Bi and Tri Metal Salt Combinations plus Colorants Extracted from Timber Industry Waste as Effective Dyeing Materials to Produce Novel Shades on Wool

This study was undertaken to propose alternative use for teak leaves, a timber industry byproduct, as potential dyeing source for wool fibers. The coloring potential of anthraquinone colorants from teak leaves were studied on wool with pre-mordanting method using double and triple mix metal salt combinations (ferrous sulphate, stannous chloride and potassium aluminum sulphate) as mordants. Thirty-six sober and elegant shades were developed on wool by varying the type of metal involved in combination as well as concentration of the dye. The hue of color developed ranged from light orange—brown to dark brown. The color strength (K/S) has been found to be very good in dyed woolen yarn samples and particularly was highest for iron + alum combination. Color fastness with respect to light exposure washing, rubbing for the developed shades ranged between good to very good, which confirmed the possibility of using waste leaves of Tectona grandis as a source of effective brown natural dye.     

Adhatoda vasica in Conjunction with Binary Combinations of Metal Salts and Biomordants as an Effective Textile Dye to Produce novel Shades on Wool

This study was undertaken to propose an alternative use of Adhatoda vasica leaves extract as a potential source of natural dye for the coloration of woolen yarn/fibers. Premordanting technique was adopted with double metal salt combinations of ferrous sulfate, stannous chloride, and potassium aluminum sulfate and double biomordant combinations of gallnut, pomegranate, and babool, to achieve dyed textile materials of acceptable colorimetric and fastness properties. Sixty-three sober and elegant shades were developed on wool by varying the nature and the concentration of mordants involved in the combinations. The hue of color developed was found to be in yellow-red coordinate of color space diagram. All the dyed samples presented excellent color strength (K/S) values and highest values were found in case of gallnut + pomegranate peel extract (PPE) combination. Biomordants produced altogether different behavior in comparison to metal mordants in the development of ecofriendly shades of different hue and tune. Majority of the dyed samples showed excellent fastness properties with respect to light, washing, and rubbing which confirmed the possibility of using A. vasica leaves extract as an effective yellow natural dye.     

First Application of Mix Metallic Salt Mordant Combinations to Develop Newer Shades on Wool with Bixa orellana Natural Dye Using Reflectance Spectroscopy

Annatto colorants derived from Bixa orellana L. seeds have been extensively used in a wide range of food commodities such as dairy products, flour confectionery, fish, soft drinks, meat products, snack foods, and dry mixes. To exploit its use as a colorant for textiles, this research study investigates for the first time pre-mordanting of wool with bi and tri metal salt combinations using aluminum potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride mordants in order to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool with variation in hue and tone. The dyeing was carried by exhaustion method and dyed samples were analyzed using a Reflective Spectrophotometer in terms of CIELAB (L*, a*and b*) and K/S values and washing and light fastnesses were investigated according to I.S.O. standard recommendations. In the dyeing experiments, wool samples pre-mordanted with Fe + Sn displayed highest color strength followed by Fe + Al and Al + Sn combinations. The results showed that overall 36 different shades having good to very good fastness properties were produced by the use of different metallic salt combinations in the natural dyeing of wool using annatto dye.     

Ecological dyeing of silk fabric with lac dye by using padding techniques

This research focuses on silk fabrics exhibiting different colour values and fastness properties. The samples were prepared by dyeing with lac as a natural colourant. Two padding techniques were used in the process, namely, the pad-batch and pad-dry techniques, under different conditions. Aluminium potassium sulphate, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate and stannous chloride were used as mordants. The effects of differing dye concentrations added to the silk fabrics using a pre- and post-mordant method were studied and recorded. The colour fastness to washing, light, rubbing, water and perspiration of the dyed samples was performed according to the present ISO standard. Silk fabric dyed without mordant showed a pink shade, while those samples mordanted with stannous chloride and aluminium potassium sulphate displayed noticeably brighter red coloured shades. With the additional use of copper sulphate, the colour shade produced was violet, while darker grey shades were obtained by adding ferrous sulphate mordant. The test results regarding fastness properties ranged from fair to very good, while wash fastness ranged from very poor to poor.     

Effect of Binary and Ternary Combination of Metal Salt on Colorimetric and Fastness Characteristics of Acacia Nilotica Dyed Woolen Yarn

ABSTRACT

Acacia nilotica

an important medicinal plant of topical and sub-tropical regions belonging to family Fabaceae of genus Acacia is a source of many active phytochemicals (secondary metabolites) have been explored to study their useful utilization in different fields. The versatile utility of this plant as a source of timber, a source of fodder, tannin, and gum, and fuel has prompted researchers to deepen investigations for full utilization of this plant. To exploit its use as a colorant for textiles, this research study investigates for the first time pre-mordanting of wool with binary and ternary metal salt combinations using aluminum potassium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and stannous chloride mordants in order to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool with different hue and tone. The dyeing was carried by exhaustion method and dyed samples were analyzed using a reflective spectrophotometer in terms of CIELab and CIELch (L*, a*, b*, c*, and h°) and K/S values. Wash and light fastnesses were investigated according to ISO standards. Wool samples pre-mordanted with ferrous sulfate-stannous chloride (neutral medium) displayed the highest color strength value of 11.22 followed by ferrous sulfate-alum and alum-stannous chloride combinations. Statistical analysis of color parameters confirms the synergetic role of individual metal salts in different combinations. The results showed that 36 different shades having good to very good fastness properties were produced by the use of different metallic salt combinations in the natural dyeing of wool using A. nilotica bark extract as dye.     

Light Fastness and Shade Variability of Tannin Colorant Dyed Wool with the Effect of Mordanting Methods

Mordanting methods effect on color characteristics and fastness properties, particularly light fastness were evaluated in this study. Effect of metal mordants and their combinations on wool dyeing with Terminalia chebula natural dye were investigated and correlation between dye structures, effect of metal mordant and mordanting methods were established. Results reveal that T. chebula can be used as yellow dye with or without metal mordants to get a variable range of shades on wool with good color strength and fastness properties, and appreciable shade variations with mordanting methods observed. Color performances of dyed substrate indicated substantial improvement in depth of shades and color fastness in case of mordanted samples. Pre-mordanting with tin and post-mordanting with alum proved to be most effective for increasing K/S values of the dyed substrate under the optimum dyeing conditions.     

Investigating the Combined Effect of Natural and Metal Salt Mordants on Coloring Potential of Indian Rhubarb (Rheum emodi) Natural Dye

Synthetic dyes produce wide range of shades, but some of them especially azo dyes have been recently discovered to cause severe human health and environmental problems. This has motivated research activities in the exploitation of dyes from natural products for the coloration of different textile materials. In the present investigation, Indian rhubarb (Rheum emodi) was used as a source of natural dye for the development of deep and bright shades on premordanted woollen yarn samples. Dyeing experiments were carried on wool samples pretreated with different combinations of natural and chemical mordants such as 2.5% myrobalan + 10% alum, 2.5% myrobalan + 2% iron, and 2.5% myrobalan + 0.5% tin. The light, wash, and rub fastness properties of dyed woollen yarn samples were evaluated along with the determination of lightness (L*), chroma (c*), hue angle (h°), and strength (K/S) values using 8% concentration of Indian rhubarb dye.     

Dyeing Properties of Natural Dyes Extracted from the Junipers Leaves (J. excelsa Bieb. and J. oxycedrus L.)

In this paper, two natural dyes were extracted from Junipers leaves (Juniperus oxycedrus L. and Juniperus excelsa Bieb.). Wool yarn (for carpet) was dyed with the extract using ferrous (II) sulfate, potassium dichromate and sodium sulfate as mordant. Then, CIELab (L*, a*, b*, c,* and h) values, color differences (ΔE) and color strength (K/S) values of dyed wool yarns were examined and the fastness properties of dyed wool against dry and wet rubbing were evaluated. According to the experimental results, the use of mordant increased the color strength of dye goods. All mordant increased the rub fastness of dyed samples such as similar scientific studies previously. Compared to two junipers, dyeing samples of J. excelsa are dyed darker than that of J. oxycedrus.     

Natural dyeing of merino wool fibers with Cinnamomum camphora leaves extract with mordants of biological origin: a greener approach of textile coloration

Abstract

In this research work, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of wool dyeing with natural dye extracted from the Cinnamomum camphora middle aged/mature leaves. Visually, a range of ecofriendly shades with quite different color gamut of varying hue and tone were produced via the application of different natural mordants. The effect of various natural mordants (gallnut, pomegranate peel, arjun bark, chlorophyll extract, and citric acid) and some commonly used metal mordants (ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, stannous chloride, and sodium dichromate) on color and fastness properties of dyed wool samples was comparatively evaluated in conjunction with 50% (o.w.f.) of C. camphora natural dye. Dyeing experiments were performed with and without mordants employing pre-mordanting technique. The color of dyed wool fibers were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, and b*) and color strength values (K/S); and fastness properties were determined as per ISO standard test methods. In general, pre-biomordanted wool fibers with P. granatum (3, 4 and 5% o.w.f.), citric acid (5% o.w.f.) and chlorophyll extract (10–50% o.w.f.) showed comparable color and fastness results compared to those of metal treated samples. Durability of color was also checked to assess the effect of washing of dyed wool fibers. This research work on the use of ecofriendly biomordants will provide a valuable reference in future for ecological and environmentally safe dyeing.     

Dyeing of cotton fabric with Cuminum cyminum L. as a natural dye and its comparison with synthetic dye

In the present study, an attempt has been made to dye the industrially bleached woven cotton fabric with Cuminum cyminum L., commonly known as cumin seeds, as a source of natural dye which has not been exploited as natural dye by far. Optimization of natural dye extraction from cumin seeds with respect to buffer mediums; acidic, neutral and alkaline and dyeing parameters viz., dyeing time, dyeing temperature, dyeing pH and electrolyte concentration was done. Dyeing of cotton fabric was carried out with the aqueous extract of cumin seeds with and without mordant. Dyeings obtained without mordants were compared with those obtained by pre-mordanting with tannic acid and various metallic mordants viz., potassium aluminium sulphate, ferrous sulphate, copper sulphate, stannous chloride and potassium dichromate and their combinations. Typical shades obtained with the natural dye were matched with commercially available reactive dyes and compared with fastness properties and indicative costs. From the results, it could be said that the natural dye extracted from cumin seeds has good potential in the textile dyeing market and can be exploited further.     

Mixed Metal Mordant Dyeing of Wool using Root Extract of Rheum emodi (Indian Rhubarb/Dolu)

In the present study, the root extract of Rheum emodi (Indian Rhubarb/Dolu/Revandchini) has been used as a natural dye to develop a variety of harmonizing natural shades on woolen yarn using combination of ecofriendly mixed metal mordants. Dyeings were carried out in neutral acidic, and alkaline medium using 0.5%–5% dye concentrations pre-treated with (4.5% iron + 0.1% tin), (2.5% iron + 0.5% tin), and (0.5% iron + 0.9% tin) mordant combinations. A total of 54 shades have been developed by varying the amount of dye and percentage combination of mordants. The hue of color ranged from reddish-brown, greenish-yellow to dark yellow. The color of dyed woolen yarns was investigated in terms of color strength (K/S), CIELab, CIELch values. Fastness properties (light, washing, and rub/crocking) of dyed woolen yarn samples were also assessed.     

Wool and silk dyeing with the stem and leaves extract of anise北大核心

Extracted from the stems and leaves of anise can be used as natural dyes in fabric dyeing and can obtained good results. In this paper, pre-mordant staining, first with 2% (owf), of the metal mordant alum, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium dichromate, stannous chloride and tin chloride on wool and silk fabrics were processed, then used 5% (owf) of the extract of stems and leaf stained and evaluate dyed fabrics with K/S value, dyeing rate and color fastness. Experimental results showed that the K/S values of wool fabric was higher than the silk, and the natural dye was more suitable for wool fabric dyeing.     

桉树叶天然染料对蚕丝和羊毛织物的染色性能

将从桉树叶中提取的天然染料上染蚕丝和羊毛织物,染色过程分别采用冷轧堆法和浸轧烘干法,并分别配制质量浓度为5、10和20 g/L的染液,利用明矾、硫酸亚铁、硫酸铜和氯化亚锡媒染剂对其进行染色。染色后蚕丝织物和羊毛织物的颜色为从浅黄到棕色,但用硫酸亚铁做媒染剂时呈深灰褐色。水洗、摩擦等色牢度非常好,耐晒牢度较好。     

Determination of the Dyeing Potential of Mint and Sage Crops Wastes on Wool and Cotton Fibers

In the present study, dyeing potential of waste water from distillation process was investigated for fresh and dried herbs of Menthaspicata (MS), Menthapiperita (MP), and Salvia officinalis (SO) species. Meta-mordanting method was used in the dyeing of wool and cotton fabrics in the presence of FeSO₄·7H₂O (iron) and AlK(SO₄)₂·12H₂O (alum) mordants. The color of each dyed material was investigated in terms of the CIELab (L*, a*, b*, C, and h°) and K/S values. The surfaces of the samples were observed using a scanning electron microscope. It was observed that the color strength of fresh and dried plant is depended on the plant species, mordant, and fabric type. Best color intensity (K/S = 16.68) was obtained with iron mordant using fresh SO on cotton fabric. For wool fabric, the highest color strength (K/S = 9.62) was obtained with fresh SO in the presence of alum mordant. Presence of metal mordant for natural dyeing process of cotton with MS, MP, and SO extract has shown remarkable improvement in terms of dye adherence and fastness properties thus metal mordanting could be suitable alternative dyeing method for ecofriendly industrial application.     

Simultaneous shade development,antibacterial, and antifungal functionalization of wool using Punica granatum L. Peel extract as a source of textile dye

In this work, we investigated the use of pomegranate peel extract as an effective functional dye for producing beautiful natural shades on wool and to impart durable antimicrobial properties. Wool is treated with various metal salt mordants in the presence of pomegranate dye under optimum natural dyeing conditions. The structural changes of wool are characterized by SEM and FT-IR techniques. The properties of color strength, color fastness to light, washing, rubbing, and durability of antimicrobial activity to washing are investigated. The experimental results indicate that there is small color variation among shades obtained under identical dyeing conditions. Furthermore, it was found that metal salt mordants improved dyeing depth, fastness properties, and effectively enhanced the durability of antimicrobial activity up to several washing cycles.     

Developing a Shade Range on Wool by Madder (Rubia cordifolia) Root Extract with Gallnut (Quercus infectoria) as Biomordant

Environmental issues inspire the revival of natural dyes that exhibit better biodegradability and more compatibility over synthetic ones. This research is aimed to investigate the effect of color and fastness properties on wool yarn substrate with natural anthraquinone colorants extracted from madder roots using gallnut (Quercus infectoria) extract as anchoring agent. Prior to the dyeing with Indian Madder (Rubia cordifolia), wool fibers were pre and post-treated with different concentrations of gallnut extract (viz 1–5% o.w.f) to get a broad range of beautiful and color fast shades. The feasibility of gallnut extract as an anchoring agent and its effect on color strength and color fastness to light, rubbing, and washing was investigated. Results of color characteristics showed that the color coordinates of the dyed samples were situated in the red-yellow quadrant of the CIELabcolor space. Bio-mordanting with gallnut extract produced shades of practically acceptable color depth, color fastness to light, washing and rubbing. Pre-treatment with gallnut extract is dominated over post-treatment in terms of better colorimetric and fastness results.     

Application of myrrh extract as an eco-friendly dye and antimicrobial agent on wool and silk fabrics part 2: antimicrobial activity and fastness property

ABSTRACT

We investigate the dyeing and antimicrobial properties of myrrh (Commiphora molmol) extracts on wool and silk fabrics, the use of eco-friendly materials such as sumac (Rhus coriaria), manjakani (Quercus infectoria), alum, and ferrous sulfate as mordants. The mordanting methods were optimized.

The best conditions of dyeing process were discussed in the first part of this study. Dyed fabrics were assessed for color strength (K/S), color fastness, and antimicrobial activity. Non-mordanted dyed wool and silk showed color fastness of grade 4–5. Dyed fabrics showed good antimicrobial activity, which was enhanced by mordanting.     

茜草色素在真丝织物上染色性能的研究

针对茜草色素染色真丝织物的颜色特征受工艺条件影响较大的特点,通过测定染色织物的颜色特征值,分析媒染剂种类、媒染方式、pH值、染色温度、染色时间等因素对染色真丝织物性能的影响。试验结果表明,改变媒染剂种类及媒染方式,可以得到黄色、红色、紫色等多种颜色。以硫酸铝和硫酸亚铁为媒染剂,改变染色pH值能得到不同颜色,且K/S值随着pH值增大而下降;染色温度不改变染色织物的色相,K/S值随着温度升高而升高;染色时间对染色织物的色相和K/S值影响不大;最佳工艺条件下,染色真丝织物具有较好的色牢度,日晒色牢度4~5级,耐皂洗色牢度3~4级,耐汗渍色牢度3级以上。     

Influence of fixing treatment on the color fastness and bioactivities of silk fabric dyed with curcumin

The curcumin dyed silk has poor color fastness to wash, rub, and light. Two cationic polyamine fixing agents, one cationic etherifying agent and one cross-linker were applied to the fixing treatment of the curcumin dyed silk fabric. The color parameters, color fastness, and antioxidant and antibacterial bioactivities of the treated silk fabrics were determined. All the fixing treatments increased the rub and light fastness. In comparison to the non-reactive fixing agents, the cross-linker and etherifying agent exhibited stronger ability for improving the rub fastness and the wash fastness for staining, but they had greater influence on the color parameters due to their alkaline application conditions. Fixing treatment caused a great decrease in antioxidant activity, and a minor decrease in antibacterial activity. Among the four fixing agents, the cross-linker exerted the greatest impact on antioxidant and antibacterial activities due to its high ability of reaction with the phenolic hydroxyl groups of curcumin.     

Valorisation of almond shell waste in ultrasonic biomordanted dyeing: alternatives to metallic mordants

An agroindustrial waste, outer green shell of almond fruit has been valorised as a novel natural dye using chemical solvent-free extraction, small amount of metallic mordants, one-bath biomordanted dyeing, ultrasonic medium, auxiliary-free dyeing and washing. The main objective of this study is to evaluate biomordants vs. metallic mordants depending on heating system both in extraction and dyeing and to reveal alternatives to metallic mordants. Effects of conventional- and ultrasound-assisted systems on dyeing and fastness properties were investigated. Wool fabrics dyed using metallic mordants (alum, iron II sulphate, copper II sulphate and potassium dichromate) were compared with the samples dyed in conjunction with biomordants [powder of valex (acorn of Quercus ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) rind, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and thuja (Thuja orientalis) leaves] in terms of colour yield, colour coordinates and fastness properties. Heating system had significant effects on dyeing and fastness results. Power ultrasound did not present any advantage in colour yield increment while it presented different effects on fastness values depending on mordant and process type of which ultrasound was applied. Some biomordants could be replaced with metallic mordants depending on their types and heating system. They could produce completely different colour gamuts just like metallic mordants.