness and effectiveness of the differential evolution with Pareto tournaments algorithm when dealing with this problem, we present diverse multiobjective comparisons with the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm and other approaches published in the literature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于禁忌遗传算法求解路由和波长分配问题

静态的路由选择和波长分配(RWA)问题是WDM光网络中的一个重要问题,目前常用的处理方法是将RWA问题拆成选路子问题和波长分配子问题.静态RWA问题通常先按某种策略确定建立光路的顺序,然后用启发式算法加以解决.提出通过禁忌遗传算法对光路的建立顺序进行优化,然后用基于爬山算法的启发式算法来求解以波长数最小为优化目标的静态RWA问题.通过对ARPANet等5种实际光网络的仿真表明,提出的算法和文献[5]相比,所用的波长数更少,且大部分优化结果达到最优.     

多粒度光网络中动态路由与波长分配算法

通过分析多粒度光网络路由与波长分配的特点,针对WAPG算法的波长碎片问题,通过定义5种不同的逻辑链路权重,修改了WAPG算法的波长权重标注方法,达到减少波长碎片的目的。仿真结果表明,提出的修正算法有效地减少了多粒度光网络中的波长转换数,降低网络的阻塞概率,同时节省网络资源。     

基于遗传算法的动态RWA问题的研究

针对WDM光传送网中的动态路由选择和波长分配(RWA)问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法的动态RWA方法。将遗传算法与相对容量影响(RCI)波长分配算法相结合,以实现对RWA算法的改进。仿真结果表明,与现有最短路径算法[1]相比,该算法能有效提高网络资源利用率,促进波长资源的合理分配。     

Traffic grooming, routing, and wavelength assignment in WDM transport networks with sparse grooming resources

While a single fiber strand in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has over a terabit-per-second bandwidth and a wavelength channel has over a gigabit-per-second transmission speed, the network may still be required to support traffic requests at rates that are lower than the full wavelength capacity. To avoid assigning an entire lightpath to a small request, many researchers have looked at adding traffic grooming to the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem. In this work, we consider the RWA problem with traffic grooming (GRWA) for mesh networks under static and dynamic lightpath connection requests. The GRWA problem is NP-Complete since it is a generalization of the RWA problem which is known to be NP-Complete. We propose an integer linear programming (ILP) model that accurately depicts the GRWA problem. Because it is very hard to find a solution for large networks using ILP, we solve the GRWA problem by proposing two novel heuristics. The strength of the proposed heuristics stems from their simplicity, efficiency, and applicability to large-scale networks. Our simulation results demonstrate that deploying traffic grooming resources on the edge of optical networks is more cost effective and results in a similar blocking performance to that obtained when distributing the grooming resources throughout the optical network domain.     

On the joint link dimensioning and routing metric assignment problem for reliable WDM networks

In this paper, we tackle the joint link dimensioning and routing metric assignment problem for reliable wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks. This design problem consists to find the number of wavelength channels on each link and the routing metrics (considering shortest-path routing) that ensure the routing of all virtual wavelength paths (VWPs) and the successful rerouting of the reliable VWPs for all failure scenarios of interest to the network planner. A mixed integer mathematical programming model is proposed for the problem. The model is adapted for the single link failure scenarios. Since the problem is NP-hard, we propose a tabu search algorithm to obtain good approximate solutions for real-size instances of the problem. Finally, a lower bound is proposed and numerical results are presented and analyzed.     

WDM网络中满足延迟和延迟差约束的分布式组播路由与波长分配算法

在WDM网络中,由于每条链路上可用波长是动态变化的,在考虑波长转换延迟时间的条件下,实现实时组播连接的路由与波长分配是十分困难的。论文提出了一种用于建立满足延迟时限和延迟差要求的实时组播连接的分布式路由与波长分配算法。该算法假定每个节点没有全局路由信息,只根据关联链路的信息进行路由选择,且将路由与波长分配统一进行。组播路由算法以Prim最小生成树算法为基础,生成一棵满足给定延迟时限的最小成本树。对不满足延迟时限的目的节点,通过增加回路边构造回路再消除长延迟路径的方式,加入到组播树中。对不满足延迟差的目的节点,采用重构Steiner树的方法,使其满足延迟差的要求。波长分配使用最少波长转换和负载平衡策略。     

