采用非增强中间层电子束焊接SiCP/ Al

为解决SiC_P / Al 焊接成形问题,提出了采用非增强中间层的电子束焊新工艺。考察了非增强中间层对碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiC_P / Al) 电子束焊接成形、脆性相Al₄C₃生成及气孔的影响。研究表明, 采用富Si非增强中间层后, 焊接成形明显改善, 脆性相的形成也受到了抑制, 但气孔问题比较突出。讨论了工艺和材料因素对焊接缺陷和接头力学性能的影响, 由此获得SiC_P / Al 电子束焊的工艺要点。      

SiCp/Al复合材料焊接综述

为实现SiCp/Al复合材料的高质量可靠焊接,推广SiCp/Al复合材料在各领域的应用,调研了国内外SiCp/Al复合材料不同焊接方法的研究现状。在熔化焊方面,国内外学者通过调整工艺参数、在焊缝中加入Ti元素发生诱发反应等方法,抑制了焊缝中Al4C3针状脆性相的形成,从而提高了焊接接头的力学性能。在搅拌摩擦焊方面,国内外学者针对不同材料设计了专用的焊接搅拌头,以保证它们具备高耐磨性与足够的冲击韧性,在焊接过程中不出现破损情况;关注了焊接过程中焊接头转速、焊接速度、轴向力与热输入等因素,以获得力学性能优秀、晶粒细小均匀的焊接接头。在扩散焊方面,国内外学者探究了中间夹层对焊缝界面间原子相互扩散的促进作用;采取不同工艺参数,以外加超声或电子束表面加热等方式促进了原子间的相互扩散,以获得力学性能优异的焊接接头,提高焊接效率。在钎焊方面,国内外学者通过探究钎料与SiCp/Al复合材料之间的润湿性来组合钎料与钎剂,通过化学腐蚀处理表面暴露颗粒增强相、在复合材料表面电镀金属等方法来增大钎料与增强相的润湿性、解决钎料铺展受阻的问题,以进一步提高钎焊焊接接头质量。     

高熵合金中间层对TiNi/TC4电子束焊接头组织及性能影响

目的 解决TiNi/TC4异种金属的焊接问题,扩大此2种金属的结合应用.方法 选用3 mm×40 mm×0.5 mm的FeCoCrNiMn高熵合金薄片作为中间层,采用电子束焊接方法焊接TiNi/TC4.对形成的接头进行宏观分析,采用电子显微镜以及X射线衍射仪对其微观组织进行表征;通过拉伸和硬度测试,分析该接头的力学性能.结果 接头宏观成形存在裂纹缺陷,观察微观组织发现,在焊接接头中只形成了AlTi3相和Ni0.35Al0.30Ti0.35相,没有形成Ti2Ni相.接头的抗拉强度为81.8 MPa,伸长率为4.38％,平均显微硬度为HV661,断口呈脆性断裂特征.结论 将高熵合金作为中间层焊接TiNi/TC4是一种有效的方法,可以成功实现异种金属的焊接,中间层的存在可以有效调控焊缝中的析出相种类.     

CuNi90/10合金电子束焊接工艺研究

对10 mm厚CuNi90/10合金进行电子束焊接试验。液态金属表面张力较小，导致焊接工艺窗口较窄，较大的热输入将导致正面下凹，单面焊双面成形效果不如钛合金的；采用优化的参数可实现正面轻微下凹，同时保证背面成形基本良好。按照优化参数进行试板电子束焊接，并进行GTAW盖面。对焊接试板进行了射线检测和渗透检测，均满足NB/T 47013—2015的Ⅰ级标准；对焊接接头按照NB/T 47014—2011进行了力学、工艺性能测试，测试结果均满足标准要求。电子束焊接区域柱状晶特征明显，焊缝冲击性能优良，冲击功可达200 J以上，同时焊缝区硬度相比母材的有所下降。电子束焊接区域为典型的大深宽比形貌，焊缝区为枝晶α,热影响区为孪晶α;富镍α表现为较亮形貌，富铜α表现为较暗形貌。     

SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的纯铜中间层液相扩散焊

采用Cu箔中间层在Ar气氛保护、550℃条件下过渡液相扩散焊(TLP)焊接SiC颗粒(SiCp)增强Al基复合材料SiCp/ZL101和SiCp/Al(SiCp10vol％),对母材与焊接接头的微观组织、剪切强度、焊接接头剪切断面与断裂路径等进行分析.结果表明:在铸Al(ZL101)与纯Al(Al)基体中,分别通过共晶...     

