水合物技术在沼气配送中的应用

我国沼气资源丰富,但是大量中小沼气工程受规模限制未能得到充分有效的利用,可通过高效收集方式将沼气集中后进行高值利用。文章介绍了一种可用于沼气配送的新方法——水合物配送技术,该技术具有储气能力强、安全性高、经济性和灵活性好等诸多优点,不但可以用于沼气配送,而且能对沼气进行分离提纯。通过对气体水合物技术基本原理、储运与提纯发展状况的分析,论述了该技术在我国沼气配送和提纯应用中的优势,并针对我国沼气分散、气量小的特点提出了沼气水合物特色配送路线。     

沼气发电技术及沼气燃料电池在我国的应用状况与前景

沼气发电技术是一种清洁的发电技术。文章针对目前我国已有的沼气发电技术进行了技术评价,综述了这种技术的发展现状与近年来的应用情况;燃料电池也是一种新型高效、清洁的发电技术,文章对以沼气为燃料的燃料电池技术进行了介绍,对我国沼气利用技术的发展具有参考价值。     

沼气压缩罐装技术的试验研究

通过采取沼气净化技术,去除沼气中无效组分,提高沼气热值,最大化满足沼气乐缩技术要求.通过采用多级压缩技术,实现沼气的压缩罐装,为进一步开展沼气罐装技术的深层次研究提供参考.     

垃圾填埋沼气的利用与加工处理

根据垃圾填埋沼气的特点以及作为民用燃料的可能利用途径,依照燃料标准对沼气的处理与加工技术进行了分析,认为首先应脱除沼气中的ＣＯ２和Ｈ２Ｓ等酸性气,并在压力下储存,利用现有工业技术处理后的沼气可与优质天然气相媲美。     

沼气发电机组的开发利用

沼气机组发电符合当今发展循环经济,节约能源的时代要求,也会对缓解国内区域性能源紧张发挥重要作用.本文介绍了当前我国沼气生产、利用的现状,阐明了沼气的组成及其燃烧特性,论述了沼气发电机组的结构原理及其创新技术.     

沼气发电机组的开发利用

沼气机组发电符合当今发展循环经济,节约能源的时代要求,也会对缓解国内区域性能源紧张发挥重要作用。本文介绍了当前我国沼气生产、利用的现状,阐明了沼气的组成及其燃烧特性,论述了沼气发电机组的结构原理及其创新技术。     

沼气重整制合成气技术可行性探讨

论述了沼气的组成和利用现状,通过天然气蒸汽重整中的加碳技术说明了沼气中二氧化碳的利用价值。借鉴天然气重整工业经验和模拟沼气重整的实验室研究,探讨了沼气重整制合成气技术的可行性,初步提出了沼气重整制合成气的试验方案。分析认为,沼气通过脱硫、脱氧、与水蒸气混合加热进行重整制合成气是提高沼气综合利用率的有效途径,为沼气重整制合成气工业研究提供了参考依据。     

中国农村户用沼气生产及其影响因素分析

对我国农村沼气生产情况进行了分析,认为我国农村沼气生产在取得较快发展的同时,存在较大的地区差异.文中采用面板数据对农村沼气生产影响因素进行分析,指出我国农村沼气生产明显受到该地区大牲畜存栏数量、平均温度、农户收入水平以及制度和技术进步因素的影响,而农户人均受教育程度和沼气的替代能源价格等因素对沼气生产的影响并不明显.     

湿法脱硫技术在沼气内燃机上的应用

沼气作为生物质能源中的一种,已广泛用于内燃机电站发电.但是沼气中H2S对内燃机的腐蚀,严重制约了内燃机的可靠使用.本文通过湿法脱硫技术对某淀粉厂消化沼气进行处理,并对脱硫前后的内燃机部件消耗进行了比较,证明了该方法的有效性和可行性,脱硫后的沼气中硫化氢浓度低于200mg/Nm3,对沼气内燃机的应用具有良好的保护作用.     

沼气发酵综合利用的现状与发展趋势

论述了我国沼气发酵综合利用技术的现状－沼气和沼气发酵残留物的各种利用途径及所取得的经济效益,分析讨论了沼气技术与农村可持续发展的关系,提出了“绿色－立体经济”模式。     

沼气技术在浙江的规模化利用

介绍了浙江省沼气技术开发利用的数量、采用的工艺、取得的综合效益及存在的问题,并提出了加快发展沼气利用的发展对策。     

Status of biogas technologies and policies in South Korea

To date, there are about 49 biogas plants in South Korea that are generally recognized as economically and technically unsuccessful due to lack of knowhow, deficient technologies and policies. There is a need to analyze the status of biogas technology and policy in South Korea from the point of view of an external biogas expert, since biogas technology in South Korea has not yet been analyzed by foreign biogas experts so far. For analyzing site investigation, literature research and interviews are performed. It was found that there are several lacks of conceptual design of biogas technology, such as plant dimension, energy balance, operation knowhow. Technical and financial support for the development of biogas technology was insufficient so far. There are some policies to support biogas technologies, however financial support from different ministries seemed not to have been used efficiently. Some policies are planned excessively so that they cannot be realized on time. Based on the general policy called “Green Growth”, the Korean government plans to establish a biogas market in South Korea in order to recover energy from organic waste. For this purpose, R&D efforts should be intensified for consulting and education in national and international networks for the transfer of knowhow and technologies. Definition of the existing restrictions on the development of biogas technology is required. By developing a biogas roadmap, the creation of a biogas market could be promoted efficiently in South Korea.     

Determinants for adoption decision of small scale biogas technology by rural households in Tigray,Ethiopia

The deployment of biogas energy as alternative energy source can have the potential to fill the gap in the energy needs of the rural community if it is effectively managed and appropriately utilized. Using a logistic regression analysis of cross sectional data, the driving forces for adoption decision of biogas technology by rural households in the Tigray region, Ethiopia, were examined. The study found that the factors that significantly affect biogas adoption decision of rural households were for the most part socio-demographic factors and access to basic infrastructures. Besides, some environmental, institutional and economic attributes were significantly associated with diffusion of biogas technology. From among the variables included in the model, age of household head, family size, level of education, cattle size owned, distance to firewood collection site, access to electricity, access to credit and access to all weather roads were found to positively affect biogas adoption decision of households. On the other hand, distance to the nearest market negatively affected the adoption decision of the households. Female headed households tend more to adopt the biogas technology as compared to their male counterparts. As socio-economic attributes of households and environmental factors are mostly varied contextually and spatially, the policy of biogas technology promotion should be tailored based on the principle of fit for the purpose instead of the existing unimodal approach for all settings.     

Biogas upgrading technologies – Recent advances in membrane-based processes

This study reviews the major biogas upgrading technologies, with specific regard to recent progress in the field of membrane technology. More specifically, the objective of the present work is to provide the state-of-the-art of membrane-based processes for biogas upgrading, focusing primarily on the latest advances in membrane configurations/materials (e.g. for producing novel composite or mixed matrix membranes) and on hybrid technologies which integrate biogas upgrading with established membrane-based processes, such as the membrane bioreactor, membrane electrolysis or gas-liquid absorption. In order to demonstrate the potential of membrane technology for biogas upgrading in real field applications, the review also presents some cutting-edge biogas upgrading plants, located and operated in Europe and USA, and a brief summary of recent research studies (conducted during the last 5 years), which examine the economic feasibility of membrane-based technologies for biogas upgrading. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of applying membrane-based processes for biogas upgrading are discussed.     

多元原料混合发酵制备沼气技术研究进展

目前,我国沼气的发酵原料主要是禽畜粪便和农作物秸秆,随着厌氧发酵技术的发展,更多种类废弃物也逐步受到人们的关注。有机废弃物沼气化利用在我国生态文明建设中有着重大意义。论文综述了我国生物质资源,如禽畜粪便、农作物秸秆、农产品加工废弃物、市政有机废弃物和能源作物的特性和作为沼气发酵原料的优缺点,比较了这些原料的沼气生产潜力,探讨了混合原料发酵技术及重要的几种沼气发酵外源添加剂。     

Socio-economic hurdles to widespread adoption of small-scale biogas digesters in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review

The unsustainable use of fossil fuels has led to increased awareness and widespread research on the accessibility of renewable energy resources such as biogas. Biogas is a methane rich gas that is produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic material. Despite its potential to replace biomass in Africa, where over 70% of the households use wood fuel and agricultural waste for cooking, biogas technology has not been adopted by Sub-Saharan African countries compared to their Asian counterparts. This paper examines the socioeconomic constraints to adoption of biogas in Sub-Saharan Africa and explores factors that could enhance adoption of the technology. These include standardization and quality control, as well as an approach of integrated farming using biogas and slurry. The article recommends mobilization of local and external funds to promote biogas, use of ready to use funds such as the Clean Development Mechanisms in overcoming the initial construction costs of biogas units, and formation of user and disseminator associations to reduce costs by joint procurement and linkage to finance. It further advocates the promotion of multiple uses of biogas for purposes other than cooking and lighting. It is expected that widespread adoption of the technology could lead to self-sufficiency in household energy provision for cooking. This would facilitate environmental management and economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa.     

Dairy farming and biogas use in Rungwe district, South-west Tanzania: A study of opportunities and constraints

This study examined the opportunities and constraints of biogas use in Rungwe district, South-west Tanzania. Two hundred households with and without biogas facilities were selected randomly from four villages. Structured, semi-structured and open-ended discussion was used to gather information. Findings show a number of opportunities for biogas technology adoption including large numbers of indoor-fed cattle and inadequate firewood in the district, which has increased its cost of such commodity. Households generally spend an average of TShs. 20,656.50 per month or TShs. 247,876.8 per annum for energy. The demand for biogas (90%) among respondents is high and the energy policy as well as donor community favour the promotion of energy efficient technologies such as biogas. Constraints encountered in establishing biogas plants were found to include unaffordability (75%) and water scarcity. Also there is inadequate expertise where some of the biogas plants have been poorly constructed leading to ineffective performance. There is also a small proportion of the respondents who admitted that they had heard nothing about biogas technology. It is being suggested that credit should be available as well as developing affordable biodigestors. Communal biogas should be encouraged to reduce the cost per unit and the government should undertake the improvement of water services.     

New method for assessing the performance of agricultural biogas plants

Around 5000 agricultural biogas plants were operating in Germany by the end of 2009. There is a recognized need for their assessment, comparison and performance improvement. Prerequisites for their reliable assessment include: 1) detailed and reliable performance data, 2) defined criteria for the assessment, and 3) comprehensive method. The limitations of existing assessment methods have been reviewed. The new method developed for assessing the overall performance of biogas plants is focused on four assessment aspects: biogas production, biogas utilization, environmental impact and socio-economic efficiency. Each assessment aspect was determined by two performance criteria. The method is based on fuzzy set theory and fuzzy mathematics, which enables use of imprecise and uncertain data. Incorporation of enough expertise from the field of biogas technology was enabled in this method as well. Pre-assessment of future biogas plants in their planning phase is possible, contributing to their effective development. The reliability of the method was tested using data from ten monitored biogas plants. The assessment of the ten biogas plants showed that biogas utilization is the aspect with the largest potential for performance improvement, by increasing the external heat utilization. The method developed is adjustable to accommodate new developments related to biogas technology and biogas plants in any geographical region. Future research should be focused on definition and inclusion of more assessment criteria and on developing the methods that are capable to handle compensation between individual criteria.