WDM全光网络中优化组播路由的遗传算法

在WDM网络中，路由和波长分配是紧密联系在一起的，即在建立光连接的过程中，不但需要确定路由，还要为该路由分配合适的波长资源。该文给出了一种遗传算法以解决在给定一组时延受限的组播请求的情况下，如何为这些组播请求建立合适的组播路由树，从而使得该组组播树所占用的波长数最小的问题。通过使用一种合适的二维染色体编码表示，并设计适合问题的交叉和变异操作，从而算法可以有效地搜索假设空间，实验模拟结果表明了该算法具有快速有效的特点。     

IP／DWDM光因特网中一种基于人工免疫算法的QOS组播路由算法

本文提出了一种IP／DWDM光因特网中基于人工免疫算法的QoS组播路由算法，当QoS组播请求和需求区间给定时，能够找到一棵基于QoS的柔性费用近优组播路由树。该算法基于人工免疫算法构造QoS组播路由树，并基于波长图对树进行波长分配，将路由和波长分配集成到一个过程中，同时考虑了负载平衡。仿真结果表明，算法为IP／DWDM光因特网中的组播应用构造的QoS组播路由树是可行和有效的。     

基于WAPG动态路由与波长分配的优化算法

多粒度交换能减少交换节点中的交换矩阵规模及复用器和解复用器的数目,很大程度降低了网络成本,但使得光纤网络路由与波长分配问题变得更加复杂.通过分析多粒度光网络交换节点的结构和动态路由与波长分配的特点,定义5种不同的逻辑链路权重标注方法,提出一种基于路径图波带分配的路由与波长分配模型,达到减少波长碎片的目的.模拟结果表明,该方法能有效地减少多粒度光网络中的波长转换数和降低网络成本.     

Applying MOEAs to solve the static Routing and Wavelength Assignment problem in optical WDM networks

Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM) in optical networks has revolutionized the Telecommunication field. This technology is able to exploit the enormous bandwidth capability of this kind of networks, allowing communication between end users via all-optical WDM channels (lightpath). Given a set of demands, the problem of setting up lightpaths by routing and assigning a wavelength to each connection is known as Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) problem. There are two types of connection demands: static (demands are given in advance) and dynamic (demands are given in real-time). In this paper we present two different Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEA) with the aim of solving the static RWA problem. The first one is a population-based algorithm, the Differential Evolution (DE), but incorporating the Pareto Tournament concept (DEPT). The second one is a multiobjective version of the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS), MO-VNS. In order to prove the goodness of our metaheuristics, we have compared them with the standard Fast Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II), typical heuristics in the Telecommunication field, and different varieties of Multiobjective Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms. On the whole, we conclude that our approaches have obtained very promising results.     

An improved multiobjective approach inspired by the flashing behaviour of fireflies for Traffic Grooming in optical WDM networks

Nowadays, the traffic demands in optical networks are low-speed traffic requests (low bandwidth requirement of a few Mbps) that employ the huge capacity of a fiber channel (Gbps), causing a waste of bandwidth as a result. Fortunately, by using electronic grooming nodes, we can multiplex (groom) several low-speed demands onto one channel in order to optimize the available resources in an optical network. The problem of grooming low-speed traffic requests is known in the literature as the Traffic Grooming problem and is considered an NP-hard optimization problem. In this work, we use both multiobjective optimization and evolutionary computation with the aim of facing this optical networking problem. The selected evolutionary algorithm is based in the behaviour of fireflies, the Firefly Algorithm (FA). In order to optimize more than one conflicting objective function of the Traffic Grooming problem simultaneously, we have modified the standard FA to the multiobjective domain (MO-FA). After carrying out different experiments with diverse real-world optical networks, comparing the results of the MO-FA with other multiobjective approaches and different standard heuristics for this problem, we can conclude saying that the new version of the MO-FA is an effective approach for dealing with this telecommunication problem.     

