奥氏体耐热不锈钢310S的抗高温氧化性能研究

采用增重法研究了奥氏体耐热不锈钢310S在700、900和1 000℃空气中高温氧化动力学,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)等手段,对氧化膜的形貌和组成进行了分析.结果发现,700℃时氧化速率比较稳定且氧化增重较小,其余温度下氧化增重较大且遵循抛物线规律.该钢中Cr在高温时容易形成FeO·Cr2O3、FeO·Fe2O3和尖晶石结构(FeCr2O4,NiCr2O4)等保护性氧化膜,是310S钢具有良好的抗高温氧化性能的重要原因.     

一种含铝奥氏体不锈钢的高温氧化行为

采用称量法研究了新型Cr21Ni35NbAl合金分别在700 ℃、800 ℃和900 ℃空气中的静态氧化行为,并绘制其高温氧化动力学质量增加曲线。结合X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）对高温氧化膜层的形貌及结构进行表征。结果表明：新合金的高温氧化动力学质量增加曲线遵循抛物线规律,700 ℃氧化膜主要为(Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3和少量Al2O3;800 ℃氧化膜较为复杂,主要为Al2O3、(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3和少量Fe(Cr, Al)2O4;900 ℃时氧化膜主要为Al2O3和少量(Al0.9Cr0.1)2O3。     

热轧退火态430不锈钢的高温抗氧化性能

研究了热轧退火态的430铁素体不锈钢在700~900℃的高温氧化行为,测量了其恒温氧化增重曲线,利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)观察分析了氧化表面形貌和组成,使用X射线衍射仪(XRD)鉴定了氧化物的种类。结果表明:在700℃生成的Cr2O3氧化膜不足以覆盖基体,材料氧化缓慢;800℃时氧化速率相对较大,生成的氧化物主要为Cr Mn1.5O4和Fe2O3;900℃时氧化十分迅速,材料表面有大量Fe2O3突起;退火温度对材料高温氧化性能影响不大。     

铝对马氏体抗磨耐热钢高温抗氧化性能的影响

通过650℃和800℃下的氧化增重测量、氧化动力学分析、氧化膜XRD分析和氧化膜表面EDS分析,研究了铝对马氏体抗磨耐热钢高温抗氧化性能的影响规律。结果表明:随着含铝量的增加,抗磨耐热钢的氧化增重不断减小。含铝量为1.97%时,试样在650℃下的平均氧化速率为0.009 5 g·m-2·h-1,在800℃下的平均氧化速率为0.028 5 g·m-2·h-1,氧化产物由Al2O3、Cr2O3、Fe(Cr Al)2O3和Fe(Cr Al)2O4组成。铝含量大于1.47%时,Al2O3氧化膜连续且致密,试样在650℃和800℃下均为完全抗氧化钢。     

GH3535合金700℃恒温氧化行为研究

利用增重法,研究了GH3535合金在700℃/700 h下的恒温氧化行为。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)和同步辐射荧光(SRXRF)分析技术研究了GH3535合金高温氧化膜的氧化动力学、形貌及氧化物的组成。结果表明,GH3535合金在700℃/700 h氧化后表面氧化膜无明显剥落,氧化动力学曲线遵循立方规律,氧化膜厚度为5μm左右,无内氧化现象发生。700℃下,GH3535合金属于完全抗氧化等级。合金表面生成的氧化膜成分以Ni O、Cr2O3、Ni Cr2O4和Ni Mn2O4为主。     

Fe-30Mn-9Al奥氏体钢高温循环氧化特征

研究了Fe-30Mn-9Al奥氏体钢在700℃、800℃和950℃空气中循环氧化160 h表面形成的氧化膜形貌、成分和组织结构.Fe-30Mn-9Al奥氏体钢在700℃和800℃氧化时,初期增重较快,随着循环次数增加,氧化增重减小,氧化160 h分别增重1.00和4.08 mg/cm2.氧化层主要由Mn2O3,Al2O3和(Mn,Fe)2O3等相组成.在950 ℃,钢的氧化增重显著上升,160 h增重43.50 mg/cm2,表面形成了Fe2O3、MnO2以及MnAl2O4、Al2Fe2O6等复合氧化物.800℃下循环氧化后形成了多层氧化物膜 ,外层以Mn2O3型氧化物为主,内层以Al2O3为主;钢基体表面为 富Fe、贫Mn的铁素体层.      

