盲孔法测LY12铝合金焊接残余应力时应变释放系数的标定及塑性修正

采用有限元模拟与试验验证相结合的方法,对盲孔法测LY12铝合金薄板焊接残余应力时的应变释放系数A,B进行标定及修正;引入塑性附加应变,得到应变释放系数随形状改变比能参量变化的塑性修正公式,最后利用修正后的应变释放系数采用盲孔法测试了LY12铝合金对焊接接头的焊接残余应力,并和模拟结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:给出的塑性修正公式将焊接残余应力的测试误差由57.457%缩小到3.208%以内,修正效果良好。     

残余应力应变释放系数的有限元分析

通过建立16Mn残余应力盲孔法有限元分析模型,模拟出孔边应力、应变的变化情况.揭示了残余应力引起的孔边应力、应变变化情况与应变释放系数A、B值之间的关系,并用孔边应力、应变的有限元运算结果计算出A、B值.通过应变计中点应变法、应变计中点应力法和平均应变法三种方法去标定和修正应变释放系数,通过对三种方法的比较表明,三种方法的计算结果与实验结果相符.且计算精度较高.证实了残余应力有限元模拟的准确性和A、B值标定和修正方法的多样性.     

小孔法测量残余应力时孔边塑性应变的有限元分析及修正

小孔法测量高残余应力时,小孔周围材料接近于屈服状态,由于产生塑性变形而引入塑性附加应变,使得测量结果产生很大的误差。研究了应变释放系数与主应力之间的双轴比、主应力方向与应变花方向夹角以及应力水平之间的关系,通过有限元数值试验的方法对应变释放系数进行标定,使其包含有塑性附加应变的影响,并利用标定后的应变释放系数对焊接残余应力测量结果进行了修正,得到了较好的结果。     

用小孔释放法测量焊接高残余应力时孔边塑性变形对测量精度的影响及修正方法

研究了用小孔释放法测量焊接残余应力时孔边的塑性变形对测量精度的影响。根据弹塑性理论分析了孔边屈服的条件，并据此得到了孔边屈服后应变释放系数的修正公式，使小孔释放法测量焊接残余应力的精度得到提高，并且扩大了应力值的测量范围。对平板对接埋弧焊焊接接头残余应力的实测表明，修正后的残余应力分布更趋于合理。     

用小孔释放法测量焊接高残余应力时孔边塑性变形对测量精度的影响及修...

研究了用小孔释放法测量焊接残余应力时孔边的塑性变形对测量精度的影响。根据弹塑性理论分析了孔边屈服的条件，并据此得到了孔边屈服后应变释放系数的修正公式，使小孔释放法测量焊接残余力的精度得到提高，并且扩大了应力值的测量范围。对平板对接埋弧焊焊接接头残余应力的实测表明，修正后的残余应力分布更趋于合理。     

小孔法测量残余应力的应力—应变有限元分析

采用三维八节点等参元的有限元方法,计算试件表面钻一盲孔((?)1.5mm×2.0mm)后的应力—应变分布。结果表明,盲孔周围的应力分布特征与相同状态下通孔情况基本相似,只是由于盲孔底部的拘束和传力作用,使孔边的应力集中系数有所降低(约10%),孔边的应力释放量也比通孔小些。盲孔的最大应力集中系数为2.78,位于孔的中部。实验标定结果表明,当外加应力小于0.7σ_s 时,两者的应力—释放应变曲线基本相同;大于0.7σ_s 时,曲线有所分离,最大差别为30μ∈左右。     

基于电磁超声的焊接残余应力测量研究

基于超声波声弹性理论,针对钢板对接焊接残余应力无损测量问题,提出了采用电磁超声法开展焊接残余应力实测研究。通过拉伸标定试验测得焊接接头不同区域的声弹性系数与各向异性参数,并结合钢板实测声速值获得了不同部位的焊接残余应力;其结果与基于塑性修正的盲孔法实测值进行了验证比较。结果表明,电磁超声法可以有效地测量钢板焊接接头残余应力的分布状态。     

盲孔法测量残余应力A,B系数计算公式讨论

文中介绍了基于通孔理论的几种A、B系数计算公式,并与盲孔A、B系数的标定值作了比较,讨论了它们之间差异的原因,建议选用与标定值相接近的A、B系数计算公式.这样在不同的材料上钻孔测量残余应力,当变更钻孔的孔径或者采用不同尺寸的应变花时不必每次进行A、B系数的标定.     

环芯法A,B释放系数的有限元计算

根据环芯法测量残余应力的原理,建立了计算环芯法A、B释放系数的有限元力学模型,进行了三维有限元计算。有限元计算的A、B释放系数与以往实验标定的A、B系数极其吻合。     

盲孔法中释放系数的数值计算方法

盲孔法测量残余应力时,钻孔会在盲孔附近产生加工硬化.由于硬度与弹性模量的平方有关,在进行释放系数A、B的数值计算时,通过增大盲孔周围材料的弹性模量来反映该加工硬化.应用有限元软件ANSYS,对304不锈钢的释放系数A、B进行三维有限元数值计算,得到释放系数随加工硬化程度增大而增大的变化规律,同时给出考虑加工硬化后释放系数随盲孔深度的变化规律.通过与实验测定结果的比较,发现在对304不锈钢进行释放系数的有限元数值计算时,当取盲孔附近的加工硬化层为0.2 mm厚、弹性模量增大37%时,有限元的数值计算值与实验测定值最接近,释放系数A、B的数值计算误差分别为-1.8%和2.4%.     

屈服强度对压痕应变法测量焊接应力中应变增量的影响

压痕应变法测量焊缝残余应力时采用母材的标定系数,常常由于焊缝和母材屈服强度的较大差异而带来严重误差.文中首先针对焊缝应力的计算方法提出改进,然后采用有限元数值模拟,针对直径2.0 mm球形压头和0.2 mm的压入深度,分析距离压痕中心4 mm～6 mm范围内不同屈服强度材料的塑性区变化特征,以及不同屈服强度材料的压痕叠加应变增量和有效应力(外加应力和屈服强度之比)之间的关系,获得一系列有价值的结果,基本解决了压痕应变法测量焊缝残余应力中用母材标定结果计算焊缝应力存在的误差问题.     

盲孔法测定焊接残余应力应变释放系数的模糊数学分析

在分析一些引起盲孔法检测焊接残余应力测量误差的不确定因素的基础上,引入模糊数学方法对应变释放系数进行评价.在允许常规模型中的有关参数在一定范围内变动、用隶属函数表示其取值分布情况的前提下,建立应变释放系数的模糊数学模型.将应变释放系数评价模型中的有关参数考虑为正态分布模糊数,利用水平截集概念转化为普通集问题进行求解.以921A钢板焊接的残余应力测量为例,计算出不同置信水平的应变释放系数A和B的数值.结果表明,基于模糊集的应变释放系数评价模型能适当屏蔽一些不确定因素,更准确地反映实际情况.     

Measurement of residual stress in thick section composite laminates using the deep-hole method

The deep-hole method is a method of measuring residual stress in large metallic components. In this paper, an extension to the deep-hole method is described to allow the residual stresses in thick section composite laminated plates to be evaluated. The method involves first drilling a small hole through the laminate perpendicular to the surface. The material around the hole is then machined away, resulting in a change in diameter of the hole due to the release of residual stress. This change in diameter is measured and used to calculate the residual stress. The calculation requires the evaluation of coefficients that depend on the properties of the composite. In this work, the finite element method is used to evaluate these coefficients. Using this method, the residual stresses in a 22 mm thick carbon/epoxy composite plate are measured and reported.     

7075T651铝合金板材内部初始残余应力分布研究

针对材料内部残余应力分布的传统剥层测量方法,对底部贴片的剥层法进行改进,通过测量底部释放的应变,结合有限元方法模拟残余应力释放过程中得到的各剥除层的应变释放系数,计算出了剥除层释放的残余应力。运用弹性力学理论推导得到了材料内部初始残余应力的修正公式。随后基于两种方法对典型7075T651航空铝合金预拉伸板的内部残余应力进行了测量,并对测量结果进行了分析和比较。结果表明,改进法能够有效评估材料内部初始残余应力分布规律,但是在个别深度处测量精度有待进一步提高。     

曲率测量技术在微机电系统薄膜残余应力测量中的应用

在比较曲率测量技术常用的Stoney公式及其修正式的基础上,利用有限元分析方法,建立薄膜/基底结构的有限元模型,给出一种薄膜残余应力的等效施加方法,从两个方面详细分析并对比这两个公式在微机电系统(Micro electromechanical systems,MEMS)薄膜残余应力测量中的检测精度.仿真及分析结果表明,修正后的Stoney 公式在很大程度上提高薄膜残余应力的测量精度,使曲率测量技术的适用范围得到较大扩展.但是当薄膜厚度接近于基底厚度或结构处于大变形状态下,修正式的计算精度也将受到较大影响,此时可以采用有限元分析方法来获得临界状态值,以提高残余应力的检测精度.同时,通过有限元分析,证实曲率测量技术应用中存在的另一个问题,即曲率的空间分布不均匀性现象.     

The effect of plasticity on the ability of the deep hole drilling technique to measure axisymmetric residual stress

Mechanical strain relief covers a class of techniques for measuring residual stress in engineering components. These techniques work by measuring strains or displacements when part of the component is machined away. The assumption is that such strain or displacement changes result from elastic unloading; however, in components containing high magnitudes of residual stress elastic–plastic unloading may well occur. Such elastic–plastic unloading introduces errors into the measurement of the residual stresses and these errors may be large. This paper addresses the performance of the deep hole drilling technique, a mechanical strain relief technique particularly suitable for large section components. First a plane strain analysis is presented that quantifies the errors associated with plasticity for different magnitudes of residual stress. A three dimensional finite element analysis is then carried out that shows larger errors may be obtained than those suggested by the plane strain analysis. A method for reducing the magnitude of the error is investigated. Finally, the results of an experimental measurement of residual stress are presented where substantial plasticity occurs. The work demonstrates the potential vulnerability of mechanical strain relief methods to plasticity and introduces methods for quantifying the resulting errors. It also provides further evidence that modifications to the standard DHD technique can be made to make the technique less susceptible to error when plasticity occurs.     

Prediction of fatigue life in cold expanded Al-alloy 2024-T3 plates used in double shear lap joints

To predict fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth lives in cold expanded double shear lap joints a numerical method has been employed. The total estimated fatigue lives were compared with available experimental fatigue test results for plain hole and cold expanded hole specimens of Al 2024-T3 in double shear lap joints. Three-dimensional finite element simulations have been performed in order to obtain the created residual stresses field due to cold expansion and subsequent far field longitudinal loading in the double shear lap joint. The obtained stress and strain distributions from the finite element analyses were employed to predict stress concentration factors to calculate fatigue crack initiation and fatigue crack growth lives using AFGROW computer code. The predicted fatigue lives demonstrate that there is a good agreement between the proposed method and experimental fatigue test results.