利用S5计时器解决塔式制麦浸麦投料时的堵料问题

大连中粮麦芽有限公司的工艺流程和设备是采用德国塞格（Seeger）塔式制麦设备，自控系统是采用德国西门子（Siemens）的软硬件，具有世界先进技术水平。其特点是将传统的平面流程改为融浸麦、发芽、干燥为一体的立体布置，原料大麦一次提升至塔顶，利用自重落料方式，由上至下逐层完成工序处理，高温焙焦后的麦芽由塔底送出除根入仓。     

法麦Vanessa制麦特性的探讨

法麦Vanessa是优质的啤酒大麦,但该品种大麦不同于国麦和其它进口大麦,制成的麦芽通常粘度和葡聚糖较高,因此,制麦时要根据大麦特性适时制定相应工艺,才能获得优质麦芽。     

大麦的喷雾浸渍及设备

我厂是年产一万吨啤酒的生产厂家。年产麦芽1700吨,有四套12吨的箱式发芽设备,自制了两个30m~3圆锥形喷雾浸麦槽。一、大麦喷雾浸溃设备的结构及作用为了提高制麦质量和缩短浸麦时间,在自制的洗麦浸麦设备上增加了二氧化碳抽吸泵和喷雾等设备。     

制麦条件对麦芽氨基酸组成的影响

在制麦过程中,大麦中的蛋白质在蛋白酶的作用下逐渐分解为低分子肽类和氨基酸,这些营养物质为酵母的生长和代谢提供了保障。实验采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定麦芽中氨基酸的含量和组成,并研究了不同麦芽品种和工艺条件下,麦芽氨基酸组成的变化规律。结果表明,不同大麦品种在相同的工艺下,其氨基酸组成差异并不显著;同种大麦采用不同的制麦工艺其氨基酸含量和组成差别明显。     

大麦浸渍过程中水合度变化的研究

浸麦是制麦过程的第一工序,浸麦过程的麦粒水合程度直接影响到后续发芽过程各种酶的产生,从而影响麦芽的溶解情况和各种有机酸的形成。本文应用国际上新兴的水合度指标,深入剖析浸麦过程中的麦粒变化与水分扩散趋势,并通过水合度指标评价麦粒的浸麦质量,最后将试验数据结合实际生产情况,得出了适宜的浸麦水温范围,为生产中确定浸麦工艺提供了理论依据。     

国产大麦制麦工艺初探

从国产大麦的质量差异出发，讨论了其制麦工艺的特性，制麦方法，焙焦工序。提出在制麦过程中，加强中间产品检查，完全可以制备出适合啤酒生产的麦芽，酿制高品质啤酒。     

调整制麦工艺改善麦芽质量

本文针对一批滤速不好的麦芽，分析其理化指标，研究制麦工艺对成品麦芽质量的影响，调整制麦工艺，最终使该批大麦生产的麦芽质量得到了很大改善。     

关于新疆大麦制麦工艺的探讨

关于新疆大麦制麦工艺的探讨赵恩学王海娟（黑龙江省伊春啤酒股份有限公司）衣艳萍（黑龙江省双鸭山啤酒厂）为了保证麦芽质量的稳定和提高，这就要求我们根据不同品种的大麦制定不同的生产工艺，从而为啤酒生产提供优质的麦芽。一、新疆大麦的特性新疆大麦由于受西北内陆...     

论酿造大麦的质量特性与制麦工艺、麦芽质量的关系

众所周知,酿造大麦的质量特性对制麦工艺、麦芽质量有着决定性的影响。如何依据大麦的质量状况而制订出相对合理的制麦工艺,较准确地预测麦芽质量的状况是非常重要的。作者提出个人的一点拙见,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。1 大麦的生理特性与制麦工艺、麦芽质量的关系1.1实验室发芽率此指标说明有生命力的麦粒所占的百分率。可以用2.3.5—三苯基四唑氯化物染色法测定或H_2O_2测定。     

大麦品种和制麦过程对麦芽含脂量的影响

脂类物质影响啤酒泡沫稳定性并对啤酒老化有重要作用.啤酒中脂类物质的浓度和性质取决于原料的组成和酿造过程.本文研究了大麦品种和制麦过程对麦芽含脂量的影响.采用意大利的四种春大麦和一种冬大麦作为样品,进行微型制麦和分析.本研究旨在确认大麦品种对麦芽含脂量及制麦过程中脂肪酸（FA）含量变化的影响.采用主成分分析（PCA）建立不同样品之间的关系,同样也对大麦的含脂量和制得麦芽品质的相关性进行了评估.数据显示制麦过程中大麦转化为麦芽时总脂含量显著下降;不同大麦品种的脂肪酸含量和脂肪酸图谱均不同.大麦含脂量和制得麦芽质量的相关性确认了脂类的负面影响.     