奥氏体不锈钢Cr18Ni3Mn11Cu3NbN高温抗氧化性能

采用称重法测得了奥氏体不锈钢Cr18Ni3Mn11Cu3NbN在不同温度下的高温氧化动力学曲线,结果表明,该钢在700℃和800℃的氧化曲线遵循抛物线氧化规律,根据平均氧化速度的评级标准,在此温度下钢＂完全抗氧化＂。利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射的方法对氧化膜表面的形貌及结构进行了研究,发现该钢700℃氧化膜致密完整,主要由Mn2O3、MnFe2O4（尖晶石结构）和Cr的氧化物组成;800℃氧化膜出现脱落,主要由Mn2 O3、MnFe2 O4（尖晶石结构）、Cr的氧化物和Fe的氧化物组成;900℃氧化膜脱落严重,主要由Mn2O3、Fe2O3、尖晶石结构的MnFe2O4组成。     

金属型铸造Fe3Al合金的高温抗氧化行为

采用静态增重法测定了中频感应炉熔炼、金属型冷却制备的Fe3Al合金在700、850、1000℃的高温氧化行为,700、850℃时合金的氧化动力学曲线基本符合抛物线规律,1000℃的则不符合;合金在氧化过程中表现为完全抗氧化级.X射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析表明,700℃×125h的氧化膜主要由FeAl2O4、Cr2O3和少量的Al2O3组成;850、1000℃时氧化膜分为两层,内层主要由FeAl2O4和Fe2O3组成,表层为Al2O3,在实验时间内Al2O3氧化膜没有完全覆盖内层氧化膜;随着氧化温度的升高,氧化时间的延长,合金表层的Al2O3氧化膜将由θ-Al2O3向α-Al2O3转变.     

新型镍基高温合金950℃氧化行为的研究

利用静态增重法研究新型镍基高温合金950℃氧化动力学,氧化增重分段遵循抛物线规律.并且通过XRD、SEM和EDX等观察和分析.结果表明,新型镍基高温合金氧化膜的组成主要以Cr2O3为主,并且含有(Co,Ni)Cr2 O4,Al2O3及TiO2,在氧化过程中,发生了内氧化.     

新型镍基高温合金在950℃和1000℃的氧化行为

利用热重分析法、XRD和SEM(EDX)研究了1种新型镍基高温合金在950℃和1000℃的高温氧化行为。合金在950℃氧化时，氧化增重遵循抛物线规律，表面氧化膜无剥落，在1000℃氧化时表面氧化膜出现剥落，仍近似遵循抛物线规律。氧化膜由Cr2O3，Ni，Co)Cr2O4，TiO2，SiO2和Al2O3组成，并有内氧化现象发生。合金在1000℃的氧化速度比在950℃时约高出1个数量级。根据氧化膜的组成进一步分析了合金的氧化机理。     

铸造镍基合金K444在900℃空气中的长期氧化行为

用热重法研究镍基高温合金K444在900℃下氧化1000 h的动力学。结果表明,K444合金氧化动力学遵从抛物线规律,以x射线衍射、扫描电镜和能谱分析及电子探针成分分析测定氧化膜的组成,结果表明氧化膜由多层组成,外层为TiO₂,内层以Cr₂O₃为主还包括内氧化层和贫Υ′层。观察到沿晶界偏聚的碳化物氧化,提出了氧化饥制。     