还原性气体对镍材焊接的影响

镍材焊接时易形成气孔和裂纹等缺陷,严重地影响焊接接头的质量.为此研究了镍材焊接时适量加入还原性气体对焊接接头质量的影响;并对用这种焊接方式成形的焊缝进行了气孔、焊缝质量、力学性能及组织结构的检验,结果表明,控制好还原气体流量进行焊接得到的焊缝接头质量完全符合标准要求.     

氧化物弥散强化高温合金MGH956的基本焊接性研究

氧化物弥散强化(ODS)高温合金MGH956是机械合金化工艺制造的氧化物弥散强化高温合金,针对MGH956材料采用电子束、氩弧焊、钎焊及扩散处理等连接工艺方法进行了基本的焊接性研究.对接头组织及接头性能进行了测试分析,三种焊接方法室温接头力学性能相当,接头强度系数均达到95%左右,氩弧焊焊缝中的气孔较多,而电子束焊焊缝中气孔相对比较少、室温塑性比较明显.从接头高温强度而言,真空钎焊工艺有明显优势.     

Ni中间层对QBe2.5/钢激光点焊接头力学性能的影响

流量阀的执行机构常应用铍青铜/钢复合元件,本文采用0.05 mm纯Ni作为中间层对QBe2.5铍青铜薄片与20#钢异种金属激光点焊搭接接头力学性能进行优化.通过光学显微镜、拉剪试验、显微硬度计和能谱测试仪对比分析添加Ni与不添加Ni层时焊接接头的成形、力学性能以及元素分布.研究表明:与未加镍层接头相比,加镍中间层的焊缝熔深较小,且基本不出现下塌现象,加镍中间层比未加中间层的接头抗拉剪力提高了61.5%;加入镍中间层后的焊缝中Fe元素含量增加,而Cu元素含量降低,接头韧性提高;加镍中间层的接头焊缝硬度值沿焊点深度方向逐渐增大,而未加镍层的基本不变,且加镍层比未加镍层的接头界面显微硬度值低.镍中间层材料可以显著改善铍青铜/钢异种金属接头焊缝熔合比,提高接头的抗拉剪强度、塑性和韧性     

压铸AZ91D镁合金TIG焊接气孔研究

对压铸AZ91D镁合金进行TIG自熔焊接,研究焊接电流对压铸镁合金气孔的影响,探讨焊缝中不同区域的气孔形貌特点及形成机理。结果表明:焊接气孔主要集中在焊缝近表面和熔合线附近;焊接接头的凸起面积、熔化区面积以及气孔率均随着焊接电流的增大而增加。在焊缝近表面主要是氢致气孔,其H主要来自母材;在焊缝中心,气泡受向上的流体力和浮力作用,气孔问题并不严重;在半熔化区,气泡受阻碍其上浮运动的流体力作用,且液态金属黏度较大,气泡很难上浮逸出到熔池表面,从而滞留在半熔化区成为大气孔。     

船型射频腔1/2Y态无氧铜板真空电子束焊接

大功率质子束加速器在基础物理、核工业、家庭安全等领域具有广泛的应用,其中大功率波导型射频腔极为重要。船型射频腔具有最高的空载Q值和分流阻抗,是Ge V质子束加速器的良好选择。船型铜腔体制造的最大难点在于船型腔的成形与铜的焊接。本文以6mm厚1/2Y态无氧铜（OFC）电子束焊接接头为研究对象,开发了详细的真空电子束焊接工艺。结果表明：1/2Y态OFC板经电子束焊接后,焊接接头无明显表面缺陷,铸态组织为等轴晶;从焊缝到母材,1/2Y态无氧铜焊接接头的显微硬度变化显著,焊缝的显微硬度约为母材的65%;室温拉伸后1/2Y态无氧铜焊接接头具有明显的塑性变形,断裂发生在焊缝区;1/2Y态无氧铜焊接接头的抗拉强度相当于母材的95%,约为228MPa,断后伸长率为64%～67%,能够满足船型射频腔的焊接和成形要求。本文详细介绍了1/2Y态无氧铜板真空电子束焊工艺,给船型射频腔的制造提供了实验依据。     

