海面漂浮小目标的特征联合检测算法

该文研究了高距离分辨海杂波背景下漂浮小目标的检测问题。漂浮目标使得周围海面的散射特性发生了改变,目标所在的分辨单元的回波满足非加性模型,导致该模型中依赖于目标的参数难以统计建模。为了避开参数建模,该文将检测问题转化为二元分类问题,即确定海杂波所属于的类,目标检测就是判别回波是否属于该类。针对此分类问题,提出了基于非加性模型的特征联合检测算法,首先在回波中提取两个特征组成归一化向量,然后利用凸包训练算法获得判别区域,最后以判别区域是否包含该向量作为判别准则。实测的IPIX雷达数据实验结果表明,该文算法在高分辨海杂波下的检测性能优于对比算法,为海事雷达检测小目标提供了新的检测方案。     

基于多普勒谱特征的海杂波背景下小目标检测

海杂波中的小目标检测是雷达信号处理中较为复杂的问题之一。该文在分析海杂波多普勒谱特性的基础上,提出了基于联合瑞利分布的海杂波多普勒谱统计模型和描述多普勒谱扩展程度的波形熵特征,并给出了海杂波背景下的小目标检测算法。基于加拿大IPIX雷达实测数据的检测结果,证实了文中算法的有效性。     

海杂波AR谱多重分形特性及微弱目标检测方法

该文研究了海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性。为了克服频谱傅里叶分析的缺点,用现代谱估计的方法来计算海杂波的功率谱。AR模型是一个线性预测模型,它通过序列的自相关函数矩阵来估计功率谱,并且具有更精确的频谱分辨率。该文主要分析基于AR谱估计的海杂波功率谱的多重分形特性,以及在微弱目标检测中的应用。首先,以分数布朗运动(FBM)模型为例,证明其功率谱具有多重分形特性。其次,根据X波段雷达的实测海杂波数据,通过多重去趋势分析法(MF-DFA)验证了海杂波AR谱的多重分形特性。最后,分析了海杂波AR谱的广义Hurst指数以及影响参数,并提出一种基于局部AR谱广义Hurst指数的目标检测方法。实验结果表明,该种检测方法具有海杂波背景下微弱目标检测的能力。与现有的分形检测方法和传统的CFAR检测方法对比,该算法在低信杂比情况下具有较好的检测性能。     

基于多普勒谱非广延熵的海面目标检测方法

根据海杂波和目标多普勒谱的聚集性差异,可以用熵特征来检测海杂波背景下的小目标,然而常用的香农熵仅仅是统计学角度的宏观量值,并不能反映出海杂波的非线性特性。非广延熵是香农熵的推广,可以描述海杂波已被证实的多重分形特性。该文首先给出了非广延熵与分形维数的关系,然后结合有目标单元回波的多普勒谱较纯杂波单元回波的多普勒谱聚集性更强以及海杂波回波具有多重分形特性的特点,提出了基于多普勒谱非广延熵的海杂波背景下的小目标检测方法,最后通过实测数据进行实验比较,验证了该文算法的有效性,在观测时间较短的情况下,与现有的多重分形频域Hurst指数方法和基于香农熵的方法相比,该文算法具有更好的检测性能。      

基于对角积分双谱的海面慢速小目标检测方法

针对海杂波背景下雷达对海面慢速小目标探测技术难题,该文提出一种基于对角积分双谱的三特征融合检测方法。该方法首先从待检测信号的估计双谱中获得对角积分双谱,而后根据海杂波单元与目标单元之间的非线性耦合差异性,进一步从对角积分双谱中提取峰值、质心频率、谱宽3种特征。考虑到扫描模式下雷达采用的相干脉冲数通常较少,易导致特征不稳定,进而影响海杂波与目标可分性,为此,通过多帧扫描历史数据和当前帧数据的综合应用,对谱特征进行积累得到累积峰值、全变差、累积谱宽3种累积特征。最后采用凸包分类算法,在三特征空间进行融合检测。经实测CSIR数据集验证,在同等参数条件下,该文检测方法相比已有基于时频三特征的检测方法,基于幅度、多普勒三特征检测方法和分形特征检测方法具有更好的检测性能。     

基于海面场景感知的雷达目标检测方法

空域上非均匀海杂波使得参考单元内数据难以服从独立同分布,致使参数估计不准确而往往导致杂波抑制能力下降和弱小目标丢失。针对非平稳海杂波下雷达目标检测难题,文中提出了一种基于海面场景感知的雷达目标检测算法。首先,采用启发式分割法依据回波幅度均值将整个场景的距离门分离为多个区域间非平稳、区域内平稳的回波区域;之后,感知各平稳区域回波类型及波动程度,即利用地杂波具有回波直流分量高的特点,识别出岛屿区域及其边界,对纯海杂波进行K分布拟合提取出其起伏参数;然后,利用从海杂波区域提取的波动参数,按恒警率法获取幅度阈值提取出可疑目标;最后,提取可疑目标的信号特征来甄别目标。基于《雷达学报》公开X波段岸基对海监测雷达数据的测试试验表明,本算法不仅能有效识别出海面场景,而且能大幅度提升非平稳海杂波下弱目标检测能力。     

基于ARLPM改进的海面目标检测新方法

舰载(或岸基)雷达对海面小目标检测是一个重要而且困难的课题。最大极点幅度检测(ARLPM)是目前实用性较强的一种方法,特别在短时检测方面有着不错的效果。但该算法的缺陷在于只利用了海杂波AR谱的最大幅度极点的谱宽特性,文中在ARLPM的基础上提出了一种新的基于AR模型的方法——双参量检测,它同时利用到了极点的谱宽和谱峰。最后,利用真实海杂波数据对该方法作了实验,通过比较表明,双参量检测优于原方法。     

基于高斯短时分数阶Fourier变换 的海面微动目标检测方法

海上目标随海面颠簸导致姿态变化,引起回波功率调制效应,导致回波多普勒体现时变和非平稳特性.为此,本文将微多普勒理论应用于海杂波中弱目标检测,提出一种基于高斯短时分数阶Fourier变换(GSTFRFT)的海面微动目标检测方法.首先,建立海面目标的平动和三维转动回波模型;然后,基于海尖峰判别方法对回波信号进行数据筛选,改善信杂比,并采用GSTFRFT对微动信号进行增强处理,利用海面目标与海杂波的微动特征差异设计恒虚警检测方法;最后,通过GSTFRFT域滤波,提取信号的微动特征并得到瞬时频率.实测雷达数据仿真结果验证了算法的有效性,具有在强海杂波中检测微弱目标的能力.     

毫米波雷达机场跑道异物分层检测算法

强杂波背景下的弱小静止目标检测是毫米波机场跑道异物(FOD)检测雷达面临的核心问题。该文提出一种基于功率谱特征和支持向量域描述(SVDD)一类分类器的FOD分层检测算法。该算法首先利用杂波图恒虚警率(CFAR)检测器对复杂背景杂波进行杂波对消处理,针对对消后虚警过多的问题,对对消后的数据提取功率谱特征,将其转换到特征域,最后利用SVDD一类分类器在特征域实现对FOD和虚警的分类。基于实测数据的试验结果表明所提方法可以获得较好的检测性能。     

海杂波中基于扩展分形的目标检测方法

针对海杂波的非平稳性和长相关性,提出一种基于扩展分形多尺度Hurst参数的目标检测算法.该方法首先将扩展分形理论与模式识别中的分类方法相结合,提取杂波和目标的多尺度Hurst参数以构成特征矢量,并引入模式识别中的可分性判据来进行特征矢量的选取,然后采用Bayes分类方法进行目标检测.利用IPIX雷达实测数据的实验结果表明,文中提出的算法比基于分维值的检测算法有更好的检测性能.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.