基于UKF滤波的WSN节点定位研究

无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)模拟系统的后验概率密度函数,避免了扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)中引入的较大线性化误差的缺陷.本文提出了一种基于加权最小二乘法(WLSE)和UKF的无线传感器网络(WSN)节点定位算法.算法采用TOF测距技术测量未知节点到信标节点的距离,利用加权最小二乘法估算未知节点的初始位置,并采用UKF滤波对节点进行精确定位,同时与EKF滤波结果进行比较.相关分析结果表明,算法在TOF测距基础上,将加权最小二乘法和UKF滤波结合,可以较大提高节点的定位精度.     

基于最优信标节点的无线传感器网络质心定位算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSN)质心定位(CL)算法精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于最优信标节点的质心定位(OBCL)算法.OBCL算法采用了4个移动信标节点,首先,对移动信标节点的路径进行规划;然后,未知节点根据集合偏移度(SDD)从候选信标节点集合中选出最优信标节点来进行位置估计;其次,为了解决信标节点不足导致无法定位的问题,引入角色转变机制,未知节点在完成定位之后成为准信标节点来进行辅助定位;最后,为了保证网络中所有节点能够完成定位,在完成初次定位之后,需要进行重定位过程.仿真实验结果表明,与CL、基于加权的质心定位(WCL)、利用接收信号强度加权的质心定位(RR-WCL)这3种算法相比,OBCL算法的平均定位误差分别降低了67.7%、39.2%、24.4%.由于OBCL算法只需要4个移动信标节点就能达到较好的定位效果,因此适合应用于对网络成本低、定位精度要求高的场景.     

WSN中移动信标辅助的加权质心定位算法

质心算法是一种简单易实现的节点定位方法,但是它的定位精度多依赖于网络中信标节点的密度和分布。针对质心算法这一缺陷,本文提出了一种移动信标节点辅助的加权质心定位算法(MBAWCL)。该算法采用一个飞行的移动信标节点在网络部署区域上空按照设定的路径移动并周期性的广播自己的位置信息;未知节点对所接收信标信号采取一定的筛选机制存储信标信号,然后利用加权质心(WCL)方法计算自己的位置。实验测试证明该算法可以提高节点的定位精度,降低定位成本,提高定位效率。     

无线传感器网络中基于能量级加权的质心定位算法

针对无线传感器网络的内在特点以及传统质心定位方法的局限性,提出一种基于能量级加权的质心定位算法——PWC定位算法.它完全基于网络连通性,采用信标节点的能量级信息作为加权因子计算未知节点位置,体现了不同信标节点对质心计算结果的影响.仿真结果表明,该算法减小了平均定位误差,是一种适合大规模传感器网络应用的节点定位算法.     

传感器网络基于移动信标改进的DV-Hop定位算法

无线传感器网络节点定位算法的精度多依赖于信标节点的密度,但信标节点成本高,约为普通节点的100倍以上,为了降低定位的成本,提出了一种基于移动信标和DV-Hop的无线传感器网络节点定位算法(MBWDV-Hop)。该算法在DV-Hop定位算法的基础上,利用一个移动的信标节点在网络中按预定的路径移动并不断地广播自己的位置信息,形成多个虚拟信标,未知节点记录到每个虚拟信标的跳数,并采用加权处理的方法计算平均跳距及其与各虚拟信标的距离,最后利用三边测量法计算未知节点的位置信息,实现节点精确定位。由于只采用一个移动信标,降低了定位的成本和布网的复杂度。最后通过仿真证明算法可以提高定位精度,降低定位成本,提高了定位的效率。     

基于加权质心的无线传感器网络移动节点定位算法

提出一种基于加权质心的无线传感器网络移动节点定位算法(WCentriod-M),使其较好地适用于无线传感器网络移动节点定位。算法将采样时间分成若干个时间窗,在节点运动时维护一个过去记录,基于这些历史记录来选择信标节点。利用未知节点接受到的信标节点信号强度的比值作为加权因子,在定位的过程中考虑信标节点的权重。仿真实验表明,该算法具有计算简单、节点能量消耗小、定位精度较高等特点。     

DV-Hop算法定位误差和覆盖率的改进

通过分析免测距的DV-Hop算法在定位精度及覆盖率方面的不足,提出一种改进的DV-Hop定位算法。规定只有在限定跳数内的信标节点信息才能被未知节点接收,并只有通过共线性检查证明信标节点的有效性,且有效信标节点数大于等于3时才能参与定位,分别用最小均方误差准则、归一化加权和总体最小二乘法(TLS)进行定位,然后升级已定位出的未知节点为信标节点,与最初的信标节点共同来定位其他未知节点。仿真结果表明相对于传统算法及现有的一种改进算法,本改进算法的定位精度和覆盖率有明显提高。     

基于多信标的无线传感器网络节点定位算法

基于信标的节点定位算法是无线传感器网络领域的一大研究热点;对于圆周型分布的信标组,发现最优的信标个数为5,且1个位于圆心,其余4个均匀分布在圆周上;针对矩形ROI,利用信标组可定位区域为正方形的优势,将整个网络划分为栅格,采用旅行商算法获取信标的最优移动路径;基于五信标节点定位模型提出一种新颖的区域分割质心定位算法(RDCLA),通过3组RSSI值比较,将节点锁定到某个三角形区域内,采用质心算法定位节点;该算法原理简单,计算复杂度低,与网络拓扑结构无关;仿真结果表明,较之TCLA和WCLA定位精度有较大的提升,且适用于各种规模的无线传感器网络.     

无线传感器网络中基于RSSI的改进加权质心定位算法

针对基于无线传感器网络的节点定位问题,提出一种基于接收信号强度(RSSI)的改进加权质心定位算法。该算法首先采用高斯理论模型过滤RSSI值,再运用校正RSSI测距技术测量节点之间的距离,并优选信标节点,最后用改进加权质心算法进行定位。实验结果表明:改进后的算法相比于传统的质心定位算法,能够实现更好的定位效果。该算法充分利用了RSSI数据,避免了信息的淹没,能够较好地满足低功耗与低成本的要求。     

WSNs中一种基于移动信标检测的定位算法

信标节点在无线传感器网络(WSNs)定位技术中起着重要的作用,它作为参考节点决定着被定位目标的位置。在WSNs的实际环境应用中,信标节点可能会因为各种原因发生移动成为不可靠的信标节点,此时依赖不可靠信标节点来定位的未知节点将可能产生较大的定位误差,甚至失去了利用价值。针对信标节点发生移动的问题,提出了一种定位前期的基于可用信标的移动信标检测(BAB—BMD)方案。在节点定位之前,对定位节点收到的所有信标进行检测,并对移动信标重定位计算其可靠度。然后,依据信标可靠度选择可用信标节点进行定位,即基于可用信标的信标择优(BAB—BOS)算法。实验结果表明:BABBMD具有较好的检测准确度,同时采用BAB—BOS定位算法定位准确度要高于未进行移动信标检测的定位准确度和丢弃移动信标的定位准确度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.