偏航速度对风力机功率及叶片应力的影响研究

通过实验测试,以动态旋转平台模拟风力机风向变化及偏航对风,研究不同偏航速度及偏航延时时间对风力机叶片应力及功率的影响。结果表明：动态偏航对风过程中,应力值基本呈由前缘向后缘、叶根向叶尖递减的趋势,在叶展方向0.67R及0.75R处,叶根弦向方向0.25c及0.50c处出现应力集中现象,偏航延时时间的加入可有效抑制叶片应力波动,过慢的偏航速度会导致功率曲线出现较大波动。引入一无量纲系数,该系数为风力机功率及叶片应力的比值,通过分析得知在仅考虑风力机叶片应力及功率时,风力机最佳偏航速度为0.5°/s。     

基于惯性网络的兆瓦级风电叶片形变测量算法研究

针对目前风电叶片形变过程中挠曲度测量误差较大的问题,提出一种基于惯性网络的相对运动监测算法。首先根据应力分析对叶片建立主从式惯性网络,然后推导出主子节点间的相对运动解算方法并建立相对导航误差模型,设计相对导航误差估计滤波器,通过误差反馈保证子节点的位姿解算精度;其次构建联邦式的相对惯性导航误差估计滤波器进行主子节点的数据融合,提高风电叶片的形变估计精度及系统整体的容错性;最后对某型风电叶片进行静力加载试验,试验结果表明：该算法可准确测量出叶片上各节点在三维空间的位移曲线,3个子节点在挥舞方向的平均相对误差仅为0.92%、1.18%、1.07%。该算法可实时监测风电叶片的位姿状态,在叶片检测及风力机日常运行的安全监测上具有较好的理论研究意义与工程应用价值。     

大型风力机叶片在不同平均风速作用下的挠度及应力分析

利用有限元分析软件对风力机叶片在不同平均风速作用下的挠度和应力进行了分析。采用Davenport脉动风速谱模拟出不同平均风速,并计算出叶片各部位的挠度及其应力分布。计算结果表明,叶片的振动主要以挥舞振动为主,随着工作风速的增大,叶片挥舞振幅增大,叶片承受的mises应力主要集中在叶片迎风面的中部位置。该研究为风力机叶片的安全设计提供了技术参考。     

气动力和离心力对风力机叶片应力影响研究

针对自行研制的NACA4415翼型水平轴风力机,通过流固耦合的数值模拟计算方法,考虑气动力和离心力以及两者耦合作用,选取叶片最大弦长、中部弦长、气动中心线展向以及最大应力点位置,分析风力机叶片在不同工况下的应力特性分布规律。结果表明:在气动力作用下,叶片相同弦长位置处迎风面应力小于背风面应力,且随尖速比和入流风速增大而增大,最大应力点位置随着尖速比增大沿翼展向外且靠近叶片前缘方向延伸;在离心力作用下,叶片相同弦长位置处迎风面应力大于背风面应力,且随尖速比增大而增大,而最大应力点均在叶根最大弦长位置(9.93 mm,10.80 mm,-126.33 mm);在耦合作用下,叶片相同弦长位置处迎风面应力大于背风面应力,随尖速比和入流风速增大而增大,且依次大于气动力和离心力产生的应力,而最大应力点均在叶根最大弦长位置。仿真结果对于风力机翼型的选择及优化设计具有重要的理论意义及参考价值。     

可变偏心距风力机应力应变特性研究

针对新型可变偏心距风力机,通过数值模拟及实验测试的方法,研究偏心距离对风轮、塔筒及侧偏调节机构受力的影响。结果表明,在来流风速增大的条件下,可变偏心距风力机通过增大偏心距可减小叶片受力,风轮向右侧偏心100 mm时叶片最大应力是未偏心工况的86%;随着偏心距离的增大,塔筒在俯仰方向受力增长趋势放缓,受风轮偏转角增大的影响,塔筒在侧弯方向受力处于持续增大的状态;在向右偏心距离增大的过程中,风轮侧偏调节机构应力及应变逐渐向右侧集中,最大应力、应变始终处于中间部位,结果验证了偏心距调节方式的可行性及安全性。     

新型变桨风力机结构设计与性能分析

为满足分布式电网发展要求,提高小型风力机风能利用率,防止大风条件损坏风力发电设备,文章设计了一种应用于小型风力机的新型主动统一变桨调节装置。文章介绍了装置的基本构造与工作原理,利用熔融沉积3D打印技术制作小比例模型验证了变桨装置的可行性,并通过数值模拟方法对功率输出性能及风轮载荷进行了模拟分析。模拟结果表明:通过适当调节桨距角大小,可有效控制风力机输出功率保持在额定功率值附近,且高转速条件下增大桨距角对功率输出性能有较强抑制作用;叶片应力集中区域主要在叶根及叶片中部靠近前缘部位,在功率调控过程中,随着桨距角与风速的增加,应力集中区域由叶中向叶根转移,最大应力值总体呈下降趋势。     

仿鸮翼非光滑前缘对风力机叶片气动性能的影响

经过数百万年的进化,鸮形目鸟类在其飞行行为上显现出许多优异的特征。文章选取鸮翼的非光滑前缘作为仿生对象,设计出一种仿生风力机叶片,并分析非光滑前缘结构对风力机叶片气动性能的影响。采用S-A湍流模型,对低雷诺数下原型风力机叶片和仿生风力机叶片进行绕流流场模拟。模拟结果表明,在大攻角下,仿生风力机叶片的前缘凸起能够改变气流在叶片表面的流向分布,使气流在吸力面仍保持附着流动,进而减少叶片吸力面的失速区,有效延缓叶片失速现象的发生,从而使得仿生风力机叶片的失速角比原型风力机叶片的失速角推迟了10°左右,改善了风力机叶片的气动性能。     

双层翼水平轴风力机气动性能研究

以NREL Phase VI风力机叶片为参照对象,设计一种双层翼叶片.在不同来流风速下,对该新型水平轴风力机叶片气动性能进行数值模拟,对比原始NREL Phase VI风力机在相同来流风速相同叶片高度处的流线图,发现双层翼叶片可较有效抑制流动分离.进一步将双层翼风力机叶片的扭矩值、弯矩值分别与相同条件下NREL Pha...     

风力机叶片静力测试与分析

利用风力机叶片动力特性实验台测试了风力机叶片在载荷作用下的形变特性,通过改变加载力的大小和加载位置进行多组实验,计算各个截面的弯矩;通过实验和有限元静力分析找出了风力机叶片主要承力部件,对风力机叶片的设计和制造提供了参考依据,对提高风力机的总体性能和优化设计具有重要意义。     

弯扭耦合作用下变频风机叶片断裂分析与治理技术研究

针对某变频运行风机发生的叶片断裂故障,采用无线应变测试技术获取了不同工况下转轴扭矩脉动特性。建立叶轮叶片有限元模型,获取风机各阶模态特性;将实测脉动扭矩作为激励,计算扭矩脉动下叶片所承受的应力特性。结果表明：电机输出谐波可能激发叶片轮盘弯扭耦合共振,导致叶片局部应力增大,进而疲劳断裂;叶片顶部加之字形加强筋可以有效减小叶片振动,预防断裂。     

Power,structural and noise performance tests on different wind turbine rotor blade designs

Most blades available for commercial-grade wind turbines incorporate a straight, span-wise profile and airfoil-shaped cross-sections. These blades are found to be very efficient at low and medium wind speeds compared with the potential energy that can be extracted. This paper explores the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the blades by modifying the blade design to incorporate a swept edge. The design intends to maintain efficiency at low to medium wind speeds by selecting the appropriate orientation and size of the airfoil cross-sections based on an oncoming wind speed and given constant rotation rate. The torque generated from a blade with straight-edge geometry is compared with that generated from a blade with a swept edge as predicted by CFD simulations. To validate the simulations, the experimental curve of the NTK500/41 turbine using LM19.1 blades is reproduced using the same computational conditions. In addition, structural deformations, stress distributions and structural vibration modes are compared between these two different turbine blade surfaces.     

Optimized linearization of chord and twist angle profiles for fixed-pitch fixed-speed wind turbine blades

The chord and twist angle radial profiles of a fixed-pitch fixed-speed (FPFS) horizontal-axis wind turbine blade are based on a particular design wind speed and design tip speed ratio. Because the tip speed ratio varies with wind speed, the originally optimized chord and twist angle radial profiles for a preliminary blade design through optimum rotor theory do not necessarily provide the highest annual energy production (AEP) for the wind turbine on a specific site with known wind resources. This paper aims to demonstrate a novel optimal blade design method for an FPFS wind turbine through adopting linear radial profiles of the blade chord and twist angle and optimizing the slope of these two lines. The radial profiles of the blade chord and twist angle are linearized on a heuristic basis with fixed values at the blade tip and floating values at the blade root based on the preliminary blade design, and the best solution is determined using the highest AEP for a particular wind speed Weibull distribution as the optimization criteria with constraints of the top limit power output of the wind turbine. The outcomes demonstrate clearly that the proposed blade design optimization method offers a good opportunity for FPFS wind turbine blade design to achieve a better power performance and low manufacturing cost. This approach can be used for any practice of FPFS wind turbine blade design and refurbishment.     

大型风力机叶片模态测试与分析

利用建成的大型风力机叶片的振动特性分析装置,用测力法和不测力法对风力机叶片进行模态试验及分析,测试了风力机叶片的模态参数（固有频率、阻尼和振型）,得到了叶片的振动特性。采用共振法将偏心电机和变频器连成一体作为激励源测试了叶片的固有频率,实验验证了单叶片的危险运行频率。对大型风力机叶片模态试验及分析提供了可靠的实验装置和试验方法,对风力机叶片动力学特性分析提供有力工具。     

Accuracy of an efficient framework for structural analysis of wind turbine blades

This paper presents a novel framework for the structural design and analysis of wind turbine blades and establishes its accuracy. The framework is based on a beam model composed of two parts—a 2D finite element‐based cross‐section analysis tool and a 3D beam finite element model. The cross‐section analysis tool is able to capture the effects stemming from material anisotropy and inhomogeneity for sections of arbitrary geometry. The proposed framework is very efficient and therefore ideally suited for integration within wind turbine aeroelastic design and analysis tools. A number of benchmark examples are presented comparing the results from the proposed beam model to 3D shell and solid finite element models. The examples considered include a square prismatic beam, an entire wind turbine rotor blade and a detailed wind turbine blade cross section. Phenomena at both the blade length scale—deformation and eigenfrequencies—and cross section scale—3D material strain and stress fields—are analyzed. Furthermore, the effect of the different assumptions regarding the boundary conditions is discussed in detail. The benchmark examples show excellent agreement suggesting that the proposed framework is a highly efficient alternative to 3D finite element models for structural analysis of wind turbine blades. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电叶片子部件测试平台构建及拉挤板材力学特性研究

为探究风电叶片强度测试体系与拉挤板材力学行为,首先提出一种用于风电叶片金字塔结构测试技术,提出子部件试验新概念;其次进行子部件测试平台机械结构、液压系统及控制方案的设计,并利用有限元分析进行验证;最后基于所设计测试平台对子部件,即拉挤板材进行静力试验。结果表明：风电叶片金字塔结构的测试方案准确可行;部件试验设备最大应力发生在加载支架后梁,最大应力为242.5 MPa,最大位移为1.049 mm,未超其结构应力应变极限;拉挤板材破坏载荷为800 kN,失效变形形态包括弹性、屈服和断裂3个阶段,有限元分析数据与试验结果吻合较好,最终结果可为全尺寸叶片测试局部失效状况提供数据参考。     

