AC measurement of heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect for pulsed magnetic fields

A new calorimeter for measurements of the heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect of small samples in pulsed magnetic fields is discussed for the exploration of thermal and thermodynamic properties at temperatures down to 2 K. We tested the method up to μ(0)H=50?T, but it could be extended to higher fields. For these measurements we used carefully calibrated bare-chip Cernox(?) and RuO(2) thermometers, and we present a comparison of their performances. The monotonic temperature and magnetic field dependences of the magnetoresistance of RuO(2) allow thermometry with a precision as good as ±4 mK at T=2?K. To test the performance of our calorimeter, heat capacity and magnetocaloric effect for the spin-dimer compound Sr(3)Cr(2)O(8) and the triangular lattice antiferromagnet RbFe(MoO(4))(2) are presented.     

High temperature superconductor micro-superconducting-quantum-interference-device magnetometer for magnetization measurement of a microscale magnet

We have developed a high temperature superconductor (HTS) micrometer-sized dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer for high field and high temperature operation. It was fabricated from YBa2Cu3O7-delta of 92 nm in thickness with photolithography techniques to have a hole of 4x9 microm2 and 2 microm wide grain boundary Josephson junctions. Combined with a three dimensional magnetic field coil system, the modulation patterns of critical current Ic were observed for three different field directions. They were successfully used to measure the magnetic properties of a molecular ferrimagnetic microcrystal (23x17x13 microm3), [Mn2(H2O)2(CH3COO)][W(CN)8]2H2O. The magnetization curve was obtained in magnetic field up to 0.12 T between 30 and 70 K. This is the first to measure the anisotropy of hysteresis curve in the field above 0.1 T with an accuracy of 10(-12) J T(-1) (10(-9) emu) with a HTS micro-SQUID magnetometer.     

Simultaneous measurement of magnetization and magnetostriction in 50 T pulsed high magnetic fields

To simultaneously perform magnetization and magnetostriction measurements in high magnetic fields, a miniaturized device was developed that combines an inductive magnetometer with a capacitive dilatometer and, therefore, it is called "dilamagmeter." This combination of magnetic and magnetoelastic investigations is a new step to a complex understanding of solid state properties. The whole system can be mounted in a 12 mm clear bore of any cryostat usually used in nondestructive pulsed high field magnets. The sensitivity of both methods is about 10(-5) A m(2) for magnetization and 10(-5) relative changes in length for striction measurements. Measurements on a GdSi single crystal, which are corrected by the background signal of the experimental setup, agree well with the results of steady field experiments. All test measurements, which are up until now performed in the temperature range of 4-100 K, confirm the perfect usability and high stability in pulsed fields up to 50 T with a pulse duration of 10 ms.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus for pulsed high magnetic fields

A nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus for experiments in pulsed high magnetic fields is described. The magnetic field pulses created together with various magnet coils determine the requirements such an apparatus has to fulfill to be operated successfully in pulsed fields. Independent of the chosen coil it is desirable to operate the entire experiment at the highest possible bandwidth such that a correspondingly large temporal fraction of the magnetic field pulse can be used to probe a given sample. Our apparatus offers a bandwidth of up to 20 MHz and has been tested successfully at the Hochfeld-Magnetlabor Dresden, even in a very fast dual coil magnet that has produced a peak field of 94.2 T. Using a medium-sized single coil with a significantly slower dependence, it is possible to perform advanced multi-pulse nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. As an example we discuss a Carr-Purcell spin echo sequence at a field of 62 T.     

感应式磁声成像脉冲磁场的测量方法

阐述了利用电磁感应法测量脉冲磁场的磁感应强度,首先测量放置在标准的已知正弦波磁场里的探测线圈的线圈常数,再用这种已知线圈常数的探测线圈进行脉冲磁场的测量。介绍了微型磁场探测线圈的绕制和固定方法,设计了脉冲磁场的实际测量装置,给出了线圈平面的调整方法,利用该装置实际测量了感应式磁声成像系统中的脉冲磁场,并对测量结果进行了误差分析。     

In situ measurement of alternating current magnetic susceptibility of Pd-hydrogen system for determination of hydrogen concentration in bulk

An alternating current magnetic susceptometer for use as a hydrogen gauge for hydrogen-storage materials was designed and developed. The experimental system can simultaneously measure the hydrogen equilibrium pressure and the magnetic susceptibility of metal hydrides. The background voltage of the susceptometer was stabilized for a long period of time, without any adjustments, by attaching an efficient compensation circuit. The performance of the susceptometer at a static hydrogen concentration was demonstrated by measuring the magnetic susceptibility of a Pd-hydrogen system under equilibrium conditions. The in situ measurement of the magnetic susceptibility of Pd during hydrogen absorption was carried out using the susceptometer. Since the in situ magnetic susceptibility obtained at a lower initial hydrogen pressure agreed with the magnetic susceptibility measured at a static hydrogen concentration, the susceptometer could be used to determine the hydrogen concentration in Pd in situ. At a higher initial hydrogen pressure, enhancement of the magnetic susceptibility was observed at the beginning of hydrogen absorption because the magnetic moments induced by the large temporary strain generated in the Pd affected the magnetic susceptibility.     

High-resolution thermal expansion measurements under helium-gas pressure

We report on the realization of a capacitive dilatometer, designed for high-resolution measurements of length changes of a material for temperatures 1.4 K ≤ T ≤ 300 K and hydrostatic pressure P ≤ 250 MPa. Helium ((4)He) is used as a pressure-transmitting medium, ensuring hydrostatic-pressure conditions. Special emphasis has been given to guarantee, to a good approximation, constant-pressure conditions during temperature sweeps. The performance of the dilatometer is demonstrated by measurements of the coefficient of thermal expansion at pressures P ? 0.1 MPa (ambient pressure) and 104 MPa on a single crystal of azurite, Cu(3)(CO(3))(2)(OH)(2), a quasi-one-dimensional spin S = 1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet. The results indicate a strong effect of pressure on the magnetic interactions in this system.     

Calibration of ac and dc magnetometers with a Dy2O3 standard

The ac susceptibility and magnetization curves of a glued Dy(2)O(3) powder sample are measured by an ac susceptometer and a dc superconducting quantum interference device magnetometer, both of which have been calibrated previously. It is shown that the magnetic moment of the paramagnetic sample as a function of field and temperature may be accurately expressed by a combination of the Curie-Weiss law and the Langevin function at T > 45 K with three adjusting parameters, so that the dc magnetization curves and the magnitude and phase of ac susceptibility at different values of dc bias field measured by any magnetometer can be calibrated by using Dy(2)O(3) as a standard. The expressions are empirical and cannot be justified in the entire field and temperature range by existing theories of paramagnetism. Below 10 K, indication of approaching a possible phase transition is found. It is shown that pure Dy(2)O(3) powder may be used as a primary standard, with susceptibility [13.28(T + 17)](-1) emu/Oe/g at T > 50 K and H < 10 kOe, in consistency with the Curie-Weiss law and the quantum mechanical theory of paramagnetism.     

基于薄膜磁阻传感器的弱磁测量系统的设计

介绍了Philips公司生产的薄膜磁阻传惑器KMZSI的内部结构、测量原理，以及用于微弱磁场测量系统的软硬件设计方法。着重介绍了传感器内集成的触发线圈和补偿线圈驱动电路的设计方法，以及上位机软件的设计方法。触发线圈驱动电路基于可编程逻辑器件CPLD而设计；上位机软件采用虚拟仪器编程语言LabWindows／CVI编写。该系统可作为微弱磁场测量的基本系统，并可用于基于弱磁测量的一些应用领域。     

High-temperature superconducting quantum interference device with cooled LC resonant circuit for measuring alternating magnetic fields with improved signal-to-noise ratio

Certain applications of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) require a magnetic field measurement only in a very narrow frequency range. In order to selectively improve the alternating-current (ac) magnetic field sensitivity of a high-temperature superconductor SQUID for a distinct frequency, a single-coil LC resonant circuit has been used. Within the liquid nitrogen bath, the coil surrounds the SQUID and couples to it inductively. Copper coils with different numbers of windings were used to cover the frequency range from <1 to nearly 100 kHz. A superconducting coil made of YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) tape conductor was also tested. With the LC circuit, the signal-to-noise ratio of measurements could be improved typically by one order of magnitude or more in a narrow frequency band around the resonance frequency exceeding a few kilohertz. The best attained equivalent magnetic field resolution was 2.5 fT/radicalHz at 88 kHz. The experimental findings are in good agreement with mathematical analysis of the circuit with copper coil.     

High temperature faraday balance for in situ measurement of magnetization in transition metal oxides

We report the design of a Faraday balance that can be used to measure the magnetization of transition metal oxides at high temperatures and under controlled atmosphere. The instrument is sufficiently sensitive and stable to quantify the magnetic force on diamagnetic and paramagnetic samples at temperatures up to 1000 degrees C and in oxygen partial pressures as low as 100 ppm. We demonstrate the performance of the instrument by presenting preliminary magnetic measurements of lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide (La1-xSr(x)CoO3-delta) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3).     

Demonstration of high-performance compact magnetic shields for chip-scale atomic devices

We have designed and tested a set of five miniature nested magnetic shields constructed of high-permeability material, with external volumes for the individual shielding layers ranging from 0.01 to 2.5 cm(3). We present measurements of the longitudinal and transverse shielding factors (the ratio of external to internal magnetic field) of both individual shields and combinations of up to three layers. The largest shielding factor measured was 6 x 10(6) for a nested set of three shields, and from our results we predict a shielding factor of up to 1 x 10(13) when all five shields are used. Two different techniques were used to measure the internal field: a chip-scale atomic magnetometer and a commercially available magnetoresistive sensor. Measurements with the two methods were in good agreement.     

Miniature pulsed magnet system for synchrotron x-ray measurements

We have developed a versatile experimental apparatus for synchrotron x-ray measurements in pulsed high magnetic fields. The apparatus consists of a double cryostat incorporating a liquid nitrogen bath to cool the miniature pulsed coil and an independent helium flow cryostat allowing sample temperatures from 4 up to 250 K. The high duty cycle miniature pulsed coils can generate up to 38 T. During experiments at 30 T a repetition rate of 6 pulsesmin was routinely reached. Using a 4 kJ power supply, the pulse duration was between 500 mus and 1 ms. The setup was used for nuclear forward scattering measurements on 57Fe up to 25 T on the ESRF beamline ID18. In another experiment, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism was measured up to 30 T on the ESRF energy dispersive beamline ID24.     

A Peltier cells differential calorimeter with kinetic correction for the measurement of cp(H,T) and Δs(H,T) of magnetocaloric materials

In this paper we describe and test a setup for the characterization of the magnetocaloric effect around room temperature. The setup is a differential calorimeter able to measure both the specific heat c(p)(H,T) under constant magnetic field H and the isothermal entropy change induced by changing H, Δs(H,T), in the room temperature range. The setup uses miniaturized Peltier cells to measure the heat flux, with resolution of about 1 μW, and power Peltier cells to regulate the temperature in the range from 243 K (-30 °C) to 343 K (+70 °C). The kinetic effects due to the heat capacity of the measuring cells are taken into account by a simple model of the heat flux diffusion in the calorimetric cell. As measurement examples, we show the characterization of the magnetocaloric effect in magnetic materials with a second order transition [without latent heat and without hysteresis, as in the La(1)(Fe(1-x-y)Co(y)Si(x))(13) alloy with x=0.077 and y=0.079] and with a first order transitions (with latent heat and hysteresis as in Ni(50)Mn(36)Co(1)Sn(13)). As a result we compare the entropy change Δs(H,T) derived from (i) the integration of the specific heat c(p)(H,T) and (ii) the direct isothermal measurements, obtaining an excellent agreement.     

Modeling of magnetic states in ferromagnetic rods of various structures magnetized in a pass-through transducer

The paper describes a technique for calculating three-dimensional distributions of magnetic field strength and induction inside and outside ferromagnetic samples with due account of the nonlinear nature of functionB(H). The calculation is performed using the finite elements method, and the functionB(H) is described by the empirical magnetization curve of the material. The technique has been tested taking as an example a ferromagnetic rod magnetized in a solenoidal coil. Deceased.     

Quantitative measurements of magnetic stray field dynamics of Permalloy particles in a photoemission electron microscopy

By example of a Permalloy particle (40 × 40 μm(2) size, 30 nm thickness) we demonstrate a procedure to quantitatively investigate the dynamics of magnetic stray fields during ultrafast magnetization reversal. The measurements have been performed in a time-resolving photoemission electron microscope using the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. In the particle under investigation, we have observed a flux-closure-dominated magnetic ground structure, minimizing the magnetic stray field outside the sample. A fast magnetic field pulse introduced changes in the micromagnetic structure accompanied with an incomplete flux closure. As a result, stray fields arise along the edges of domains, which cause a change of contrast and an image deformation of the particles geometry (curvature of its edge). The magnetic stray fields are calculated from a deformation of the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) images taken after the magnetic field pulse in a 1 ns interval. These measurements reveal a decrease of magnetic stray fields with time. An estimate of the lower limit of the domain wall velocity yields about 2 × 10(3) m s(-1).     

Development of high field SQUID magnetometer for magnetization studies up to 7 T and temperatures in the range from 4.2 to 300 K

We present the design, fabrication, integration, testing, and calibration of a high field superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The system is based on dc SQUID sensor with flux locked loop readout electronics. The design is modular and all the subsystems have been fabricated in the form of separate modules in order to simplify the assembly and for ease of maintenance. A novel feature of the system is that the current induced in the pickup loop is distributed as inputs to two different SQUID sensors with different strengths of coupling in order to improve the dynamic range of the system. The SQUID magnetometer has been calibrated with yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere as a standard reference material. The calibration factor was determined by fitting the measured flux profile of the YIG sphere to that expected for a point dipole. Gd(2)O(3) was also used as another reference material for the calibration and the effective magnetic moment of the Gd(3+) could be evaluated from the temperature dependent magnetization measurements. The sensitivity of the system has been estimated to be about 10(-7) emu at low magnetic fields and about 10(-5) emu at high magnetic fields ～7 T.     

Fe-Ga磁特性测试装置改进与动态磁致伸缩实验

利用Fe-Ga磁特性测试装置进行动态磁致伸缩测量时,受激励线圈产生的磁场的影响,测试样品的应变通常偏大,本文对此做了分析并进行验证。通过分析Fe-Ga动态磁致伸缩测量过程,对原测试装置进行了改进。将样品的一端固定在极头上并调节激励磁场使其在样品饱和磁场附近,以消除机械振动对动态磁致伸缩测试产生的影响。采用多参数磁学测试系统和改进前后的Fe-Ga特性测试系统进行Fe-Ga静态和动态磁致伸缩特性测试实验。结果表明:采用改进的Fe-Ga磁特性测试装置可在低饱和场下精确测量动态应变。实验还测试了Fe-Ga在2.7kA/m偏置磁场作用下的动态磁致伸缩特性,结果表明:(1)偏置磁场作用下应变与磁场同频;(2)应变对磁场的滞后随磁场频率的增加而增大;(3)λ~H曲线为椭圆形且椭圆环的面积随频率的增大而增大。上述结果表明,本文提出的改进装置可有效消除振动产生的额外应变。     

Quantitative current measurements using scanning magnetoresistance microscopy

We have demonstrated the capability of scanning magnetoresistance microscope (SMRM) to be used for quantitative current measurements. The SMRM is a magnetic microscope that is based on an atomic force microscope (AFM) and simultaneously measures the localized surface magnetic field distribution and surface topography. The proposed SMRM employs an in-house built AFM cantilever equipped with a miniaturized magnetoresistive (MR) sensor as a magnetic field sensor. In this study, a spin-valve type MR sensor with a width of 1 microm was used to measure the magnetic field distribution induced by a current carrying wire with a width of 5 microm and a spacing of 1.6 microm at room temperature and under ambient conditions. Simultaneous imaging of the magnetic field distribution and the topography was successfully performed in the DC current ranging from 500 microA to 8 mA. The characterized SV sensor, which has a linear response to magnetic fields, offers the quantitative analysis of a magnetic field and current. The measured magnetic field strength was in good agreement with the result simulated using Biot-Savart's law.     

交流励磁三维定位系统中磁传感器设计

交流励磁定位系统可以对介入式微型医疗装置在人体内的三维位置实现非接触式遥测。在定位系统中，为了测量磁场分布范围宽、下限磁场微弱的交变磁场，本文设计开发了感应线圈式磁传感器。根据电磁感应原理，感应线圈先将交变的磁信号转换为电信号，再通过后级信号处理电路在强大的噪声背景中提取出有用的电信号，结合传感器的输入输出特性，即获得待测磁场大小。实验结果表明：磁传感器能准确测量微弱交变磁场，且具有宽测量范围、高分辨率、高稳定性和高精度的优点。磁传感器还能适用于一切非导磁环境中跨度大的交变磁场的测量，具有通用性。