Gas tungsten arc welding of fine-grained AZ31B magnesium alloys made by powder metallurgy

AZ31B magnesium alloys with various grain sizes and oxygen contents were prepared by powder metallurgy (P/M) combined with hot extrusion, and the P/M magnesium alloys were subjected to gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW). Porosities are observed in weld joints of the P/M AZ31B alloys with high oxygen contents. Gas composition analysis of porosity shows that the porosity originates mainly from the decomposition of magnesium hydroxide formed during the fabrication of magnesium alloys. The porosity can be decreased or prevented by reducing the amount of magnesium hydroxide (which is expressed as oxygen content in the present study) in the base materials, through controlling the P/M processing time. Use of a filler rod and/or an insert sheet containing rare earth element La tends to decrease the porosity in weld joints. When oxygen content in P/M AZ31B alloys is reduced to 440 ppm or less, sound weld joints without porosity are obtained. Mechanical test demonstrates that tensile strength of the sound weld joints of P/M AZ31B alloys is at the same level as that of weld joint of a commonly hot-extruded AZ31B alloy.     

单束与双束串行激光填丝焊特性对比

以铝合金为研究对象,研究了双束串行激光填丝焊不同能量比对焊缝成形及焊缝气孔率的影响,并与单束激光填丝焊工艺进行对比。进一步借助高速摄像机对双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80以及单束激光填丝焊的熔池、匙孔以及等离子体的变化进行对比分析,获得了双束串行激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率降低的原因。结果表明,对于双束串行激光填丝焊,当能量比R为20/80时焊缝气孔率较低。与单束激光填丝焊相比,双束激光填丝焊能量比R为20/80的焊缝气孔率降低了38%,而且焊接过程中焊丝熔化后沿熔池边缘流入,可大幅降低对匙孔的冲击作用,匙孔始终处于张开状态,焊接过程中等离子体的形态波动相对较小,表明焊接过程的稳定性较好。     

Improvement of Weld Quality Using a Weaving Beam in Laser Welding

This paper describes a way to improve the weld quality through suppressing the porosity formation and restraining the growth of columnar grains by using a weaving beam in laser welding. The experimental results show that the N2 porosity of beam-weaving laser welding low carbon steel can be remarkably reduced with increasing weaving frequency, and porosity can be eliminated when the weaving amplitude is only 0.5 mm; and the Ar porosity in the weld metal is decreased with increasing weaving frequency and amplitude when the welding speed is higher than 0.5 m/min. The beam-weaving laser welding of ultra-fine grained steel has been investigated. The experimental results show that beam-weaving laser welding with appropriate amplitude and frequency can partly restrain the growth of the columnar grain and improve the tensile strength of the weld metal.     

Fracture toughness behaviour in AISI 4130 steel of electron beam welding

This investigation was undertaken to evaluate if fracture toughness and weld porosity could be improved to satisfied characteristics using various welding speeds and electron beam oscillation patterns. Porosity increases in general as welding speed increases. Correlations have been found between fracture toughness and weld porosity. The fracture toughness improved with reducing a large amount of weld porosity, due to proper beam deflection patterns. One of the interesting results indicated that the existence of a little base porosity could absorb more energy due to local plastic deformation and this fact could explain the increasing of fracture toughness at those situations.     

High-nitrogen steel laser-arc hybrid welding in vibration condition

ABSTRACT

Welding porosity and nitrogen content are considered significant factors affecting the mechanical properties of fusion-welding joints of high-nitrogen steel. In this study, a method of applying mechanical vibration in the welding process to reduce weld porosity and increase weld nitrogen content was investigated. The effects of mechanical vibration on porosity, tensile, and impact properties were analysed. The results indicated that the bubble floating speed in the vibrating weld pool is faster than that in the general welding mode. With the increase of mechanical vibration frequency, the porosity of the weld decreased at first and then rose. The tensile strength and impact energy increased first and then decreased, and the fracture surface indicated a ductile fracture.     

TA5钛合金激光填丝焊接工艺研究

采用激光填丝焊,实现了4 mm厚TA5钛合金I型坡口单道焊双面成型,研究了工艺参数对焊缝成型、气孔率和力学性能的影响,结果表明,焊缝成型美观,抗拉强度最高可达797.5 MPa,为母材的98.2%。激光功率增加,背面焊透量增加,焊缝气孔率先降低后增加,抗拉强度增加;离焦量由负离焦增加到正离焦时,焊缝的咬边缺陷消失,气孔率呈先增后降的趋势,抗拉强度增加;随着焊接速度的增加,背面焊透量降低,气孔率降低,抗拉强度略微降低。金相分析结果显示,焊接时焊缝区完全发生α→β转变,而焊后冷却速度较快,导致焊缝区在冷却过程中生成了大量的针状α′相;热影响区部分发生α→β,主要是由块状α相和锯齿状α相组成。硬度测试结果显示,焊缝中心硬度较高,母材区硬度最低,近母材热影响区到母材方向的硬度出现明显的降低;焊缝顶部的硬度值高于焊缝中心和底部的。     

Hybrid laser/arc welding of advanced high strength steel to aluminum alloy by using structural transition insert

The present investigation is related to the development of the welding procedure of the hybrid laser/arc welding (HLAW) in joining thick dissimilar materials. The HLAW was applied to join aluminum alloy (AA6061) to an advanced high strength steel (AHSS) where an explosively welded transition joint, TRICLAD®, was used as an intermediate structural insert between the thick plates of the aluminum alloy and AHSS. The welds were characterized by an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), tensile test, charged coupled device (CCD) camera, and microhardness measurement. The groove angle was optimized for the welding process based on the allowed amount of heat input along the TRICLAD® interface generated by an explosive welding. The weld was fractured in the heat affected zone of the aluminum side in the tensile test. The microhardness was shown that the temperature variation caused minor softening in the heat affected zone satisfying the requirement that the width of the softened heat affected zone in the steel side falls within 15.9 mm far away from the weld centerline. The microstructure analysis showed the presence of tempered martensite at the vicinity of the weld area, which it was a cause of softening in the heat affected zone.     

Fatigue characteristics of pulsed MIG-welded Al-Zn-Mg alloy

Pulse-current MIG welding of Al-Zn-Mg alloy was carried out using an extruded section of base material and Al-Mg (5183) filler wire. During welding the pulse parameters such as the mean current and pulse frequency were varied and their effect on the geometry and porosity content of weld deposit as well as the fatigue life of the weldment was studied. The pulse parameters were found to affect significantly the geometry and porosity content of weld deposit and consequently the fatigue life of the weldment. For a comparative study, weldments were also prepared by using conventional continuous current MIG-welding process, where welding currents equivalent to the mean currents of pulsed process were used. The fatigue life of the weldment was correlated with the geometry and porosity content of weld deposit.     

30CrMnSi钢CO2焊接冶金缺陷形成机制研究

目的 解决30CrMnSi钢焊接性差,用CO2气体保护焊接时易产生裂纹、气孔等缺陷的问题。方法 通过刚性拘束焊接裂纹试验模拟某型飞机后边条盒段在实际焊接过程中母材所受到的拘束,针对焊接裂纹类型及形态,确定焊接裂纹的形成机制。同时,对焊缝中的气孔进行了分析。结果 接头中容易产生冷裂纹,在高应力条件下,应力集中发生在微裂纹尖端,最终在氢的影响下开裂。结论 采用能量密度比较集中的TIG焊替代原来采用的CO2气体保护焊有利于减少或消除气孔缺陷。可以通过优化结构设计和焊接次序,降低应力集中,来减轻焊接热作用对裂纹敏感性的影响。同时,避免在拐角处或焊接可达性差的位置施焊,可以降低气孔率。