欧盟可再生能源现状、未来发展与挑战

据估计，欧盟的可再生能源在欧盟内部总能耗中的份额将从1992年的5．3％提高到2020年的6．2％。到2030年这个比例仍将小于7％。而白皮书中规定的战略和行动计划将力图使欧盟的2010年可再生能源份额达到12％的目标。另外各国国内的可再生能源发展目标应该和欧盟目标中可再生能源电力份额从1997年的13，9％增加到2010年的22．1％的目标一致。发展可再生能源是欧盟能源政策的中心目标，因为可再生能源在欧盟的主要目标——减少二氧化碳的排放中扮演着一个重要的角色。而且它还将通过减少欧盟对进口能源的依赖增进能源供应安全性。从中长期来看，和常规能源相比，可再生能源在经济上具备竞争力。文章就可再生能源在欧盟的发展现状和未来发展进行论述     

新能源和可再生能源的分类

新能源和可再生能源的概念和含义,是1981年联合国在内罗华召开的新能源和可再生能源会议上确定的,它不同于常规化石能源,可以持续发展,几乎是用之不竭,对环境无多大损害,有利于生态良性循环。目前,联合国开发计划署(UNDP)将新能源和可再生能源分为3类:(1)大中型水电;(2)新可再生能源,包括小水电、太阳能、风能、现代生物质能、地热、海洋能;(3)传统生物质能。在我国,新能源和可再生能源是指除常规化石能源和大中型水力发电、核裂变发电之外的生物质能、太阳能、风能、小水电、地热能以及海洋能等。这些能源,资源丰富,可以再生,清洁干净,是…     

都市农业生态系统可再生能源利用模式研究

文章以北京市蟹岛生态系统能源利用方式为例，研究了在都市农业生态系统内，地热能、生物质能、太阳能等可再生能源的开发利用模式，结果表明，可再生能源的有效利用是蟹岛生态系统的最大特色。以可再生能源利用为主导的“多能互补”能源利用模式极大地降低了不可再生能源的消耗量，对系统能流、物流的合理转换和生态平衡具有重要意义，取得了良好的经济、环保和社会效益，为能源的多元化利用提供了一种可借鉴思路。     

我国开发利用新能源与可再生能源资源的发展态势

新能源与可再生能源是21世纪人类社会实现可持续发展战略的能源需求的重要来源。我国政府十分重视新能源与可再生能源的开发利用工作。本文简要介绍了我国新能源与可再生能源的发展态势。     

可再生能源在建筑节能中的应用

介绍了可再生能源在国内外建筑节能方面的技术利用,涉及新能源发电、采暖、制冷空调、热水供应、生物化工等方面。阐述与分析了利用可再生能源实现建筑节能的技术现状,探讨和展望了该方面最新技术及其发展方向。     

广东可再生能源利用及发展研究

阐述了广东利用和发展可再生能源的必要性，分析了广东利用和发展可再生能源的有利条件，提出了广东可再生能源发展的重点及对策。     

应用可再生能源技术实现长三角地区建筑节能的探讨

根据长三角地区的建筑能耗的特点，阐明了建筑节能和环境保护的重要性。提出了建筑中因地制宜地利用可再生能源技术实现节能和环保的设计思想，为长三角地区的建筑节能提供了一种有效的方法。     

Design of an energy hub based on natural gas and renewable energy sources

This paper presents a simulation model for an energy hub consisting of natural gas (NG) turbines as the main sources of energy (including both electricity and heat) and two renewable energy sources—wind turbines (WTs) and photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. The hub also includes water electrolyzers for hydrogen production. The hydrogen serves as an energy storage medium that can be used in some transportation applications, or it can be mixed with the NG feed stream to improve the emission profile of the gas‐turbine unit. The capacity of the designed hub is meant to simulate and replace the coal‐fired Nanticoke Generating Station with a NG‐fired power plant. Therefore, the aim of this work is to develop a simulated model that combines different energy generation technologies, which are evaluated in terms of the total energy produced, the cost per kWh of energy generated, and the amount of emissions produced. The proposed model investigates the benefits, both economic and environmental, the technological barriers, and the challenges of energy hubs by developing several scenarios. The simulation of these scenarios was done using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS®). Although the software is strongly known for its optimization capability, the mixed complementary problems solver makes it a strong tool for solving equilibrium problems. Excess energy produced during off‐peak demand by WTs and PV solar cells was used to feed the electrolyzer to produce H₂ and O₂. The proposed approach shows that a significant reduction in energy cost and greenhouse gas emissions were achieved, in addition to the increased overall efficiency of the energy hub. Out of the examined three scenarios, Scenario C appeared to be the most feasible option for a combination of renewable and non‐renewable technologies as it did not only produce hydrogen, but also provided electricity at relatively lower prices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

绿色建筑中可再生能源利用方案的设计

通过对《绿色建筑评价标准》(GB/T 50378-2006)中关于可再生能源利用条文的分析解读,总结了在绿色建筑中可再生能源利用方案评价的主要内容和评价方法。结合实际工作经验,就不同的可再生能源利用方式在不同建筑类型中的应用方案选择进行了分析与探讨,并提出了绿色建筑中可再生能源利用的发展方向。     

热泵技术与可再生能源的开发利用

目前,可再生能源和热泵技术受到广泛的重视.通过对可再生能源与热泵关系的分析以及对热泵低温热能采集方式的论述表明,可再生能源是热泵低温热源的主要来源,而热泵是可再生能源低温热利用最有效的方式,热泵技术的利用极大地拓展了可再生能源的利用范围.     

发展可再生能源对浙江省节能减排的意义

分析了浙江省可再生能源资源条件和发展现状,提出了发展可再生能源是浙江省优化能源结构、降低能耗强度、保护生态环境、实现低碳经济发展的重要保障措施。     

意大利的节能和可再生能源激励机制

新能源与可再生能源产业是具有环境效益的弱势产业，在市场化过程中面临着诸多的障碍和问题，政府支持是新能源与可再生能源市场培育的原动力。不论是发达国家还是发展中国家，新能源与可再生能源的发展离不开政府的支持，如投融资、税收、补贴、市场渗透等一系列的优惠政策。文章介绍了意大利在节能和可再生能源方面的激励政策。     

An econometric analysis of residential expenditures on energy conservation and renewable energy sources

Economic theory suggests that residential expenditures on energy conservation and renewable energy sources will be determined by the ability of households to purchase conservation inputs, their incentive to invest in conserving energy, the energy efficiency of existing homes and miscellaneous factors such as climate and age of the home-owner. Empirical analyses of energy-related expenditures reported on individual income tax returns confirm the importance of household income, energy price increases and climate conditions in determining energy conservation investments. Income tax credits are also found to have stimulated residential spending on conservation and renewable energy.     

General sustainability indicator of renewable energy system based on grey relational analysis

This research answers the question of how to measure the sustainability of a renewable energy systems (RESs) as a physical parameter. Renewable energy is considered as a solution for mitigating the energy crisis, climate change and environmental pollution; however, an important problem of its application is that it is very difficult to evaluate the sustainability of RESs. This study develops a general sustainability indicator which is a tool to evaluate sustainability of RESs precisely and comprehensively. Based on the Triple Bottom Line approach, 11 Basic Sustainability Indicators with different dimensions and various units are selected from environmental, economic and social sustainability assessment criteria. In order to deal with the uncertainties in the definition and the assessment of sustainability, the grey regression analysis method is employed to quantify the basic indicators and to aggregate them into the general indicator. In addition, for explaining application of the general indicator, the cases of four RESs in hot‐arid Australia are presented. In the case study, the grey indicator is used to assess the sustainability of four systems with different combinations of grid, solar photovoltaic and wind renewable energy. The final results are compared with the general indicator based on fuzzy sets theory developed in previous studies. It is found that for the case of Australian system, the grey sustainability indicator has a good linear correlation to the fuzzy indicator results. The grey indicator is an effective way to assess the sustainability of RESs and provides a good tool for designers, users, decision makers and researchers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance of building energy supply systems using renewable energy

There are two types of renewable energy widely used in China: air-source heat pump and compact all glass solar vacuum pipe water heating systems. To compare the performance of these supply systems, test systems were installed on two adjacent apartment buildings with the same structure, shape, and material. Both sets of equipment were placed in the same environment for the same 31-day period. The performances and performance parameters of the systems were systematically analyzed. The system energy consumption ratio of the compact all glass solar vacuum pipe water heating system was greater than that of the air-source system on 81% of the days in the study period. However, extension theory analysis showed that the weight coefficients for the performance parameters of the two systems were equivalent over the study period. The grey relational degree between the system performance and the parameters were also calculated. The grey correlation degrees of the compact all glass solar vacuum pipe water heating system's properties with outlet temperature, inlet temperature, environment temperature, solar radiation, and sunshine time were 0.69, 0.71, 0.68, 0.70, and 0.68; and the grey correlation degrees of the air source heat pump water heating system's properties with outlet temperature, inlet temperature, environment temperature, solar radiation, and hours of sunshine were 0.71, 0.73, 0.71, 0.65, and 0.72. Furthermore, multivariate regression equations were used to study the changes of other parameters when one of the single variables changes.