BARLEY MATURITY AND THE EFFECTS OF STEEP AERATION ON MALTING

Micromalting experiments were carried out with barleys varying in maturity. During steeping, which included water changes, the barleys were either allowed to remain static (the controls) or were mixed at intervals or were mixed continuously in continuously aerated water. No significant improvement in the uniformity of endosperm hydration, relative to controls, was found where grains had been mixed or were continuously aerated during steeping. Mature barley responded to continuous aeration with rapid germination during the steeping process, resulting in high malting losses. Periodic mixing during steeping had little effect on malt quality. It is suggested that, where air-rests are provided and mixing is not required to alleviate pressure, aeration (air-sparging) may be of no benefit when malting mature barley. Water-sensitivity was partially overcome by constant aeration, although periodic mixing was ineffective, hence aeration may be useful in malting water-sensitive barleys. The use of intermittent or continuous aeration inhibited the germination of undried dormant barleys. It is suggested that this effect was due to the excessive proliferation of microorganisms where aeration and mixing were provided.     

Effect of Different Steeping Conditions on Endosperm Modification and Quality of Distilling Malt

This study showed that when barley was steeped in water for either 8 h or 16 h, hydration of endosperm materials was suboptimal and modification of endosperm materials of barley malt was inadequate. The malt produced under these steeping regimes gave poor friability scores and produced a large number of whole grains. When barley was steeped for 24 h on a continuous basis, or when a regimented standard steeping method was used, the malt produced gave higher friability scores and a much lower number of whole grains. An important relationship was found between friability scores and whole grain results for the malt samples produced under these conditions. Optic barley, whose endosperm was more difficult to hydrate, gave a strong negative correlation between friability scores and number of whole grains at R² = 0.8689. Oxbridge, whose endosperm was more easily hydrated, gave a much stronger negative correlation between friability scores and number of whole grains at R² = 0.9769. Rapid visco‐analysis (RVA) results also confirmed that steeping the barley samples for only 8 h or 16 h produced malt that modified poorly as the RVA peak viscosities were very high. RVA pasting results further confirmed that when barley was steeped for 24 h on a continuous basis, or when a standard regimented steeping method was used, good quality malt was produced and no differences were found in the RVA peak viscosities of the barley malt samples produced under the two different steeping conditions. The results of protein breakdown (proteolysis) during these experiments, measured in terms of total soluble nitrogen (TSN) production, or soluble nitrogen ratio (SNR) further confirmed that optimal proteolysis was achieved when barley was steeped for either 24 h on a continuous basis, or with a standard steep. Optimal results were also found for hot water ex‐tractable materials such as hot water extract (HWE) and free amino nitrogen (FAN) when barley was steeped for 24 h or the standard steep. The 24 h continuous steep for barley produced quality malt comparable to that obtained when the standard regimented steep was used for steeping barley. For both Optic and Oxbridge barley, with a 24 h continuous steep, produced malt that gave significantly higher fermentabilities and PSY values, regardless of germination time, than those obtained using a standard regimented steep. Therefore steeping barley for 24 h on a continuous basis prior to malting will produce good quality malt for some barley samples/varieties. This will help to reduce water usage during steeping, will save steeping time thereby reducing malting time and will reduce the amount of water for effluent treatment. All of these factors result in an overall cost saving for the malting industry.     

