Differential modulation techniques for a 34 MBit/s radio channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique has been proposed for terrestrial digital transmission systems due to its high spectral efficiency, its robustness in different multipath propagation environments and the ability of avoiding intersymbol interference (ISI). Our studies consider a radio channel bandwidth of 8 MHz and a data rate of 34 Mbit/s.In the case of the OFDM transmission system a coherent 64-QAM requires a channel estimation process and a channel equalization in frequency-selective interference situations [4]. The equalization process can be realized by a multiplier bank at the FFT output in the receiver, a so-called frequency-domain equalizer. Alternatively, a multilevel differential modulation technique, the so-called differential amplitude and phase shift keying (64-DAPSK) considering the phase and simultaneously the amplitude for differential modulation, is proposed and presented in this paper. Differential modulation/demodulation techniques do not require any explicit knowledge about the radio channel properties in the differential channel equalization. It is therefore not necessary to implement a frequency-domain equalizer in an OFDM/64-DAPSK receiver, which reduces the computation complexity. The performance of both modulation techniques has been analysed in the uncoded and coded case referring to Gaussian and frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Simulation results are presented in this paper.The OFDM signal has a non-constant envelope with large instantaneous power spikes possible primarily resulting in an overdriving of the high power amplifier (HPA) at the transmitter. This leads to nonlinear distortion causing intermodulation noise and spectral spreading. Both effects can be limited by introducing an appropriate input backoff (IBO). In this paper the performance of OFDM signals in the presence of nonlinearities is analysed quantitatively.     

Performance analysis of Viterbi decoding for 64-DAPSK and 64-QAMmodulated OFDM signals

The multilevel modulation techniques of 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-differential amplitude and phase-shift keying (DAPSK) have been proposed in combination with the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme for digital terrestrial video broadcasting (DTVB). With this system a data rate of 34 Mb/s can be transmitted over an 8-MHz radio channel. A comparison of these modulation methods in the uncoded case has been presented by Engels and Rohling (see European Trans. Telecommun., vol.6, p.633-40, 1995). The channel coding scheme proposed for DTVB by Schafer (see Proc. Int. Broadcasting Convention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, p.79-84, 1995) consists of an inner convolutional code concatenated with an outer Reed-Solomon (RS) code. In this paper the performance of the convolutional codes is analyzed for the two modulation techniques. This analysis includes soft decision Viterbi (1971) decoding of the convolutional code. For soft decision decoding of DAPSK modulated signals a new metric is developed     

Corona Based Optimal Node Deployment Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper shows the trade off between different modulation techniques such as multi level quadrature amplitude modulation, multi level phase shift keying, and multi level differential phase shift keying for upgrading direct detection optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems with possible transmission distance up to 15,000 km and total bit rate of 2.56 Tb/s. The 2.56 Tb/s signal is generated by multiplexing 64 OFDM signals with 40 Gb/s for each OFDM. Variations of optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR), signal to noise ratio (SNR), and bit error rate (BER) are studied with the variations of transmission distance. Maximum radio frequency power spectrum, and output electrical power after decoder are measured for different multi level modulation techniques with carrier frequency. It is observed that multi level QAM has presented better performance than multi level PSK and finally multi level DPSK in optical OFDM systems. Maximum output power after decoder is enhanced with both 32-PSK, and 64-QAM. Quadrature signal amplitude level at encoder is upgraded with 64-QAM. It is noticed that OSNR, SNR, and BER are improved using 4-QAM OFDM system than either QPSK or 4-DPSK.     

DVB-T: the COFDM-based system for terrestrial television

In early 1996, the European DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) Project finalised what is now called the `common 2k/8k specification' for terrestrial television transmission. This specification is an important cornerstone of digital video broadcasting in Europe and numerous other countries in the world. Called DVB-T, it is based on the channel-coding algorithms the DVB Project had earlier devised for digital television on cable and satellite. The modulation scheme that is used for DVB-T is OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing), which when used in conjunction with channel coding is known as COFDM. Two variants are described, one employing 1705 individual carriers in an 8 MHz channel (`2k variant'), the other employing 6817 carriers (`8k variant'). Each individual carrier can be modulated either by QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM or hierarchical modulation     

CD3-OFDM: a novel demodulation scheme for fixed and mobilereceivers

This paper describes a novel channel estimation scheme identified as coded decision directed demodulation (CD3) for coherent demodulation of orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) signals making use of any constellation format [e.g., quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK), 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 64-QAM]. The structure of the CD3-OFDM demodulator is described, based on a new channel estimation loop exploiting the error correction capability of a forward error correction (FEC) decoder and frequency and time domain filtering to mitigate the effects of noise and residual errors. In contrast to the conventional coherent OFDM demodulation schemes, CD3-OFDM does not require the transmission of a comb of pilot tones for channel estimation and equalization, therefore yielding a significant improvement in spectrum efficiency (typically between 5-15%). The performance of the system with QPSK modulation is analyzed by computer simulations, on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective channels, under static and mobile reception conditions. For convolutional coding rate 1/2, the results indicate that CD3-OFDM allows one to achieve a very fast adaptation to the channel characteristics in a mobile environment (maximum tolerable Doppler shift of about 80 Hz for an OFDM symbol duration of 1 ms, as differential demodulation) and an E_b /N₀ performance similar to coherent demodulation (e.g., E_b/N₀=4.3 dB at bit-error rate (BER)=2·10 ^-4 on the AWGN channel). Therefore, CD3-OFDM can be suitable for digital sound and television broadcasting services over selective radio channels, addressed to fixed and vehicular receivers     

Performance characteristics and applications of hybrid multichannelANI-VSB/M-QAM video lightwave transmission systems

The performance characteristics and applications of hybrid multichannel amplitude modulation vestigal sideband (AM-VSB)/M-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) video lightwave transmission systems operating at either 1310 or 1550 nm are reviewed. These systems can transport up to 80 AM-VSB video channels and more than 30 64/256-QAM digital video channels over a standard single-mode fiber (SMF) using a single laser transmitter. Five main transmission impairment mechanisms for these systems are reviewed as follows: (a) clipping-induced impulse noise, (b) bursty nonlinear distortions, (c) multiple optical reflections, (d) stimulated Brillouin scattering, and (e) self-phase modulation. For AM-QAM video lightwave trunking applications, the in-line erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) selection is discussed using a frequency-domain simulation model. Such lightwave trunking systems can provide an AM carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) greater than 50 dB with composite second order (CSO) and composite-triple-beat (CTB) distortions less than -65 dBc, and nearly error-free transmission (BER⩽10^-9) for the 64-QAM channels with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 30-dB or better. Comparison between 64-QAM and 256-QAM video channel transmission and the effect of the QAM channels on the AM-VSB channels are also presented. The implications of these results and others in hybrid multichannel AM-QAM video lightwave trunking systems are discussed     

Application of DAPSK in HF communications

The 64-DAPSK-OFDM transmission techniques for HF communications are investigated in this paper. The error probability of 64-DAPSK in mobile fading channels is evaluated, the optimum ring ratio is given and detection thresholds are determined. Extensive computer simulation results show that 64-DAPSK-OFDM is superior to the widely adopted 64-QAM and it can be a potential choice for spectrally efficient digital transmission over different HF channels.     

A <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Radon Based OFDM Trasceivers Design and Performance Simulation Over Different Channel Models

In this paper a new method is proposed to perform the N-Radon orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), which are equivalent to 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, ... etc. in spectral efficiency. This non conventional method is proposed in order to reduce the constellation energy and increase spectral efficiency. The proposed method gives a significant improvement in Bit Error Rate performance, and keeps bandwidth efficiency and spectrum shape as good as conventional Fast Fourier Transform based OFDM. The new structure was tested and compared with conventional OFDM for Additive White Gaussian Noise, flat, and multi-path selective fading channels. Simulation tests were generated for different channels parameters values including multi-path gains vector, multi-path delay time vector, and maximum Doppler shift.     

结合6-QAM和双层LDPC码的编码调制研究

针对阶数为3 ×2p的非标准调制与纠错编码难以匹配的问题,提出了一种面向6阶正交幅度调制(QAM)的双层编码调制传输方案.在发送端,采用有限域GF(2)低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码与GF(3)LDPC码进行分层编码,并将两种编码码字映射为6进制码字后进行6-QAM调制;在接收端,根据GF(2) LDPC码和GF(3) ...     

64-QAM传输系统的Optisystem仿真设计

64-QAM是一种高效的数字调制方式,广泛应用于各种通信系统中。首先对64-QAM的调制/解调原理进行了理论研究,然后借助Optisystem光仿真软件,搭建了64-QAM传输/接收模型,并对模型的接收和发射模块进行了详细的分析,最后对模型的传输性能进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,接收端64-QAM的星座图清晰,即64-QAM调制格式能有效地实现数据信号的传输,该模型能为实际的工程设计提供理论上指导。     

Error statistics of 64-QAM signal in AM/64-QAM hybrid optical transmission

This paper describes the performance of an error correction system based on the DAVIC specifications. It also presents an error statistics property and its analytical model for the impulse noise induced by clipping in amplitude modulation (AM)/64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) hybrid optical transmission (hybrid transmission). We found in hybrid transmission that the errors cannot be completely corrected by the error correction of DAVIC after hit error rate (BER) measurement with error correction, and then the error statistics of the 64-QAM channel were evaluated. It was confirmed that errors occasionally occur in long bursts that exceed an interleaver block length of the error correction when the impulse noise degrades the 64-QAM signal's BER. We believe that the error burst is caused by the slowed fluctuation of the envelope of a frequency division multiplex (FDM) signal in hybrid transmission. Once a portion of the envelope amplitude reaches the clipping level, the duration of maintaining such a condition is much longer than the 64-QAM symbol time. Accordingly, the errors occasionally run for more than 100 symbols. We apply Rice's fading duration distribution model to explain this error burst occurrence mechanism and its statistical manner and discuss this model's validity by comparison between the theoretical and measurement data of error statistics property. Consequently, we found that the theoretical value by the proposed model is in excellent agreement with the measurement data and confirmed that the proposed model is valid for analyzing the error manner for the clipping induced error.     

An intelligent multimode voice communications system for indoorcommunications

A novel high-quality, low-complexity dual-rate 4.7 and 6.5 kbits/s algebraic code excited linear predictive codec is proposed for adaptive multi-mode speech communicators, which can drop their source rate and speech quality under network control in order to invoke a more error resilient modem amongst less favorable channel conditions. Source-matched binary Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codecs combined with unequal protection diversity- and pilot-assisted 16and 64-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM, 64-QAM) are employed in order to accommodate both the 4.7 and the 6.5 kbits/s coded speech bits at a signaling rate of 3.1 kBd. Assuming an excess bandwidth of 100%, in a bandwidth of 200 kHz 32 time slots can be created, which allows us to support in excess of 50 users, when employing packet reservation multiple access (PRMA). Good communications quality speech is delivered in an equivalent bandwidth of 4 kHz, if the channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) of the benign indoors cordless channel are in excess of about 15 and 25 dB for the lower and higher speech quality 16-QAM and 64-QAM systems, respectively, and the PRMA time-slots are sufficiently uninterfered due to using time-slot classification algorithms and due to the attenuation of partitioning walls and ceilings     

256-QAM (64 Gb/s) Coherent Optical Transmission Over 160 km With an Optical Bandwidth of 5.4 GHz

We report a polarization-multiplexed (Pol-Mux) 4-Gsymbol/s 256 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) coherent optical transmission over 160 km. A 64-Gb/s data signal was successfully transmitted with an optical bandwidth of 5.4 GHz. We also describe a Pol-Mux, 10-Gsymbol/s, 128- and 64-QAM (140 and 120 Gb/s) transmission over 150 km.      

Experimental demonstration of an improved EPON architecture using OFDMA for bandwidth scalable LAN emulation

We propose and demonstrate an improved Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) architecture supporting bandwidth-scalable physical layer local area network (LAN) emulation. Due to the use of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technology for the LAN traffic transmission, there is no need to change the existing EPON architecture. Only one receiver at each optical network unit (ONU) is required to detect both LAN traffic and EPON downstream traffic, which makes the proposed system simple and cost-effective. Moreover, flexible assignment of LAN traffic bandwidth is realized by allocating different number of subcarriers or using different modulation formats. The 250 Mb/s 4-quadrature amplitude modulation (4-QAM) and 500 Mb/s 16-QAM OFDM LAN traffic are successfully emulated with the EPON traffic in our experiment.     

An Optimum Combination of Power Levels and Combiner Weighting for Generating 64-QAM from Three 4-PSK Signals

64 state quadrature amplitude modulation (64-QAM) can be generated by combining three 4-PSK signals, thereby allowing nonlinear amplifiers with smaller power ratings to be used. An optimum combination of amplifier power levels and combiner weighting is described which results in no lost power when the peak power state of the 64-QAM signal is being keyed.     

Algorithmic Exploration and Implementation of a MIMO-OFDM Equalizer

In this paper we explore algorithms and architectures for the implementation of a MIMO OFDM Equalizer for high speed wireless communications. The algorithmic exploration is based on matrix computations and factorizations. A scalable computational methodology and architecture is proposed for the implementation of a 4×4 MIMO OFDM. A 2×3 Equalizer supporting Maximum Ratio Combining and Zero Forcing equalization for 20/40 MHz 64-QAM OFDM modulation has been implemented in 150 nm technology. The Equalizer area is 133k gates and the maximum throughput achieved is 480Mbits/s. The system described in this paper is compliant with the latest IEEE standard for MIMO wireless communications (802.11n)     

Converged delivery of WiMAX and wireline services over an extended reach passive optical access network

In this paper we present long-reach fiber access links supporting transmission of Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) compliant signals. We present bi-directional full-duplex transmission of 256-state quadrature amplitude modulation (256-QAM) modulated WiMAX-compliant signals on a 2.4-GHz RF carrier over an 80-km long-reach access link at 100 Mb/s (down) and 64 Mb/s (up). Transmission of 64-QAM and 256-QAM-modulated signals on a 5.8-GHz RF carrier over a 118.8-km access link converged with four baseband differential quadrature phase shift keying (DQPSK) modulated wireline channels, along with ultra-wide band (UWB) and phase shift keying (PSK) radio-over-fiber (RoF) wireless signals over a deployed optical fiber link is also presented.     

Codage pour modulation d’amplitude en quadrature à grand nombre d’états avec partition à plusieurs niveaux

We present a new multilevel coding technique for the quadrature amplitude modulation with a high number of states (64-QAM and 256-QAM). The constellation is partitioned into four subsets, two bits coded with the samebch code selecting the label of each subset. We show that our system, with a double error correctingbch code, gives better results, considering redundancy, decoding simplicity and performance, than the systems known bx now (using the Reed-Solomon code (64,62), the Lee-Nakamura and Hamming codes). Preliminary differential encoding of the two coded bits and utilisation of a transparentbch code can solve the phase ambiguity problem in a simple way.     

OFDM-based turbo-coded hierarchical and non-hierarchicalterrestrial mobile digital video broadcasting

The feasibility of terrestrial digital video broadcast (DVB) to mobile receivers is studied and turbo coded performance enhancements are proposed. Initially, the MPEG-2 codec is subjected to a rigorous bit error sensitivity investigation, in order to assist in designing various error protection schemes for wireless DVB transmission. The turbo codec is shown to provide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) performance advantages in excess of 5-6 dB over conventional convolutional coding both in terms of bit error rate and video quality. Our experiments suggested that-despite our expectations-multi-class data partitioning did not result in error resilience improvements, since a high proportion of relatively sensitive video bits had to be relegated to the lower integrity subchannel, when invoking a powerful low-rate channel codec in the high-integrity protection class. Nonetheless, DVB transmission to mobile receivers is feasible, when using turbo-coded OFDM transceivers at realistic power-budget requirements under the investigated highly dispersive fading channel conditions. It is interesting to note furthermore that the 5-6 dB SNR improvement due to turbo coding allows us to invoke for example the double-throughput 16-level quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) mode instead of the standard convolutional-coded 4-QAM mode. This facilitates doubling the bit rate and hence improving the video quality     

A time-frequency decision-feedback loop for carrier frequency offset tracking in OFDM systems

Acquisition and tracking are two crucial stages necessary to the carrier frequency synchronization in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In this letter, by employing the rotation property of OFDM data subcarriers, a simple time-frequency decision-feedback loop without the use of pilot subcarriers is proposed for the fine carrier frequency offset (CFO) tracking. Specifically, with proper loop parameters, a residual CFO less than 10% of the subcarrier spacing may be well tracked for quarternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) modulation in the presence of noise, while for systems using QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM modulation schemes, the bit-error rate (BER) performance very close to that of an offset-free system may be achieved in both additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and frequency selective fading channels. Moreover, a hardware implementation in a practical OFDM system is fulfilled which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.