一种光因特网中的一体化QoS组播路由算法

讨论了IP/DWDM光因特网中的一体化多约束QoS组播路由和波长分配算法。给定一个QoS组播请求,包括带宽需求、组播端到端延迟上界和延迟抖动上界,提出了一种算法,它能够找到一棵同时满足上述三个约束的组播树。提出的算法基于一种类似于波长图的逻辑拓扑来构造组播树。逻辑拓扑上的路径同时指出路由和该路由上的可用波长。通过这种方式,算法将路由和波长分配集成在一起一体化考虑。最后,阐述了算法的正确性。     

基于禁忌搜索的集成式QoS组播路由算法

研究了IP／DWDM光因特网中的集成式QoS组播路由算法,在考虑负载均衡的前提下,针对用户组播请求与柔性QoS需求,寻找一棵QoS组播路由树。由于该问题的NP难属性,因此基于禁忌搜索算法来构造费用近优QoS组播路由树,同时集成一种基于分段和波长图思想的波长分配算法,一体化解决路由与波长分配问题。仿真结果表明,提出的算法是可行和有效的。     

波分复用光传输网中波长路由算法的研究进展

光纤正迅速成为主干通信网的标准传介媒质．随着光学器件的发展，使得信号在传输过程中，除了在源、汇节点需要光电转换外，中间节点可保持光传输，这种通信网络叫光传送网．光传送网中的波分复用技术是将整个光纤的带宽分成多个信道，不同的信道可使用不同的波长来同时进行信息传输，从而增加了整个网络的带宽．在光传送网中，实现一个通信请求需要建立一条通信路径，并为该通信路径所经过的每条链上分配一个波长，即所谓波长路由．该文详细介绍了波分复用光传送网中波长路由算法的研究进展，内容包括波长分配算法、网络的信元阻塞率分析、容错和QoS波长路由、多播波长路由、最小化ADM数路由以及基于光或光电连接的并行机模型等．     

IP/DWDM光Internet中智能QoS组播路由算法

提出了一种IP／DWDM光Internet中基于蚁群算法的智能QoS组播路由算法。给定QoS组播请求与用户延迟需求区间,提出的算法寻找一棵基于柔性QoS的成本近优组播路由树。它基于蚁群算法来构造组播路由树,并基于波长图思想对组播路山树进行波长分配,一体化考虑组播路由选择和波长分配问题,同时还考虑了IP／DWDM光Internet中的负载均衡问题。仿真研究表明,算法是可行和有效的。     

Routing and wavelength assignment with power considerations in optical networks

Previous studies have solved many variations of the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) problem in optical networks under the assumption of perfect conditions regarding the power of a signal. In this paper, we investigate the RWA problem while allowing for degradation of routed signals by optical components. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear program. We propose a two-phase approach. In the first phase, we solve the pure RWA problem using fixed routes for every connection. In the second phase, power assignment is accomplished by either using a heuristic or using a genetic algorithm. This paper demonstrates that: (i) connections do interact affecting the power of each other, and (ii) global search meta-heuristics provide better solutions.     

A multipopulation parallel genetic simulated annealing-based QoS routing and wavelength assignment integration algorithm for multicast in optical networks

In this paper, we propose an integrated Quality of Service (QoS) routing algorithm for optical networks. Given a QoS multicast request and the delay interval specified by users, the proposed algorithm can find a flexible-QoS-based cost suboptimal routing tree. The algorithm first constructs the multicast tree based on the multipopulation parallel genetic simulated annealing algorithm, and then assigns wavelengths to the tree based on the wavelength graph. In the algorithm, routing and wavelength assignment are integrated into a single process. For routing, the objective is to find a cost suboptimal multicast tree. For wavelength assignment, the objective is to minimize the delay of the multicast tree, which is achieved by minimizing the number of wavelength conversion. Thus both the cost of multicast tree and the user QoS satisfaction degree can approach the optimal. Our algorithm also considers load balance. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and effective. We also discuss the practical realization mechanisms of the algorithm.     

WDM网络中一种时延约束多播路由算法

文章提出了一种在有限波长转换器的WDM网络中,基于拉格朗日松驰的时延约束最小代价多播路由算法。该算法将WDM网络中的寻径与波长分配合成一步,并充分考虑到波长转换器的限制,利用拉格朗日松驰方法的特点,通过对松驰参数的变化得到每链路上的聚合代价,从而得到一棵近似于最优解的多播树。     

Method of Inequality-Based Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm for Domestic Daily Aircraft Routing

This study proposes a method of inequality-based multiobjective genetic algorithm (MMGA) to solve the aircraft routing problem. The proposed algorithm includes the following features: 1) a method of inequality to confine a genetic algorithm to search a Pareto optimal set in regions of interest with little computing effort; 2) an improved rank-based fitness assignment method to significantly increase the speed of fitness evaluation; and 3) a repairing strategy to relax the infeasible flight schedules to help reduce violations of solutions. The MMGA is successfully applied to solve the aircraft routing problems in a local airline company.