基于流固耦合的风力机塔筒动态特性分析

塔筒动态特性分析对风力发电机的振动设计起着关键作用。文章以1.5 MW风力发电机塔筒为研究对象,将叶片旋转和随机风载荷作为载荷输入条件,建立风力机塔筒叶片旋转载荷模型、流固耦合风载荷模型、结构动力学方程,分析计算得到随机载荷下叶片旋转和风载共同作用时,风力机塔筒动态特性评估方法。     

Effect of blade number on performance of drag type vertical axis wind turbine

The effect of blade number on performance of drag type vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is studied by Ansys numerical simulation, it involves 3-blade, 5-blade and 6-blade VAWTs. The optimized width of blade for each VAWT at maximum power efficiency is obtained, and simulation for the wind turbine with different number of blade is conducted for the VAWTs with turbine radius of 2 m at the inlet wind speed 8 m/s. By simulations, it gets the evolution curve of torque with respect to time, and the cyclical characteristics for these wind turbines. The results show that the maximum power efficiency and the stability of the wind turbine increase with the number of blade of the wind turbine, however the optimal d/D decreases with the number of blade of the wind turbine. The maximum power efficiencies are 20.44, 24.30 and 26.82% for 3-blade, 5-blade and 6-blade wind turbines, and the correspondingly optimal d/D are 0.66, 0.40 and 0.35, respectively. While the optimal rotational rate of turbine decreases with blade number.     

MW级风力发电机组联合仿真运动分析

根据在Adams系统中建立的MW级风力发电机组的机械模型和Adams与Matlab之间的接口,在Matlab环境中建立了偏航运动、转子运转和变桨运动的控制方法。根据给定机组的参数,研究了机组偏航运动、转子运转和变桨运动在启动阶段的特性。研究发现:在启动过程中,由于变桨运动、偏航运动和发电机转子旋转同时存在,将产生陀螺效应和惯性力,并施加在运动副上;即使对发电机施加冲击和干扰,控制模型都能够保证风力发电机组稳定运行;由于牵连运动、相对运动和惯性力的影响,转子角速度、偏航运动和变桨运动均不可能做到匀加速或匀减速运动。     

Fracture mechanics approach for failure of adhesive joints in wind turbine blades

Composite components of wind turbine blade are assembled with adhesive. In order to assess structural integrity of blades it is needed to investigate fracture of joints. In this study, finite element analysis based on fracture mechanics was conducted to characterize failure of adhesive joint for wind turbine blade. The cohesive zone model as proposed fracture mechanics approach was verified through the comparison of numerical results with experimental data. Finite element models of wind turbine were developed to predict damage initiation and propagation. Numerical results based on fracture mechanics showed that failure was initiated in the edge of the adhesive bond line due to high level of shear stress prior to reaching the extreme design loading and propagated progressively.     

Design and construction of a simple blade pitch measurement system for small wind turbines

For small wind turbines to be reliable they must have in place good mechanisms to protect themselves against very high winds or sudden removal of load. One common protection method in small wind turbines is that of blade feathering. It is important that the blade feathering mechanism of a small wind turbine is tested before the turbine is installed in the field. This paper presents a simple system for monitoring the blade feathering of a turbine with an overall component cost that small wind turbine manufacturers can afford. The Blade Pitch Measurement System (BPMS) has been designed and constructed by the Research Institute of Sustainable Energy (RISE) and aids small wind turbine manufacturers in testing and optimising the settings of the blade feathering mechanisms on their machines. The results show that the BPMS was successful in recording the behaviour of the blade feathering mechanism in field trials with a 20 kW and a 30 kW wind turbine. The BPMS displays significant potential as an effective, inexpensive system for small wind turbine manufacturers to ensure the reliability of their pitch regulating over-speed protection mechanisms.