Potential of Hull‐less Barley Malt for Use in Malt and Grain Whisky Production

Hull‐less (or husk‐less) barley is possibly one of the most important developments in barley in recent years. This study looked at the potential of hull‐less barley for use by the Scotch whisky industry. By modifying the malting conditions for hull‐less barley, it was possible to provide good alcohol yield as well as significant improvements in processing characteristics. The biochemistry controlling the germination of hull‐less barley was consistent with established knowledge about ‘normal’ hulled barley except that care is needed to ensure the consistency of feedstock, particularly since hull‐less barley may be prone to embryo damage during harvesting in the field. Our results indicated that the new batches of hull‐less barley studied, produced malt that gave much improved mash filtration rates in comparison with previous batches of material. These experiments demonstrated that by changing the malting conditions, to give a much shorter steeping cycle (8 h), it is possible to reduce water usage substantially in the malting industry, since only one ‘wet’ cycle was used, and also reduce germination times since optimum alcohol yield was achieved on day 4 germination rather than day 5 for conventional husked barley. This could save costs in terms of water, energy and time for the malting industry. The study also confirmed the potential of hull‐less barley for providing significant benefits for Scotch whisky distillers, both in terms of higher alcohol yields, and increased throughput, by showing that it is possible to overcome some of the filtration issues that have been previously associated with hull‐less barley. This study indicated that the new material was better suited than previous batches to both malt and grain distilling, both in terms of enzyme development and potential distillery performance, and further showed that viscosity problems associated with grain distillery co‐products can be significantly reduced when using hull‐less barley malt in the grain distillery. These would be substantial potential benefits for the Scotch whisky distilling industry.     

Changes in Germination and Malting Quality During Storage of Barley

To increase brewing yield and efficiency, malts with high extract values, high enzymic activities and good modification are essential. To produce malt that meets these requirements, the barley employed must have minimal post‐harvest dormancy and be able to germinate vigorously. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which some Australian barley varieties changed during post‐harvest storage, how these changes influenced germination characteristics, enzyme production and malt quality, and, of the germination tests examined, which gave the best indication of a barley's malting potential. Four commercially grown barley samples were obtained, one from Tasmania and three from Victoria. Each sample was stored at room temperature for one year. At monthly intervals, samples were taken and placed at ?18°C. The germinative energy (GE) and germinative index (GI) of these samples were measured. Samples were also micro‐malted and the quality of the malt was assessed using standard EBC methodology. Storage at room temperature positively influenced the germination characteristics of all samples, with concomitant improvements in hydrolytic enzyme production during malting and in a number of malt quality parameters. It was found that, of the germination tests examined, the GI consistently correlated with enzyme activities during malting and with various malt quality parameters thus indicating that the GI is a good indicator of malting potential.     

The Influence of Barley Storage on Respiration and Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase During Malting

Malt is produced by the controlled, but limited germination of barley. To produce good quality malt, the barley employed must be able to germinate rapidly and synchronously. Dormancy is a seed characteristic that can interfere with the rapid and uniform germination of barley, thereby reducing the resultant malt quality. Various studies have shown that post harvest storage can be used to remove dormancy and enhance barley germination characteristics and malt quality. Because of its complexity, the fundamental basis of dormancy induction, maintenance and termination remain unknown. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is the rate limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and has been associated with dormancy decay and increased seed vigor of a variety of different seeds. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in barley germination vigour were associated with respiration and/or G6PDH changes during malting. Commercially grown barley (cv. Gairdner) was obtained from various states of Australia and stored at room temperature for up to 7 months. At 1, 3 and 7 months, samples were taken and stored at ?18°C. The germinative energy (GE) and germinative index (GI) of these samples were measured. Samples were micro‐malted and the α‐amylase activity, respiration rate, and G6PDH activity of the germinating grains were measured at various stages of malting. It was found that storage of barley for up to seven months significantly improved the germination characteristics and increased the α‐amylase activity during malting. However, these improvements were not associated with concomitant changes in respiration rate or G6PDH activity during malting.     

Effect of batch‐to‐batch variation on the quality of laboratory and commercially malted Oxbridge barley

The malting performance of two different batches of Oxbridge barley was studied. The study showed that a single 24 h continuous laboratory steep was suitable for steeping the two batches of Oxbridge to provide good quality malt. Although each batch represented the same variety, and was of similar malting quality, they behaved differently in terms of friability scores, filtration rate and predicted spirit yield (PSY) by day 4 of the germination period. Worts prepared from the two malts gave different patterns of filtration rates, showing that each batch of Oxbridge modified at a different rate and in a different way, although they achieved similar final PSY results at the end of the malting period. The two batches of Oxbridge both malted rapidly, but behaved differently in terms of modification pattern, as revealed by the Rapid Visco‐Analysis peak viscosities, as well visual germination results. The results of this study confirmed that, given the same malting conditions, batch 1 germinated more rapidly than batch 2, and supports the view that Oxbridge shows some inconsistency as a malting barley variety. The study further showed that the PSY result per se is not necessarily a good indicator of optimum modification of finished malted barley. This study showed that, while a particular barley variety, such as Oxbridge, may be associated with certain qualities and can produce good quality malt when a short steeping cycle is used, other factors are likely to cause batch‐to‐batch variations from the same barley variety. While the short steeping cycle was very successful in producing high‐quality laboratory malt from Oxbridge, and results in a significant reduction of the quantity of water required for steeping, reduces malting time and also saves costs, there is evidence that there may be some additional variability associated with Oxbridge malting barley. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

