Spray drying conditions for orange juice incorporated with lactic acid bacteria

This work aimed to develop an orange juice powder by spray drying with lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum 299v and Pediococcus acidilactici HA‐6111‐2), testing their survival both during drying and storage (room temperature and 4 °C). Initially, the best conditions for spray drying were chosen to allow the best survival of each LAB: (i) inlet air temperature of 120 °C and (ii) 0.5:2 ratio of the orange juice soluble solids and drying agent added (prebiotics: 10 DE maltodextrin or gum Arabic). Survival of LAB was not affected by drying process, and it was higher when cultures were stored at 4 °C. A slightly higher protection was conferred by 10 DE maltodextrin, in the case of L. plantarum and at 4 °C. Pediococcus acidilactici was more resistant during storage at 4 °C, with logarithmic reductions lower than 1 log‐unit. It was demonstrated that it is possible to produce a functional nondairy product, orange juice powder supplemented with prebiotic compounds, containing viable LAB for at least 7 months, when stored at 4 °C.     

Isolation and identification of spoilage microorganisms using food-based media combined with rDNA sequencing: Ranch dressing as a model food

Investigating microbial spoilage of food is hampered by the lack of suitable growth media and protocols to characterize the causative agents. Microbial spoilage of salad dressing is sporadic and relatively unpredictable, thus processors struggle to develop strategies to minimize or prevent spoilage of this product. The objectives of this study were to (i) induce and characterize spoilage events in ranch-style dressing as a model food, and (ii) isolate and identify the causative microorganisms using traditional and food-based media, coupled with rDNA sequence analysis. Ranch dressing (pH 4.4) was prepared and stored at 25 °C for 14 d and microbial populations were recovered on MRS agar and ranch dressing agar (RDA), a newly formulated food-based medium. When isolates suspected as the spoilage agents were inoculated into ranch dressing and held at 25 °C for 9–10 d, three unique spoilage events were characterized. Using rDNA sequence comparisons, spoilage organisms were identified as Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Torulaspora delbrueckii. P. acidilactici produced flat-sour spoilage, whereas Lb. brevis resulted in product acidification and moderate gas production. The RDA medium allowed for optimum recovery of the excessive gas-producing spoilage yeast, T. delbrueckii. The isolation and identification strategy utilized in this work should assist in the characterization of spoilage organisms in other food systems.     

降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选、鉴定及生长特性

从香肠、腊肉、泡菜、酸奶等传统发酵食品中获得的42株乳酸菌,应用不同胆固醇源的高胆固醇MRS-broth测定其降胆固醇能力,从中筛选出降胆固醇能力较高的6株菌,分别为CM7,S9,P5,P9,Y1,P215菌株。其中P215菌株具有较好的耐酸性、一定的胆盐耐受力和较高胆固醇降解率。结合形态学、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析,P215菌株被鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plan-tarum)。并研究了P215菌株在添加鸡蛋黄和化合物胆固醇的MRS-broth中的生长曲线、pH值变化及胆固醇降解率。结果表明,P215菌株在高胆固醇MRS中2 h后进入对数生长期,10 h后进入稳定期,22 h后逐渐进入衰退期。     

植物乳杆菌ST-ⅢproU基因簇的克隆、表达

分离自泡菜的植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ能够在盐浓度高达8%的环境下存活,其特有的质粒上存在一个与转运相容性溶质相关的proU基因簇,系统发育分析发现,proU基因簇与耐盐能力较高的戊糖乳杆菌IG1相应基因的相似性达100%,因此推测proU可能与植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ的耐盐能力相关。将proU及其包含的基因proX、proW、proV分别克隆到质粒pNZ8148上,并电转化到耐盐能力较低的乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中。重组菌株在添加3%NaCl和1mmol/L甜菜碱的化学成分确定培养基（CDM）中培养,以原始菌株乳酸乳球菌NZ9000（pNZ8148）为对照,测定耐盐能力。结果表明,各个基因均能在重组菌中表达,表达量与对照菌株相比至少提高了106倍,且重组菌株的耐盐能力均优于对照菌株,因此,proU与植物乳杆菌ST-Ⅲ耐盐能力直接相关。      

乳酸菌代谢工程的研究与应用

综述了乳酸菌代谢工程的研究与应用，阐述了利用基因工程技术改良乳酸菌发酵剂产双乙酰能力、蛋白质水解能力、胞外多糖的合成能力以及抗杂菌病原菌污染能力4个方面的最新研究进展。     

添加乳酸片球菌AS185的益生菌Ricotta干酪品质评价

将一株益生性乳酸片球菌（Pediococcus acidilactici）AS185添加到Ricotta干酪中,通过理化指标、质构特性、乳酸菌活菌数、挥发性成分分析等评价AS185对干酪品质的影响。结果表明,经4 ℃冷藏21 d后,添加乳酸片球菌AS185的益生菌乳清干酪的脂肪、蛋白质和水分质量分数分别为17.60%、27.47%和49.95%,pH值为4.75,均与未添加益生菌的对照干酪无显著差异。贮藏21 d,乳酸菌活菌数为7.45 log CFU/g,符合益生菌产品要求;益生菌乳清干酪的硬度、粘聚性、胶着度和咀嚼度分为723.85 N、0.97 mm、699.58和699.61 mJ,均高于对照干酪,其质地更为结实,更具有咀嚼感。在挥发性成分的种类和含量方面,益生菌乳清干酪共检测出15类成分,其中酸类、醇类、酮类的相对含量较高,分别为38.56%、24.64%、13.76%,均高于对照组;在外观色泽、滋气味和组织状方面,益生菌干酪与对照干酪无显著差异（p>0.05）,但整体可接受性方面优于对照组,说明益生菌乳酸片球菌AS185的添加对干酪风味的形成有积极作用。乳酸片球菌AS185具有适合Ricotta乳清干酪加工的技术特性,是一株有应用前景的益生菌菌株。     

外源信号分子AI-2对发酵乳杆菌TG4-1-1和乳酸片球菌11-3产胞外多糖的影响

研究群体感应信号分子AI-2对发酵乳杆菌TG4-1-1和乳酸片球菌11-3胞外多糖产量的影响,探讨信号分子AI-2对乳酸菌分泌胞外多糖的调控机制。采用苯酚-硫酸法和哈维氏弧菌BB170生物发光法测定菌株不同培养时间胞外多糖产量和AI-2活性,筛选添加最佳浓度的外源信号分子AI-2,测定菌株的生长量、胞外多糖产量、AI-2活性,扫描电镜观察菌体形态及冷冻干燥后多糖形态。结果表明:发酵乳杆菌TG4-1-1和乳酸片球菌11-3均在10 h时AI-2活性最强,22 h时胞外多糖产量最高,分别达到(195.863±1.643)mg/L和(125.179±1.458)mg/L。100μmol/L外源AI-2为菌株TG4-1-1和11-3的最佳添加浓度,而该浓度对两株菌各阶段生长量均无显著影响(P>0.05),对菌株TG4-1-1在16～22 h和菌株11-3在13～22 h的胞外多糖产量有显著促进作用(P<0.05)。同时,显著增强试验菌株在10 h时AI-2的活性(P<0.05)。添加100μmol/L外源AI-2培养13 h后菌体表面光滑,形状规则,形态饱满,其对胞外多糖形态...     

高效同化胆固醇乳酸菌菌株的筛选及在食品中的应用

从发酵食品中分离筛选能高效同化胆固醇的乳酸菌,以开发低胆固醇系列产品。从25个来源不同的样品中,分离筛选出8株乳酸菌,与活化出的8株已知乳酸菌共同在特殊培养基中培养,最后筛选出2株具有较高同化胆固醇能力的菌株。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌应用于食品中,对食品风味影响较小,可大量应用。     

Influence of bacterial dynamics upon the final characteristics of model Portuguese traditional cheeses

The microbiological profile in raw milk cheeses is typically characterized by a multitude of microbial groups, with interactions among them throughout ripening that are not fully understood to date. Incidence of undesired microorganisms in raw cheesemaking milk, as is the case of either spoilage or even pathogenic ones, is a common trait in Portuguese traditional cheeses. Hence, they will likely contribute to the physicochemical changes occurring therein and, consequently, to the characteristics of the final product. In order to gain insight into their role, model cheese systems, manufactured as far as possible according to artisanal practices (except that the initial microbial load and biodiversity were controlled), were experimentally tested. Single contaminants, or a consortium thereof, were inoculated at two levels in sterilized raw ewe's milk, and duly combined with inocula containing one or two lactic acid bacteria normally found in those traditional cheeses. The physicochemical composition, organic acid profile, and evolution of both protein breakdown and rheology were monitored throughout a 60 d-ripening period. Modifications brought about within the cheese matrix as a result of microbial metabolism, especially those arising from the interaction between lactic acid bacteria and unwanted microorganisms, included the enhanced release of peptides and free amino acids, which in turn led to higher viscoelastic moduli. The final model cheeses could be well discriminated, based on the impact of the various inocula considered upon the levels of organic acids. Conversely, proteolysis and viscoelastic properties appeared to be essentially independent of the initial microflora.     

乳酸菌胞外多糖的生理功能及其在食品中的应用

本文概述了乳酸菌胞外多糖的生理功能、生理活性的研究现状，介绍了乳酸菌胞外多糖在酸奶、干酪等产品上的应用及最新研究进展，展望了乳酸菌胞外多糖的研究开发前景和方向。     

Observations on the succession dynamics of lactic acid bacteria populations in chill-stored vacuum-packaged beef

Drip samples were collected at 4-week intervals from 10 vacuum-packaged beef striploins stored for 16 weeks at −1.5 °C and assayed for populations of lactic-acid bacteria (LAB), pH and spoilage-causing fermentation products. A total of 15 LAB species were identified using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and biochemical analysis. A pattern of succession was observed during storage between strains of Carnobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Pediococcus. Acetic acid production was associated with increasing LAB populations generally and butyric acid production was associated with the development of a particular strain of Leuconostoc. Changes in pH is postulated as a driver of succession.     

Probiotics in fermented sausages

Probiotic foods receive market interest as health-promoting, functional foods. They have been introduced in a wide range of food industries. However, commercial application of probiotic microorganisms in fermented sausages is not common yet. There are both advantages and disadvantages connected to fermented meat matrices. They are adequate for the carriage of probiotic bacteria since they are usually not or only mildly heated and may promote the survival of probiotic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract. In contrast, bacterial viability may be reduced due to the high content in curing salt and the low water activity and pH. Therefore, results are expected to be strain-dependent. Up till now, several approaches have been followed but most results are too preliminary to be able to evaluate the effect of probiotic fermented meats on human health. Candidate probiotic strains have been obtained through screening for technological requirements among bacteria that are naturally present in the meat or that originate from meat starter cultures. Alternatively, existing probiotic bacteria have been applied in meat products. Finally, the evaluation of the end-products needs to deal with both health effects and technological characteristics, for instance through human intervention studies and taste panels, respectively.     

Lactic acid starter and probiotic bacteria: a comparative “in vitro” study of probiotic characteristics and biological barrier resistance

Probiotic characteristics (deconjugation of bile salts, hydrophobicity and β-galactosidase activity) and the resistance to biological barriers (gastric juice and bile salts) of 24 strains of lactic acid starter bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Lactococcus lactis) and 24 strains of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus and bifidobacteria) were compared. Among the probiotic bacteria tested, Lactobacillus acidophilus was the most interesting species since it showed high values of resistance to gastric juice and bile, hydrophobicity and β-galactosidase and bile salts deconjugation activities. Bifidobacterium bifidum strains showed the same behavior, although the values of the parameters investigated were slightly lower than those obtained for Lactobacillus acidophilus. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was the lactic acid starter species with the best probiotic characteristics among the starter species assessed. It was resistant to gastric juice and bile, and showed high values for β-galactosidase activity. On the other hand, lactic acid starter bacteria showed hydrophobicity values similar to or higher than those obtained for the strains of the Lactobacillus casei . According to the results found, the total probiotic value of a fermented dairy product should take into account not only the intestinal probiotic cultures used in the formulation but also the probiotic contribution of the lactic acid starter microflora.     

发酵方式对蔬菜质构和抗氧化性的影响

研究了5%NaCl腌渍预处理、发酵温度对白菜和大蒜泥混合物质构和抗氧化性能的影响。结果表明,腌渍预处理可改善产品质构,处理后半固态发酵与固态发酵产品质构无显著差异。腌渍预处理后接种乳酸菌对混合物进行发酵,得到的产品其甲醇提取物浓度是8mg/mL时,还原力是α-生育酚和丁基羟基茴香醚(BHA)的1.2～1.6倍;浓度是2mg/mL时,半固态发酵产品的2,2-二苯代苦味酰基苯肼(DDPH)自由基清除力是76.1%,固态发酵产品的是80.5%。     

Changes in the microbiological and chemical characteristics of an artisanal, low-fat cheese made from raw ovine milk during ripening

Changes in the microbial flora of batzos cheese made from raw ovine milk were studied during ripening. Lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant groups of micro-organisms. Cheeses manufactured in summer had higher microbial counts than those made in spring, with the exception of staphylococci. Nevertheless, Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms decreased more rapidly in cheese made in summer and counts at the end of storage were lower than those in spring cheese.
Enterococci predominated in the ripened curd of cheese made in spring, whereas lactobacilli were the most abundant lactic acid bacteria in cheese made in summer. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant species in spring, and Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei predominated in cheese made in summer. The pH of the cheeses was > 5.0 throughout ripening, and NaCl-in-moisture content (> 8.0%) permitted the growth and survival of salt-tolerant micro-organisms. α_s1-Casein degraded at a faster rate than β-casein; both caseins were hydrolysed more rapidly in spring than in summer. The free amino acid content became higher in summer cheese (566.24–3460.25 µg/g of glycine equivalent) than in spring cheese because of the progress of ripening. Moreover, the milk fat of the cheese was degraded more in the summer than in the spring. The results suggest that there could be advantages to using starter cultures and improving the level of hygiene during milk and cheese production in order to eliminate undesirable micro-organisms and standardize cheese quality.     

以植物乳杆菌和戊糖片球菌为发酵剂的发酵香肠工艺研究

以植物乳杆菌和片球菌混合作为发酵香肠的发酵剂,通过接种量,发酵温度,菌种配比三项指标并通过正交实验测定比较不同配比发酵剂的发酵香肠的产品质量.结果表明:接种量8%,33℃发酵,植物乳杆菌与戊糖片球菌的比例1:1为最佳比例.     

Functional properties of Lactobacillus strains isolated from kimchi

The objective of this study was to evaluate the functional properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented vegetable product generally consumed raw as a side-dish with practically every meal.Twelve mild acid producing facultatively heterofermentative Lactobacillus strains were selected for their potential as starter cultures for fermentation of kimchi, and evaluated for their functional properties. Eleven strains were identified as Lactobacillus sakei and one as Lactobacillus plantarum. The strains identified as L. sakei differed in some physiological features; of particular interest was the fact that 9 of these strains produced L(+) lactic acid from glucose in presence of acetate.All strains were able to survive gastrointestinal conditions simulating stomach and duodenum passage. In addition, they showed higher adherence to HT-29 cells than Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, a commercial probiotic strain used worldwide. These strains also showed antimicrobial activity against a number of food-borne pathogens. Their ability to lower cholesterol was demonstrated by BSH (bile salt hydrolytic) activity, and cholesterol assimilation tests in vitro. The results suggest the probiotic potential of these strains for use in kimchi fermentation.     

乳酸菌的研究现状及其应用

乳酸菌是发酵糖类主要产物为乳酸的一类无芽孢、革兰染色阳性细菌的总称。凡是能从葡萄糖或乳糖的发酵过程中产生乳酸的细菌统称为乳酸菌。乳酸菌是一种存在于人类体内的益生菌,它能够调节机体胃肠道正常菌群、保持微生态平衡,提高食物消化率和生物价,降低血清胆固醇,控制内毒素,抑制肠道内腐败菌生长繁殖和腐败产物的产生,制造营养物质,刺激组织发育,从而对机体的营养状态、生理功能、细胞感染、药物效应、毒性反应、免疫反应、肿瘤发生、衰老过程和突然的应急反应等产生作用。而在体外研究中发现,依靠细胞的应急和pH环境条件,乳酸菌可以吸收基因毒性和致癌原。综述了乳酸菌的生理特性、生物学功能及其在工业中的应用,并对其研究进展及发展前景进行了展望。