基于数学形态滤波的植被光谱去噪方法研究

光谱维噪声使地物光谱扭曲或变形,中心波长偏移,影响地物信息提取和地表参量反演的精度。对光谱维噪声进行滤波处理,有利于改善遥感数据定量应用的效果。由于数学形态滤波的原理简单且较易实现,被应用到植被光谱以及有机化合物光谱的研究中。运用数学形态滤波对地面实测小麦光谱去噪,一方面对滤波后的光谱进行噪声和波形相似度的直观分析,另一方面通过植被指数反演小麦理化参量进行定量应用评价。结果表明,与传统Savitzky-Golay滤波相比,在可见-近红外波段范围内,数学形态滤波去噪后的光谱能够保持可见—近红外波段原始光谱的固有特征,叶面积指数和叶绿素的反演精度比去噪前有小幅提升,主要原因是实测光谱在该谱段范围的噪声影响很小;在短波红外波段范围内,数学形态滤波能有效去除短波红外大尺度噪声,提高叶片含水量的反演精度。而传统Savitzky-Golay滤波只能削弱短波红外大尺度噪声。广义形态滤波去噪后植被指数和叶片含水量之间的R2最高可达0.5130(去噪前0.3753),叶片含水量的反演值与实测值之间的R2最高可达0.4221(去噪前0.3097),RMSE为0.0243(去噪前0.0318),优于传统Savitzky-Golay滤波。     

Polyhedral perturbations that preserve topological form

The idea, that we are willing to accept variation in an object but that we insist it should retain its original topological form, has powerful intuitive appeal, and the concept appears in many applied fields. Some of the most important of these are tolerancing and metrology, solid modeling, engineering design, finite element analysis, surface reconstruction, computer graphics, path planning in robotics, fairing procedures, image analysis, and medical imaging. In this paper we focus on the field of tolerancing and metrology. The requirement that two objects or sets should have the same topological form requires a precise definition. We specify “same topological form” to mean that there exists a “space homeomorphism” from R³ onto R³ that carries a nominal object S onto another design object. In general, establishing the existence of such space homeomorphisms can be considerably more difficult than demonstrating classical topological equivalence by a homeomorphism. In the special case when the boundary of S is a polyhedral two-sphere in R³, one of the authors has previously given a simple sufficient condition for the existence of a space homeomorphism mapping S onto another design object. This paper presents an analogous sufficient condition for the case when S is a finite polyhedron in R³. The result relies upon a triangulation of the boundary and upon a dependent parameter that specifies the maximum size of permissible perturbations of the vertices of the polyhedron.     

Retrieval of Forest above Ground Biomass Using 4-Scale GeometricalOptical Model and Remote Sensing Data

Forest Aboveground Biomass (AGB) is an important parameter for assessing the function of forest ecosystems.Remote sensing is an effective technique for retrieving AGB.A method for retrieving AGB from TM remote sensing data and field measurements taken at 33 plots in Genhe city,Inn Mongolia,China was developed.First,The empirical equations estimating AGB from canopy Surface Area (SA) was fitted using field measured data.Then,a look up table for the inversion of SA from canopy reflectance was set up through forward simulations of the 4\|scale geometrical optical model.SA determined from TM remote sensing data and the constructed look up table was used to estimate AGB.At all 33 plots,AGB estimated using the newly developed method was in good agreement with measured data,with RMSE=20.8 t·hm-2and R2=0.45,much better than the estimation using Difference Vegetation Index (DVI) (RMSE=27.7 t·hm-2,R²=0.09) and special mixture analysis (SMA) (RMSE=27.6 t·hm-2,R²=0.02) method.Validation at 19 conifer plots indicated that the RMSE and R² of AGB estimated using the method developed in this study were 20.8 t·hm-2 and 0.53,respectively.The corresponding values were 31.5 t·hm-2 and 0.18 for the DVI-based model and were 31.8 t·hm-2 and 0.14 for the SMA-based model.As to 14 broad-leaved plots,the RMSE and R² of AGB estimated using the method developed here were 20.9 t·hm--2 and 0.47.The corresponding values were 21.4 t·hm-2 and 0.01for the DVI-based model and were 20.6 t·hm-2 and 0.11 for the SMA-based model.The method which estimates AGB on the basis of SA inverted from optical remote sensing data was applicable for the retrieval of AGB.     