Oxidation characteristics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo

Static oxidation kinetics of Ti-25Al-10Nb-3V-1Mo (atomic percent) were investigated in air over the temperature range of 650–1000°C using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidation kinetics were complex at all exposure temperatures and displayed up to two distinct stages of parabolic oxidation. Breakaway oxidation occurred after long exposure times at high temperatures. Oxidation products were determined using x-ray diffraction techniques, electron microprobe analysis, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Oxide scale morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces and cross-sections of oxidation specimens. The oxides during the parabolic stages were compact and multilayered, consisting primarily of TiO₂ doped with Nb, a top layer of Al₂O₃ and a thin bottom layer of TiN. The transition between the first and second parabolic stage is linked to the formation of a TiAl layer at the oxide-metal interface. Porosity also formed in the TiO₂ layer during the second stage, causing degradation of the oxide and breakaway oxidation.     

Effects of aluminum on the oxidation of 25Cr-35Ni cast steels

The oxidation kinetics and morphological development during reaction of two cast austenitic steels at 1000°C in pure dry oxygen at 20 kPa are reported. Both steels contained approximately 25 wt.% Cr and 35 wt.% Ni and, in addition, one steel contained 3.3 wt. %. Both steels oxidized to form external scales consisting mainly of Cr₂O₃ with a thin outer layer of manganese rich spinel. Scale growth kinetics were parabolic, and somewhat faster rates were observed for the aluminum bearing steel. In both steels, deep internal oxidation occurred at the site of primary (interdendritic) carbides. The kinetics of this process were parabolic, and rate control was attributed to oxygen diffusion along the interface between internal oxide and matrix metal. In the aluminum-free steel, interdendritic carbides were converted to chromium rich oxide, but when aluminum was present, a sheath of aluminum rich oxide formed around the carbides. In this latter case, the rate of interdendritic penetration was somewhat slower. The aluminum bearing steel also formed large numbers of rod-shaped Al₂O₃ precipitates within the austenitic dendrites. Deepening of the Al₂O₃ precipitate zone also proceeded according to parabolic kinetics at a rate consistent with rate control by diffusion of oxygen along the oxide-alloy interfaces.     

等离子喷涂NiCrCoAlY涂层氧化控制研究

利用等离子喷涂技术制备了NiCrCoAlY粒子和涂层,研究了等离子喷涂过程中NiCrCoAlY粒子的氧化行为以及屏蔽气体对NiCrCoAlY涂层抗高温氧化性能的影响。结果表明,粒子在飞行过程中存在对流氧化和扩散氧化两种氧化机制,对NiCrCoAlY粒子来说,在距喷嘴55 mm以内的射流中心处以对流氧化为主,在距离喷嘴55 mm以外将以扩散氧化为主;除飞行中的氧化外,粒子在喷涂过程中还发生形成涂层后的氧化,NiCrCoAlY粒子以飞行中的氧化为主;添加屏蔽气体能减少喷涂过程中涂层的氧化,提高涂层的抗高温氧化性能     

纯钛TIG焊接接头的高温氧化行为

对纯钛氩弧焊焊接接头在550 ℃下氧化不同时间（2,4,6,8 h）以及在不同温度（650,750,850,950 ℃）下氧化4 h的氧化动力学、氧化形态和氧化产物进行了研究。结果表明,在550 ℃下,氧化时间对焊接接头氧化行为的影响有限,而氧化温度对纯钛焊接接头的氧化行为有显著影响,且温度越高,氧化越严重。在低温下,纯钛焊接接头的氧化动力学接近准线性定律,随着温度升高,氧化速率呈指数增长。此外,焊接接头表面产生的氧化产物是具有锐钛矿和金红石结构的TiO₂,温度对TiO₂的类型没有明显影响。纯钛焊接接头的氧化过程可描述为：氧气在表面被吸收;氧化物优先在缺陷区形核;氧化物横向生长、增厚。在较高温度下,氧化膜中出现裂纹或空隙,成为O原子传输通道,导致O和Ti原子的高扩散速率和氧化速率。     

The Effect of Crystallographic Orientation on the Oxidation Behavior of a Single-Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The oxidation kinetics of DD100 nickel-base single-crystal alloy, with (221) and (100) surface orientations were tested in this study by thermogravimetry. A pronounced anisotropy in both the cyclic and isothermal oxidation resistance of DD100 alloy was observed. The (221) crystallographic surface of DD100 had a slower oxidation rate than the (100) surface when isothermally exposed to stationary air at 950°C, whereas the opposite results were obtained at 1050°C. When cyclically oxidized at 1100°C, the weight loss of samples with (221) surfaces was significantly greater than that of (100) surfaces, so that the cyclic-oxidation anisotropy was more remarkable at 1100°C than at 950°C. The different spatial alignment of the / interface is thought to be responsible for the anisotropic oxidation behavior of the nickel-base single crystal alloy.     

High temperature oxidation of metals under time-dependent gas pressure

A theoretical study on the high-temperature oxidation of thick oxide films grown under a time-dependent gas partial pressure is reported. The diffusion across the film is assumed to be the rate-limiting step of the overall reaction, and Wagner's hypotheses were used as the starting point for our reasoning. A general formulation for the oxidation under no time constant gas pressure, in terms of a time-dependent answer function is given. The effect of an external electric field on the reaction rate is also reported when a constant current density,J, is applied to the oxide scale. If the oxide is a good electronic conductor atJ=0 andt , we found that the reaction rate assumes formally the well-known Wagner's expression of the rate constant but with a gas partial pressure at oxide/gas interface which is a time function. If the oxide is a good ionic or electronic conductor, the effect due to an external electric field,J 0, on the reaction rate is the same as predicted by the Wagner's theory.     

Fe-Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为

研究了Fe-5Y和Fe-10Y合金在800℃空气中的氧化行为。结果表明：二元Fe-Y合金氧化动力学曲线不规则,此温度下Fe-10Y合金的氧化速率高于Fe-5Y合金的氧化速率。Fe-5Y合金及Fe-10Y合金形成了相似的氧化膜结构,且它们都发生了内氧化现象。同时合金未形成单一的Y₂O₃层,这归结于Y在Fe中非常低的溶解度及合金中两相共存而阻碍了Y通过合金向外扩散。     

V/Nb对Ti-45Al-9(V, Nb, Y)合金抗氧化性能的影响

βγ-TiAl合金具有良好的高温变形能力,为TiAl合金的发展开辟了新的途径。成功制备了不同x=V/Nb(x=1,1.5,2,3.5)的βγ-TiAlTi-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金,研究了上述合金在800℃静止空气中的氧化行为。结果表明:当x=1时,Ti-45Al-9(V,Nb,Y)合金中形成条带状、连续致密的Al2O3氧化层,显著提高了合金的抗氧化能力。随着x=V/Nb的增加,Al2O3氧化层厚度变薄,合金的抗氧化能力下降。     

Oxidation resistance of eight heat-resistant alloys at 870°, 980°, 1095°, and 1150°C

Oxidation testing of heat-resistant alloys is described. The testing procedure utilized weight-gain measurements using one specimen, which was withdrawn and weighed at intervals of 1 week, for 10–18 weeks. The specimen was placed in a porcelain cup during exposure and covered upon cooling to retain spalled oxide. Weight gain was used to determine the kinetics of oxidation and was extrapolated to 3000 hr. The specimen was withdrawn at the end of the exposure, weighed, cathodically descaled, and reweighed. The ratio of oxygen ions to metal ions was determined for each alloy and test temperature. This ratio approaches the stoichemetric ratio for Fe₃O₄ or Cr₂O₃. The ratio for each test is used to convert weight gain to weight loss. The amount of adherent oxide was determined as well as the total amount of oxide, leading to an expression for oxide adherency. The oxidation resistance of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys increased with increasing Cr and Ni, with Cr being the most critical element. Additions of Si, Al, or Ce were shown to extend the usefulness of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys.