Comparison between Models of Rock Discontinuity Strength and Deformation

One important component in the design of tunnels in urban areas is a correct assessment of the interaction between the underground excavation with other structures in the vicinity. In this sense a correct stress-strain response by the model representing the rock mass behavior is essential. The shear and normal displacement of rock discontinuities and their shear and normal stiffness control the distribution of stress and displacement within a discontinuous rock mass. In conditions where an equivalent continuum based approach is not applicable, the joint material model should be able to describe important mechanisms such as asperity sliding and shearing, post-peak behavior, asperity deformation, and the effect of soft infilling. The distinct element code UDEC was used to simulate the direct shear tests on a natural joint profile, and the prediction of two existing models of discontinuity strength and deformation were then compared with a new soil-infilled joint model and with experimental data for clean and soil-infilled rock joints. A numerical modeling of a cavern excavated in a jointed medium is also presented to illustrate the response of different models. The proposed soil-infilled joint model described more comprehensively the occurrence of dilation and compression with lateral displacements and also better represented the double peak shearing in relation to the adopted squeezing mechanism that could not be captured by the two existing models.     

基于DIC的含3D打印起伏节理试样破裂特性及损伤本构

受地质构造的影响,岩体工程中经常赋存起伏结构面(如扭转皱褶),由于形态复杂,目前起伏节理岩体的破裂及损伤本构研究仍不充分. 采用3D打印技术制作不同倾角的起伏节理模型,通过单轴压缩试验和数字图像相关技术(DIC)对起伏节理试样的力学及破裂特性进行研究,并基于断裂力学原理,首次提出采用DIC位移场求解节理尖端应力强度因子(SIF:一型SIF,K_I;二型SIF,K_II)进而探究损伤本构特性的思路. 结果表明:通过分析最小强度确定了起伏节理对试样的损伤上限为46.6%,起伏节理试样单轴强度对倾角的敏感性大于平直节理试样;起裂发生在峰值应力附近,破裂过程可分为破裂路径上微裂隙的产生和同步贯通,破裂模式表现为多条裂隙张剪组合模式;峰前SIF随荷载增加而增加,峰后同一荷载下K_II>K_I,节理左右两端均匀以剪切裂隙形式扩展;起伏节理对试样的损伤与倾角呈正弦关系,节理和荷载对试样的总损伤与应变均大致呈“S”型曲线.      

Effect of Particle Shape on Interface Behavior of DEM‐Simulated Granular Materials

This paper presents a detailed computational investigation of the effect of particle shape on the interface shear behavior of granular materials. The discrete element method (DEM) using clusters to model rough particles is used, expanding the procedure introduced in an earlier paper by Jensen et al. [1]. Seven new cluster shapes (i.e., particle configurations) of varying degrees of roughness are presented herein, and numerical experiments simulating ring shear tests are made using these clusters. From these simulations, the effect of particle shape on void ratio (e) and interface angle of friction between soil and structure surface (δ) is reported. Particle shape characteristics include roundness, angularity, and surface roughness. The results of numerical simulations using the newly formed cluster shapes are in very good qualitative agreement with laboratory tests. Simulation results showed that the void ratio of a particle mass increased as the angularity or roughness of the particles increased. They also showed an increase in interface shear strength between perfectly round DEM particles and the more angular cluster shapes, but no systematic correlations with the various definitions of particle shape parameters was found. It may be necessary to use greater accuracy in modeling the size and shape distributions of a natural medium to further investigate the influence of particle shape on interface friction. The simulations also successfully reflected the relationship between interface friction angle and structure surface roughness as demonstrated in recent physical experiments. The simulations comparing initially “dense” media to initially “loose” media demonstrated behavior that is similar to the behavior of a natural sandy soil observed in experiments.     

节理发育岩体巷道掘进爆破数值模拟与应用研究

节理面、软弱夹层和断层等地质不连续面是影响巷道掘进爆破效果的重要因素。根据岩体中应力波的传播理论,以某煤矿轨道下山为工程背景,利用LS-DYNA软件对倾角为68°、宽度为3 cm的节理岩体巷道掘进掏槽爆破进行模拟分析,验证了理论分析中节理面对爆炸应力波传播的影响。结果表明：节理面破坏了岩体的整体性,其背爆侧岩石破碎较弱,而迎爆侧由于节理的反射作用岩体破碎加剧。提出了掏槽孔中心直眼采用孔内间隔延期装药结构和?35 mm的炸药以增加掏槽爆破能量,合理布置炮孔、减少节理面附近炮孔装药量,并辅以增加炮孔深度、提高堵塞长度和质量等措施,延长了爆炸能量作用时间,提高了爆破效率。现场应用取得了良好的效果。     

Postpeak Strength of Interfaces in a Stress-Dilatancy Framework

Laboratory sand-steel interface tests, using a range of sand sizes on a wide range of surface roughnesses, have been conducted using a direct shear apparatus modified to enable reliable measurements of both friction and dilation. The paper looks at the minimum interface strength after peak, termed here the postpeak strength, and assesses its dependence on roughness, density, and stress level. Its upper limit is the large displacement direct shear friction angle, related to but not equal to the critical state friction angle. When data are normalized by this value, they show linear dependence on the logarithm of relative roughness in the intermediate zone between smooth and rough. Once the roughness dependence of the postpeak strength has been allowed for, dilatant interfaces are found to follow classical stress–dilatancy relationships. It appears that there is no fundamental difference in the responses of sand-on-steel or sand-on-sand interfaces.     

Development of New Peak Shear-Strength Criterion for Anisotropic Rock Joints

The roughness of a natural rock joint was measured in different directions using a laser profilometer. Two stationary roughness parameters and a nonstationary roughness parameter (all fractal based) were used to quantify anisotropic roughness. A plaster of Paris based model material was used to make model material replicas of the natural rock joint. Direct shear tests were performed at five different normal stresses, in each of the directions that were used for the roughness measurements, to measure the anisotropic peak shear strength of the model joint. Required observations and experiments were conducted to estimate (1) the asperity shear area as a proportion of the total surface area of the joint, for each tested joint; (2) the basic friction angle of the model material; and (3) the joint compressive strength. Tests were also conducted to develop a peak shear-strength criterion for the intact model material. Part of the direct shear test data was used to develop a new peak shear-strength criterion for joints including the aforementioned parameters. The other part of the data was used for model validation.     

基于三维激光扫描点云数据的地下巷道岩体结构面识别及稳定性分析

巷道围岩中发育的结构面对巷道稳定性有很大的影响,开展地下巷道的工程地质调查,精确获取地下巷道围岩结构面信息是巷道稳定性分析的关键。以云南大红山铁矿775 m 中段运输巷道为研究对象,采用三维激光扫描仪获取围岩结构面点云数据,并利用点云数据处理软件进行误差处理、坐标校正、结构面数据提取、点云拼接和过滤抽稀等内业数据处理工作,基于处理结果开展了统计分析;利用离散元软件3DEC建立了离散结构网络模型与地下巷道合成岩体模型,并对该巷道在自重及爆破振动作用下的失稳概率进行了数值模拟。结果表明：三维激光扫描技术可较好地获取巷道围岩的结构面信息,结合离散块体单元计算软件对巷道岩石块体的稳定性进行进一步分析,所分析区域的围岩自稳能力较好,但在爆破振动影响下失稳概率大幅增加,研究结果可为巷道的支护设计提供理论指导。     

Numerical Implementation of Anisotropic Continuum Model for Rock Masses

In this technical note, rock mass has been regarded as an equivalent anisotropic continuum. Constitutive relationships for the rock masses have been derived. The approach aims to capture the overall behavior of the rock mass based on the constitutive characteristics of intact rock and rock joints including their orientation, spacing, roughness (waviness), number of joint sets, block size, and normal and shear stiffness, etc. This model has been applied to analyze a tunnel using a software package developed for the purpose, with satisfactory results.     

Normal Transmission of S-Wave Across Parallel Fractures with Coulomb Slip Behavior

When an elastic wave propagates through a rock mass, its amplitude is attenuated and velocity is slowed due to the presence of fractures. During wave propagation, if the shear stress at a fracture interface reaches the fracture shear strength, the fracture will experience a large shear displacement. This paper presents a study of the normal transmission of S-waves across parallel fractures with Coulomb slip behavior. In our theoretical formulation, the method of characteristics combined with the Coulomb slip model is used to develop a set of recurrence equations with respect to particle velocities and shear stress. These equations are then solved numerically. In a comparison with the theoretical study, numerical modeling using the universal distinct element code (UDEC) has been conducted. A general agreement between UDEC modeling and theoretical analysis is achieved. The magnitude of the transmission coefficient is calculated as a function of shear stress ratio, nondimensional fracture spacing, normalized shear stiffness, and number of fractures. The study shows that the shear stress ratio is the most important factor influencing wave transmission, and the influence of other factors becomes more apparent when the shear stress ratio is small.     

Direct Shear Test of Sandstone-Concrete Joints

Understanding the shear behavior of sandstone-concrete joints is important for the design and analysis of concrete structures interacting with sandstone, for example rock socketed piles, rock anchors, and dam foundations. This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation into the shear behavior of Sydney Hawkesbury sandstone-concrete joints with unbonded interfaces. Joint roughness has been simulated using regular triangular asperities and fractal profiles. The tests were carried out in a large direct shear machine (with sample size up to 600 mm in length) under a range of constant normal stiffness and initial normal stress conditions. The tests showed that significant wear of the sandstone surface occurs during shear displacement, and this wear has a significant affect on the behavior of the joints. The laboratory modeling and test results are briefly described, followed by a discussion of the shear behavior of the joints.     

N型组合节理类岩体单轴压缩破坏试验

针对实际工程中平行与交叉裂隙组合呈N字形裂隙岩体的稳定性问题,以N型组合节理为研究对象,开展了N型节理类岩体试件超声波检测试验和单轴静载试验,结合断裂力学理论,分析其强度特征、破坏特征和超声波波速衰减规律。结果表明：（1）N型组合节理类岩体的裂纹类型依次有翼型裂纹和次生倾斜裂纹,其扩展路径最终均趋向于主应力方向,不同于单节理下的裂纹发展规律;（2）当主节理倾角一定时,主次节理夹角和节理条数对试件的物理性能有一定的影响。各组合节理试件的波速衰减率范围在0.9%～9.6%之间,且15°和90°夹角节理试件的波速衰减最快,而60°夹角节理试件的衰减最慢;（3）组合节理类岩体的本构关系、峰值强度和破坏特征均表现出非线性特征。峰值强度分布规律基本服从M型分布,不同于单节理下的U型分布,其中15°、30°、45°、75°和90°夹角试件,以及完整试件呈准脆性破坏,其他夹角试件呈脆性破坏。     

基于应变软化深埋巷道含水围岩的弹塑性极限平衡分析

在岩体内开挖巷道后,由于干扰了原岩应力分布和渗透水压力的作用,巷道含水围岩中呈现次生应力,这种新出现的不平衡应力是引起岩体产生变形、位移,甚至破坏的主要根源.以圆形截面巷道为例,结合莫尔-库仑理论从围岩弹塑性变形的角度出发,在考虑了围岩应变软化所引起围岩损伤的基础上,计算和分析了地下巷道含水围岩达到极限平衡时围岩塑性区...     

节理粗糙度对应力波传播及试样破坏影响的颗粒流模拟

为了研究节理粗糙度对应力波传播规律的影响以及粗糙节理试样受应力波作用发生破坏的微观机理,利用基于离散元方法的数值分析软件PFC2D构建了SHPB系统的颗粒流数值模型.在已有SHPB物理试验的基础上对试验中采用的节理试样进行微观参数标定,研究了较低冲击荷载下节理粗糙度对应力波传播的影响规律以及较高冲击荷载下不同形貌节理试...     

Behavior of Interfaces between Fiber-Reinforced Polymers and Sands

Conventional construction materials used in foundations can encounter serious durability problems in contaminated subsurface or marine environments. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are potentially suitable for these harsh environments due to their chemical and corrosion resistant properties. Quantification of the interface behavior between FRP composites and soils is a necessary precursor to the adoption of these new materials in geotechnical engineering practice. This paper describes the results of an experimental study that was conducted to investigate the behavior of sand-FRP interfaces. Tests showed that the interface shear behavior between FRP composites and granular materials depended on the relative roughness (surface roughness∕particle mean size), the normal stress level, the initial density of the soil mass, and the angularity of the particles. The soil specimen preparation method, the rate of shearing, and the thickness of the soil specimen had little influence on the measured interface friction coefficients. The characteristics of FRP-sand and steel-sand interfaces were compared.     

Continuous Interface Elements Subject to Large Shear Deformations

Abstract: In this paper, an interface or joint subject to large shear deformation is modeled. In the proposed algorithm, continuous interface elements with a finite thickness are reconstructed at every load step based on current interface configuration, by employing the concept of contact band element. Special strain expressions for the continuous interface elements are derived with regard to the characteristics of shear strain concentration along the interface. The elastic cross-anisotropic model with the special Mohr–Coulomb criterion is applied for the continuous interface elements in view of the anisotropy of interface materials. Simulation of a pullout test has shown that large pullout displacement and realistic structure configuration might be effectively modeled and smooth distributions of mobilized shear stresses along the interface and axial forces in the reinforcement can be obtained without any fluctuation for different interface element thicknesses. However, the stress and axial force distributions along the interfaces and the reinforcement, especially near left end of the reinforcement, vary with the interface thickness. It strongly implies that the continuous interface element with an appropriate thickness should be a good choice for a rock interface or joint with fillings in.     

Coupled Creep and Seepage Model for Hybrid Media

The permeability coefficient of a rock mass depends mainly on the aperture of the joint and the porosity of the block, which may alter with time when creep of the rock mass is taken into account. Therefore, a coupled creep and seepage model for hybrid media is proposed in this paper. Large-scale and strongly permeable joints are simulated according to their spatial distributions, while other discontinuities are treated as equivalent continuum. Based on the fundamental mechanism of creep effects on the permeability of the rock mass, together with empirical equations for hydraulic conductivity, coupled creep and seepage equations for filled joints, rough joints, and equivalent continuum are proposed. By application of these equations, governing equations for the coupled creep and seepage model are deduced. A simplified numerical solution is proposed to solve the coupled creep and seepage model. The coupled model is shown to simulate the evolvement of seepage, deformation, and stress field in a gravity dam. By comparing the results derived by coupled and uncoupled models, it is concluded that the coupling between creep and seepage should be taken into account when performing engineering design of large dams.     

良山铁矿井下采空区地压管理探索

在矿床地下开采中,采空区岩体的原始应力一旦被破坏,岩体应力就会重新分布,很容易引起顶板下沉和垮塌、底板鼓起、片帮、地表移动等一系列地压灾害。采取预留矿柱、支护井巷围岩、充填采空区、崩落围岩降低围岩应力等地压管理方法可以尽可能地减少地压危害的发生。     

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Underground Caverns

Detailed performance monitoring studies have been carried out for determining the deformations and stress distribution around underground powerhouse caverns in nonhomogeneous rock mass, using three-dimensional finite element method. The behavior of rock mass has been analyzed by elasto-plastic model. The effect of weak zones and creation of multiple caverns in the rock mass has been investigated. The deformations predicted in the surrounding area of the caverns are compared with those obtained by multi-point borehole extensometers (MPBX) measurements. It is observed that the computed deformations compare reasonably well with the MPBX measurements.     

Practical Equivalent Continuum Model for Simulation of Jointed Rock Mass Using FLAC3D

A simple practical equivalent continuum numerical model for simulating the behavior of jointed rock mass has been extended to three-dimensional using FLAC3D. This model estimates the properties of jointed rock mass from the properties of intact rock and a joint factor (Jf), which is the integration of the properties of joints to take care of the effects of frequency, orientation, and strength of joint. A new FISH function has been written in FLAC3D specifically for modeling jointed rocks using the Duncan and Chang hyperbolic model. This model has been validated first with simple element tests at different confining pressures for different rocks with different joint configurations. Explicit modeling of the joints has also been done in element tests and results obtained compare well with the results of equivalent continuum model and also with experimental results. Further, this has been applied for a case study of a large underground power house cavern in the Himalayas. The analysis has been done under various stages of excavation, assigning a null model available in FLAC3D for simulating the excavation.     

Effect of Roughness and Surface Hardening on the Mechanical Properties of Three-Layered Brass/IF Steel/Brass Composite

In this research, three-layered brass/IF steel/brass composite produced by cold roll bonding (CRB) process was investigated. The effect of roughness and surface hardening of each layer on the mechanical properties of three-layered composite were separately examined. For this purpose, five rotatory wire brush models were used in order to prepare the surfaces for CRB process. The peeling and shear punch tests were also used to evaluate the mechanical properties of samples. Finally, optical and scanning electron microscopes were used to evaluate the fracture surfaces. The chemical compositions were analyzed at the joint interface by an energy dispersive X-ray analysis. It was observed that, decreasing the diameter of the brush enhanced the roughness and surface hardening. However, the increase in roughness and surface hardening of brass were less than that of IF steel due to different wear mechanisms. The results showed that, at the same reduction, the bond and shear strengths of composite were enhanced by increasing the surface roughness of each layer. Also, increasing the brass surface roughness had more effect on the bond strength of the strips due to its vital role in bonding formation in CRB processing. Moreover, rising the surface roughness of IF steel in comparison to brass had more influence on the shear strength of the composite.