茶叶光谱与叶绿素、茶氨酸、茶多酚含量关系分析

利用茶叶反射光谱数据分析茶叶中有机物组分的含量,能够快速、无损地进行茶叶品质鉴定。选择浙江省丽水市松阳县和绍兴市越城区的4个茶叶品种的新叶、成熟叶和老叶的样本,进行了光谱测量和3种有机物组分(叶绿素、茶氨酸和茶多酚)的含量检测。然后利用最佳指数法选出了估算这3种有机物的最佳波段,建立了估算3种有机物含量的多元回归线性模型。最后,比较了多元散射校正变换、标准归一化变换、结合Savitzky-Golay滤波的一阶导数变换这3种不同的光谱数据预处理方法的估算结果的差异,并分析了敏感波段的产生原因。研究结果表明:利用茶叶光谱估算叶绿素含量的效果最好,模拟值与实测值之间R~2大于0.9;估算茶氨酸的效果次之,模拟值与实测值之间R~2约为0.7;估算茶多酚的效果最差,模拟值与实测值之间R~2仅为0.65左右。     

Bivariate hermite subdivision

A subdivision scheme for constructing smooth surfaces interpolating scattered data in R³ is proposed. It is also possible to impose derivative constraints in these points. In the case of functional data, i.e., data are given in a properly triangulated set of points {(x_i, y_i)}_i=1^N from which none of the pairs (x_i,y_i) and (x_j,y_j) with i≠j coincide, it is proved that the resulting surface (function) is C¹. The method is based on the construction of a sequence of continuous splines of degree 3. Another subdivision method, based on constructing a sequence of splines of degree 5 which are once differentiable, yields a function which is C² if the data are not ‘too irregular’. Finally the approximation properties of the methods are investigated.     

主被动遥感数据协同估算干旱区草原植被生物量

结合主动微波遥感和被动光学遥感反映地表植被的各自优势,发展了一种主被动遥感协同估算干旱区草原植被生物量的模型。该模型将植被覆盖度作为水云模型的附加参数,将总体散射分为植被覆盖区散射和裸土区散射两部分,将水云模型应用到了植被覆盖稀疏区域。利用改进的水云模型和双极化ASAR数据,通过建立方程组估算植被生物量。将该方法用于乌图美仁草原植被生物量的估算,验证了该方法的有效性。结果表明:该主被动遥感协同估算模型能够成功地估算干旱区草原植被生物量,并且取得了较好的估算精度(R2=0.8562,RMSE=0.1813kg/m2)。最后,分析了该方法估算植被生物量的误差来源。     

Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and GPP Simulations with SCOPE Model for Paddy Rice Under Different Growing Stages

Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and GPP Simulations with SCOPE Model for Paddy Rice Under Different Growing StagesCompared with traditional greenness-based vegetation indicators，Sun-induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence (SIF)，as one of the most effective tools in monitoring Gross Primary Production(GPP)，can be used to directly reflect the dynamic changes of photosynthesis.The SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation，Photochemistry，and Energy Fluxes) model has been widely used to simulate the SIF and GPP across multiple scales.However，the accuracy and ability of the SCOPE model on the simulations under different growth stages and weathers remains unclear.In this study，we investigated the performance of SCOPE in SIF760 and GPP based on the physiological parameters and meteorological data of paddy rice in 2016.Then we compared the simulations with the measured SIF760and GPP under different growing stages and weather conditions.The results showed that the SCOPE model could simulate well for SIF760 and GPP at the seasonal scale (R²=0.44 and R²=0.67).However，the SCOPE model had different performances under different growth stages at the diurnal scale A better performance was obtained in maturity stage of rice (R²=0.99 and R²=0.96)，while a lower performance was at the heading-flowering stage.During the whole growth period，the SIF760 simulated by the SCOPE model was lower than the measured SIF760while the simulated GPP was higher.In addition，weather conditions significantly affect the simulations from the SCOPE model.The accuracy of the SIF760 simulations on sunny days was better than that in cloudy days (R²=0.64 and R²=0.46，respectively).Our quantitative assessment of the SCOPE model supported its usefulness for interpreting SIF and GPP under different growth stages.These results provided the model evidence for remote sensing of SIF to monitor crop photosynthesis and its response on environmental factors.     

First-order spectra with one binary predicate

The spectrum, Sp(), of a sentence is the set of cardinalities of finite structures which satisfy . We prove that any set of integers which is in Func₁^∞, i.e. in the class of spectra of first-order sentences of type containing only unary function symbols, is also in BIN¹, i.e. in the class of spectra of first-order sentences of type involving only a single binary relation.

We give similar results for generalized spectra and some corollaries: in particular, from the fact that the large complexity class _cNTIME_RAM(cn) is included in Func₁^∞ for unary languages (n denotes the input integer), we deduce that the set of primes and many “natural” sets belong to BIN¹.

We also give some consequences for the image of spectra under polynomials of .     

西南地区不同山地环境梯度叶面积指数遥感反演

叶面积指数(LAI)遥感估算是植被定量遥感研究的热点之一,监测植被LAI时空变化对于研究陆地生态系统碳循环及全球变化等具有非常重要的意义。在我国西南山区设置10个50km×50km的观测样区作为研究区,其中包括5个森林生态系统样区、3个农田生态系统样区和2个草地生态系统样区。分别获取不同优势植被类型LAI地面实测数据,结合同期获取的遥感数据,考虑地形因素影响,基于偏最小二乘原理分别构建各样区LAI遥感估算模型,并采用交叉验证的方式对模型精度进行评价。结果表明:考虑了海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子的森林LAI遥感反演模型与未考虑地形变量的模型相比,其验证精度有所提高,R2由0.30~0.75提高至0.50~0.80,RMSE由0.52~0.93m2/m2降低至0.48~0.89m2/m2;所有样区优势植被类型LAI反演模型验证R2在0.40~0.80之间,RMSE在0.22~0.89m2/m2之间。发展的LAI遥感估算方法有助于认知山地植被LAI反演的地形效应问题,可为进一步的山地植被长势监测提供科学依据。     

基于QAA算法的昆承湖固有光学量反演模型

基于2010年4月在昆承湖采集的野外实验数据,建立了适用于昆承湖的QAA固有光学量反演模型。结果表明:该模型可以得到较高精度的反演结果。所有验证点在411~700nm波段范围内,反演总吸收系数和实测总吸收系数的决定系数R2都高于0.984,平均相对误差ε都低于14.5%。在440、488和532nm 3个波段处,总吸收系数反演值和实测值决定系数R2分别为0.655、0.742和0.826,平均相对误差ε分别为6.5%、3.6%和3.4%,精度较高。反演后向散射系数与和参考后向散射系数在440、488和532nm处均具有较好的相关性,且532nm处反演后向散射系数与实测总悬浮物浓度决定系数为0.624,呈正相关,反演后向散射系数具有一定的可信度。该模型能够为昆承湖固有光学量的反演提供一条有效途径。     

基于SPOT5遥感影像丰宁县植被地上生物量估测研究

利用SPOT5遥感影像数据和同期获得的野外调查样地数据,基于按植被类型分类估测的方法,研究了河北省丰宁满族自治县植被地上生物量的遥感估测技术。研究结果显示,SPOT5影像的4个波段反射率和中红外植被指数(VI3)结合建立的多元回归模型,可用于森林生物量的遥感估测,估测的R2值达0.540,说明中红外波段信息提高森林生物量的估测精度有一定作用;通过分析样地生物量与多种植被指数的相关性发现,基于比值植被指数(RVI)的指数回归模型是灌丛生物量估测的最佳模型,估测的R2值达0.711,基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)的简单线性回归模型为估测草地生物量的最佳模型,R2值达0.790。利用2008年的全覆盖SPOT5影像,获得了丰宁县2008年植被地上生物量分布图,除农田植被外,全县地上生物总量为3.706×107 t,单位面积生物量平均为51.223t/hm2,其中,森林植被总生物量为3.578×107 t,灌丛植被总生物量为1.048×106 t,草地植被总生物量为2.277×105 t。     

Fitting optimal piecewise linear functions using genetic algorithms

Constructing a model for data in R² is a common problem in many scientific fields, including pattern recognition, computer vision, and applied mathematics. Often little is known about the process which generated the data or its statistical properties. For example, in fitting a piecewise linear model, the number of pieces, as well as the knot locations, may be unknown. Hence, the method used to build the statistical model should have few assumptions, yet, still provide a model that is optimal in some sense. Such methods can be designed through the use of genetic algorithms. We examine the use of genetic algorithms to fit piecewise linear functions to data in R². The number of pieces, the location of the knots, and the underlying distribution of the data are assumed to be unknown. We discuss existing methods which attempt to solve this problem and introduce a new method which employs genetic algorithms to optimize the number and location of the pieces. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the performance of our method and compare it to the performance of several existing methods, We conclude that our method represents a valuable tool for fitting both robust and nonrobust piecewise linear functions     

Minimal roughness property of the Delaunay triangulation

A set of scattered data in the plane consists of function values measured on a set of data points in R². A surface model of this set may be obtained by triangulating the set of data points and constructing the Piecewise Linear Interpolating Surface (PLIS) to the given function values. The PLIS is combined of planar triangular facets with vertices at the data points. The roughness measure of a PLIS is the L² norm squared of the gradient of the piecewise linear surface, integrated over the triangulated region and obviously depends on the specific triangulation. In this paper we prove that the Delaunay triangulation of the data points minimizes the roughness measure of a PLIS, for any fixed set of function values. This Theorem connects for the first time, as far as we know, the geometry of the Delaunay triangulation with the properties of the PLIS defined over it.     

基于高光谱遥感反射率的总氮总磷的反演

基于2005年4~10月实测高光谱数据,通过微分法和波段比值法对室内水样分析结果中的总氮和总磷浓度进行反演。结果表明:以1 nm为间隔的微分法中455 nm处的微分值对总氮浓度较为敏感,最大负相关达到-0.857,而最大正相关为波段比值(1015/528 nm)的0.803,利用上述两个因子作为自变量进行多元回归,得到总氮最佳反演模型。该模型绝对误差为0.16,实测值与预测值之间R²为0.839;波段比值(671 nm/680 nm)对总磷浓度较为敏感,达到最大负相关-0.889,选用其作为自变量进行二次多项式回归,得到总磷最佳反演模型,该模型绝对误差为0.003,实测值与预测值之间R²为0.934。     

Simultaneous determination of lead and cadmium at a glassy carbon electrode modified with Langmuir–Blodgett film of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with a Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene (TCA) has been investigated as a disposable sensor for measuring the trace levels of lead and cadmium. The possibility of determining lead and cadmium at trace levels was examined with differential pulse stripping voltammetry in the measurement step. The electrochemical response was characterized with respect to supporting electrolyte, pH of solution, accumulation time, accumulation potential, layers of the LB films, and possible interferences. Calibration plots were found to be linear in the range 2 × 10⁻⁷ to 5 × 10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹ (Cd²⁺) and 1 × 10⁻⁷ to 2.5 × 10⁻⁵ mol l⁻¹ (Pb²⁺); the detection limits were 2 × 10⁻⁸ mol l⁻¹ (Cd²⁺) and 8 × 10⁻⁹ mol l⁻¹ (Pb²⁺). Possible recognition mechanism was also discussed. From the analysis of real samples (river, lake and tap water) it can be concluded that the method is sensitive and reproducible in determining of these elements and can be used in the analysis of natural water samples.     

使用MODIS近红外图像直接计算地表水汽压的研究—以贵州省为例

为提高地形复杂区域地表水汽压的计算精度,同时避免间接法计算需要大气可降水量中间数据,以贵州省为例,研究使用MODIS近红外数据直接估算晴空地表水汽压。构建了指数、多项式、通道值线性组合、集成形式4种直接法模型,并分吸收通道、分遥感值(反射率与辐亮度)建立了24个回归公式,根据计算站的拟合结果筛选了最优的直接法模型,最后对比了直接法和间接法的计算精度。研究结果表明:采用集成第17通道与第2通道反射率比值和高程信息的直接法模型拟合精度最高,决定系数R~2为0.741,剩余标准差(RSE)为1.098 hpa;该直接法的绝对误差、相对误差的均值分别为1.234 hpa和8.2%,均低于间接法的1.806 hpa和12%。     

Smooth closed surfaces with discrete triangular interpolants

Discrete interpolants which involve cross boundary derivatives in an attempt to form C¹ surfaces have the following major problem: Requiring C¹ joins between patches makes sense only if the patch domains are adjacent in the domain space. This makes it impossible to form C¹ closed surfaces, or indeed any surface which contains more connections than can be achieved in the domain.

This paper develops a method of forming smooth closed (or otherwise complexly connected) surfaces from a discrete triangular interpolant by relaxing the C¹ property of an interpolant to ‘Visually C¹”.

The only constraint on the scheme is that the data to be interpolated define a unique tangent plane at each vertex where several triangles meet. Then each patch can be calculated independently of its neighbors, using only data defined at its vertices, and the domain for each triangular patch can be chosen without regarding the connectivity of the patch with others. This last feature could be of great interest to a designer of a surface since one can choose the domain of each patch to be an equilateral triangle, and give it no further thought.     

Adsorptive voltammetry of Hg(II) ions at a glassy carbon electrode coated with electropolymerized methyl-red film

The glassy carbon electrode coated with electropolymerized methyl-red film, 1.2 × 10⁻⁶ m in thickness, (PMRE) showed high sensitivity towards Hg(II) ions. PMREs were adopted to accumulate and detect Hg(II) ions in a pH 2.56 Britton–Robinson buffer solution. Cyclic voltammogram of the accumulated Hg species on PMREs exhibited an anodic wave at 0.64 V and a cathodic wave at 0.13 V, due to the oxidation of accumulated Hg species on PMREs and the reduction of Hg(II) ions in the solution, respectively. For this heterogeneous adsorption of Hg(II) ions onto PMREs, the maximum surface concentration, adsorption equilibrium, and Gibbs energy change were evaluated to be 5.12 × 10⁻⁶ mol m⁻², 3.7 × 10⁵ l mol⁻¹, and −30.1 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The anodic peak current at 0.64 V was linear with the concentration of Hg(II) ions in the range of 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 1.1 × 10⁻⁷ M with a detection limit of 4.4 × 10⁻¹¹ M. The proposed method was utilized successfully for the detection of Hg(II) ions in the lake water.     

DFT法研究取代酚对黑头呆鱼的急毒性

基于定量结构-活性相关（QSAR）研究酚类化合物的急毒性具有重要意义。运用DFT-B3LYP方法,在较高基组6-311G^**水平下,全优化计算25种取代酚。从中获得分子最高占用和最低空轨道能(E_HOMO和E_LUMO)、前线轨道能级差(AE=EHOMOˉ尻_LUMO)、分子次最高占用和次最低空轨道能(E_NHOMO和E_NLUMO、分子总能量（E_T）、氢原子所带的最高正电荷（q_H⁺）、最负非氢原子的静电荷（g）、分子偶极矩（μ）和分子体积（V）等描述符。结合文献中标题化合物对黑头呆鱼急毒性值(-1g LC₅₀),由多元线性回归方法建成QSAR模型,采用内外双重验证的办法,深入分析和检验模型的稳健性。最佳模型的复相关系数（R²）,去一法（LOO）交替检验复相关系数(R²_CV),外部预测样本复相关系数(R²_ext)分别为0.976,0.974和0.940,故所建QSAR模型的稳定性和预测能力良好。表明:取代酚对黑头呆鱼急毒性与分子体积、最负非氢原子的静电荷及分子总能量的相关性密切。