江苏单二大麦麦芽主要酿造品质的形成

江苏啤酒大麦在国内啤酒行业具有重要的作用, 但其质量也存在一些明显的不足, 影响了其广泛应用于啤酒生产中。本文对江苏啤酒大麦及其麦芽中存在的微生物及其影响、所形成的真菌毒素进行了综述。并针对江苏啤酒大麦麦芽过滤性能的缺陷原因进行了探讨, 为进一步推进江苏啤酒大麦产业链的健康发展提供了思路。     

Malting for Brewhouse Performance*

In many instances brewhouse performance cannot be predicted from a finished malt specification. This is particularly so for factors such as lautering, yeast performance, filtration and head character. There are two aspects involved in improving the brewing performance of malt. Firstly, an understanding of the malt characteristics affecting particular aspects of the brewing process and secondly an understanding of how the malting process affects or can be controlled to optimise these characteristics and thus their performance. In this work the relationship between barley variety, steeping pattern, malt quality and brewing performance is investigated. Six different barley varieties were micromalted in a Seeger micromalting unit under four different steeping regimes. Sub-samples were taken at intervals during steeping for enzyme analysis and measurement of water distribution. Following steeping, the samples were germinated and kilned using standard micromalting conditions. Finished malts were analysed by standard EBC methods for routine malt quality parameters including apparent attenuation limit. Worts were tested for total β-glucan content, β-glucan molecular weight distribution, filter plugging potential and carbohydrate levels. A sub set of malt samples were then micro-brewed and tested for β-glucan molecular weight (MW) distribution, beer filterability and foam stability.     

Effect of Germination Moisture and Time on Pearl Millet Malt Quality — With Respect to Its Opaque and Lager Beer Brewing Potential

The effect of germination moisture and time on pearl millet malt quality was investigated. Two pearl millet varieties SDMV 89004 and 91018 were germinated at 25°C under three different watering regimes for 5 days. As with sorghum malting, diastatic power, beta‐amylase activity, free α‐amino nitrogen (FAN), hot water extract and malting loss all increased with level of watering. However, pearl millet malt had a much higher level of beta‐amylase and higher FAN than sorghum malt and a similar level of extract. Malting losses were similar or lower than with sorghum. Thus, it appears that pearl millet malt has perhaps even better potential than sorghum malt in lager beer brewing, at least as a barley malt extender, especially in areas where these grains are cultivated and barley cannot be economically cultivated. Also, its increased use in commercial opaque beer brewing, where sorghum malt is currently used, could be beneficial.     

A study on malt modification,used as a tool to reduce levels of beer hordeins

Storage proteins from barley, wheat and rye are toxic to gluten sensitive consumers. These consumers include those suffering from coeliac disease, which account for up to 1% of the global population, and non‐coeliac gluten sensitivity that may affect even greater numbers of the population. Codex Alimentarius has published guidelines and limits of gluten in gluten‐free foods, which are applied in Europe, and similar guidelines apply in the rest of the world. The storage proteins present in barley are hordeins. These proteins are broken down and used by the plant as a source of amino acids during germination and growth of the barley embryo. The objective of this study was to extend the germination stage of the malting process and look at the effect on beer hordeins. Standard MEBAK methods were used to develop an extended malting process and produce three different malts, germinated for 3, 5 or 7 days. The quality of malt was assessed and model beers were produced from each malt to test the effect of modification on levels of beer hordeins. Malt germinated for 7 days produced beer 18 mg/kg hordeins corresponding to a reduction of 44% compared with the beer made from malt germinated for 3 days characterized by a hordein content equal to 32 mg/kg. The malting loss was increased during the 7 days of germination but otherwise all malts were of high quality. The results showed that malting conditions have a significant impact on beer hordeins. Copyright © 2018 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling