视野驱动的自适应阴影图

阴影图是当前实时阴影绘制中的一种经典算法。该算法基于图像空间,当有限分辨率的阴影图映射到较大场景中时,就会由于采样不足造成锯齿形变走样。提出了一种实时的反走样阴影图算法,该算法首先获取当前视点所能够看到的场景范围,然后绘制该范围内的阴影图,并映射到场景中生成实时阴影。该方法同经典的阴影图算法相比,避免了场景中不必要的阴影绘制,提高了阴影图的利用率,反走样的效果很好。而且,该方法只需要绘制一到两幅阴影图,算法的实时性很强,可以满足一个上百万面片的大规模场景中实时阴影绘制的需要。     

基于GPU的大规模场景实时阴影绘制

阴影绘制中,阴影图算法因不依赖于场景,绘制效率高已成为了大规模实时阴影绘制的主流算法。针对平行分割阴影图算法存在首个分割区域过小,而方差阴影图存在"光渗"问题,细致分析了在大规模场景中,实时阴影绘制的各种改进算法,提出了一种基于平行分割阴影图算法和方差阴影图算法结合的混合算法。实验结果表明,新的混合算法既提高了阴影绘制效率,又明显改善了阴影的质量。     

高次幂函数逼近的阴影图反走样算法

针对传统阴影图算法由于阴影贴图分辨率的约束而在阴影的边缘会出现走样现象的问题,提出一种基于高次幂函数逼近的预滤波阴影图反走样算法.该算法使用高次幂函数来逼近传统阴影图中的深度比较函数,并对高次幂函数进行泰勒展开,在展开的各项上分别进行预滤波;在绘制过程中,利用泰勒展开式计算得到的数值代替传统阴影图中的深度比较函数得到的二值结果,从而实现了对阴影边缘的反走样.实验结果表明,该算法在现有图形硬件中能够达到很好的效果.     

一种基于Shadow Mapping的阴影生成改进算法

Shadow Mapping算法是目前广泛应用的阴影渲染方法,但该方法容易产生走样,特别是不能满足大规模场景中阴影的真实性和实时性要求。对此,提出一种利用平行面分割的改进Shadow Mapping算法,减少了算法运行时的缓冲空间,提高了阴影质量,尤其适合于动态大规模环境中实时阴影的生成。并用VS2005和OpenSceneGraph实现了算法的绘制过程,达到满意的视觉效果和生成速度。     

一种快速高效的反走样算法*

快速近似反走样是一种后处理式反走样技术,其效果好、效率高,但由于是根据亮度值检测边缘,导致模型纹理贴图上的条纹和高光部分也会被检测出来,从而造成不必要的反走样。针对这一问题,该算法提出了一种改进的反走样方法:根据物理和阴影信息检测出模型与阴影边缘,再以边缘周围状况计算确定混合朝向,最后结合亚像素覆盖率进行反走样运算。实验表明,该算法在保留了原快速近似反走样效率的同时,有效地消除了不必要的反走样。     

改进的实时反走样透视阴影图算法及实现

为解决透视阴影图算法中,物体被非线性比例导致愈加明显的自阴影或表面波纹现象,提出一种基于GPU的实时反走样透视阴影图改进算法。该算法结合透视阴影图算法以及D.Weiskopf的dual depth layers算法,通过采用GPU深度剥离技术采样场景的双层深度值信息,并引入自适应偏移量zbias来计算场景的深度偏移量。该算法采用C语言实现,同时使用GPU顶点渲染器和像素渲染器编程有效避免程序复杂度。实验结果表明,该改进算法较好解决了透视阴影图的自阴影问题,提高了渲染阴影质量。     

面向延迟着色的统一反走样算法

近年来,面向延迟着色的后期处理反走样算法成为实时绘制研究和应用的热点,针对该算法往往只能处理单一类型的走样的问题,提出一种统一的后期处理反走样算法.该算法既能通过子像素级别的几何对几何边界进行高质量的反走样重建,又能根据着色信息对颜色纹理的走样进行形态学的反走样处理;由于使用2种屏幕空间反走样算法分类处理屏幕像素会导致2类像素之间过渡不平滑,在屏幕空间滤波的基础上使用重投影的反走样方法,能克服动态场景中可能出现的闪烁问题.实验结果表明,文中算法在延时绘制的框架下能较好地处理几何边界走样、纹理边缘走样和时间域走样等多种类型的走样,高效地获得高质量反走样绘制结果.     

一种基于GPU的柔和阴影实现方法研究

阴影是虚拟环境中真实感的重要特征。由于并行分割的阴影贴图算法的通用性和效率,它对大规模复杂的虚拟环境中的实时阴影渲染起了重要作用。但是对于塔台仿真系统这样的大规模动态场景,锯齿现象依然存在,利用差值阴影贴图等方法,对其效果进行了改进,并利用GPU强大的浮点数运算能力和并行处理能力加速了阴影的实现,有效地保证了阴影的真实性和实时性。实验结果表明生成的阴影边缘柔和,抗锯齿效果好,有效地解决了偏离和光渗问题,达到了实时仿真的要求。     

基于层渲染的CSM

为在大规模场景中产生良好的阴影效果,提出一种基于层的改进型CSM(级联阴影图)算法,通过GPU(可编程图形处理硬件)、几何着色器和层渲染的使用,分割视椎体,对每个视椎体生成阴影图,渲染阴影,解决传统的单Pass阴影图算法的走样问题和多Pass的阴影图算法CSM由于多Pass的原因使得应用的帧率几乎是以Pass数线性降低,而限制了其在大规模场景中应用的问题。实验结果表明该方法在大规模仿真系统(塔台模拟系统)下能够高效真实的渲染出阴影效果,有较高的绘制效率和真实感。     

基于稀疏超采样的时间性反走样算法

针对时间性反走样算法在处理帧间复用时,若场景中有较多高频颜色区域或精细模型会造成重 影、模糊、闪烁及子像素细节丢失的问题,提出了基于稀疏超采样的时间性反走样算法。基本思想是,在时间 性反走样算法的基础上,对于无法复用历史帧像素,重新引入空间域的超采样,利用剔除算法以避免不必要的 绘制开销,实现对场景的稀疏超采样。实验结果表明,该算法能够得到与超采样算法媲美的反走样效果,并具 有更高的渲染效率,有效避免重影、模糊、闪烁及子像素细节丢失的问题。      

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.