宽带光纤拉曼放大器的优化设计􀀂

研究优化设计宽带光纤拉曼放大器平坦增益带宽的方法。通过研究多波长后向泵浦光纤拉曼放大器的传输方程，分别用模拟煺火算法及四阶阿当方法迭代出各泵浦波频率及输入功率的大小。可设计出满足增益平坦度要求的宽带光纤拉曼放大器。设计了两个光纤拉曼放大器，一个采用双波长泵浦，得到的平坦增益带宽为50nm，增益不平坦度小于1dB。另一个采用四波长泵浦，得到的平坦增益带宽为80nm，增益不平坦度小于1dB。所得结果证明提出的优化设计方法对于设计多波长泵浦平坦增益带宽光纤拉曼放大器是一种有效的方法。     

（英）基于增益谱多项式拟合的双泵浦碲基光纤级联拉曼光纤放大器

光纤拉曼放大器的带宽、增益及增益平坦度直接影响了光纤通信系统的传输质量.针对这些参数的优化,根据碲基光纤的拉曼增益谱特性提出了一种双泵浦级联碲基光纤的拉曼放大器结构.并推导了实现增益谱平坦时光纤长度和泵浦参数满足的约束条件.经过对拉曼增益谱的5次多项式拟合,更准确地反映了拉曼增益谱的信息,同时也简化了其实现增益谱平坦的条件.通过Matlab仿真分析得到,当两段光纤分别取0.339 km,0.16 km时,其最大增益为17.81 dB,增益平坦度为0.66 dB ,放大带宽为48 nm.该方案为宽带宽、高增益、增益平坦度小的拉曼光纤放大器设计提供了一种新的思路.     

三波长泵浦实现平坦C L-band光纤拉曼放大

本文介绍了采用三波长泵浦实现C+L- band的拉曼放大器的设计与实现.论文首先给出了理论计算与仿真结果,并在此结果的指导下完成了拉曼放大系统实验系统.测试结果表明,本论文研制的拉曼放大系统可以实现在1 536～1 607 nm,共71 nm带宽范围内的平坦放大,其平均增益为10.5 dB,增益平坦度小于±0.5 dB纹波不超过1 dB.研制的拉曼放大系统的最大有效噪声系数小于一2.96 dB,平均为一3.2 dB.研制的拉曼放大系统同时具有优良的偏振无关特性,测试得出的最大偏振相关增益小于0.4 dB.     

基于增益谱多项式拟合的双泵浦碲基光纤级联拉曼光纤放大器（英文）

光纤拉曼放大器的带宽、增益及增益平坦度直接影响了光纤通信系统的传输质量.针对这些参数的优化,根据碲基光纤的拉曼增益谱特性提出了一种双泵浦级联碲基光纤的拉曼放大器结构.并推导了实现增益谱平坦时光纤长度和泵浦参数满足的约束条件.经过对拉曼增益谱的5次多项式拟合,更准确地反映了拉曼增益谱的信息,同时也简化了其实现增益谱平坦的条件.通过Matlab仿真分析得到,当两段光纤分别取0.339km,0.16 km时,其最大增益为17.81 dB,增益平坦度为0.66 dB,放大带宽为48 nm.该方案为宽带宽、高增益、增益平坦度小的拉曼光纤放大器设计提供了一种新的思路.     

利用免疫算法优化设计的宽带大增益拉曼光纤放大器

为提高拉曼光纤放大器(RFA)的增益带宽和输出增益、改善增益平坦度,本文以掺铒碲基光纤作为放大介质,使用6个泵浦光设计了一款能够实现对C+L波段共100 nm带宽信号光平坦放大的拉曼光纤放大器.在设计过程中,针对拉曼光纤放大器模型中的非线性优化和组合优化问题,采用免疫算法配置泵浦光波长和功率的方法来解决,同时保证拉曼光...     

混合拉曼光纤放大器的实现

在拉曼光纤放大器(FRA)和掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)理论建模的基础上,设计并制作了双波长泵浦的FRA和EDFA相结合的混合光纤放大器,获得了较为平坦的(±1dB),80nm(1533～1613nm)的增益带宽,峰值增益达到了近16.5dB,带内平均增益为15.5dB.     

多泵浦与光纤级联结合的宽带拉曼光纤放大器

针对传统光纤通信传输系统中拉曼光纤放大器(RFA)增益带宽不足、输出增益低且输出增益不平坦的问题,设计了一种多泵浦和光纤级联相结合的宽带拉曼光纤放大器。并且推导实现增益平坦输出时所用六个泵浦光和四段光子晶体光纤(PCF)对应参数满足的约束表达式,从理论上给出了一种提高放大器增益和增益带宽的同时保证较小增益平坦度的设计方法。最后通过Matlab数值模拟,所设计的宽带拉曼光纤放大器达到了增益带宽92 nm,平均增益39.95 dB,增益平坦度0.1447 dB。     

级联拉曼光纤激光器研究进展

稀土掺杂光纤激光器因受限于稀土元素的发射截面,只能在特定波长范围输出激光。理论上级联拉曼光纤激光器只要有合适的泵浦源和适当的谐振腔,即可输出任意波长斯托克斯光。以1064nm掺镱光纤激光器作泵浦源为例,以锗硅光纤为拉曼增益媒质,目前报道的级联拉曼光纤激光器输出的斯托克斯光波长范围为1120~2200nm。由于增益光纤具有很宽的拉曼增益谱,级联拉曼光纤激光器可进行宽带调谐,也可同时输出多个波长。级联拉曼光纤激光器不仅用于光通信上拉曼光纤放大器和远程泵浦掺铒光纤放大器的泵浦源,也可广泛用于超连续波产生、光传感、光成像等领域。对近几年来级联拉曼光纤激光器在理论设计基础、单、多波长级联拉曼光纤激光器等方面获得的取得的最新进展进行了概述。     

带宽可配置的拉曼光纤放大器

设计了一种带宽可配置的拉曼光纤放大器(RFA),泵浦源和驱动电路采用插卡式.根据不同波段的信号光选用不同的带宽进行放大,提高了RFA的放大效率.通过实验验证在1520～1610nm内可灵活调整放大带宽,且最大增益为16.4dB,增益平坦度小于1.3dB.     

光纤拉曼放大器的优化设计

文章介绍了一种设计多波长泵浦光纤拉曼放大器（FRA）的方法以及怎样用此方法实现需要的增益曲线。利用这种方法仿真实现了增益接近20dB、平坦度小于0.2dB的拉曼放大器，它与现有的拉曼放大器相比具有更平坦的增益曲线。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.