一种基于GS+LQ采样学习的DNA微阵列数据分类方法

以DNA微阵列数据分类为应用背景,提出一种GS+LQ采样训练方法,每轮采样依照"GS优先,LQ备用"的思路,优先选择训练后能生成最佳分类效果的样本进行标注学习,在GS失效的轮次,LQ作为备用方法选择学习对象。该方法综合了"快"和"稳"的特点,在实现相同精度目标下,相对于单一LQ采样,能进一步压缩训练成本,尤其在分类器初始分类经验匮乏的条件下,该优势体现更为明显。将GS+LQ与ND、MRE等常用采样方法进行实验对比,发现在促使识别能力"由高向更高"演化时,3种方法的差别并不明显,但在推进分类器精度"由低向高"进化时,GS+LQ的效率会高出很多。     

加权投票采样学习在用户信用评级中的应用

以委员会投票查询算法为基础,提出在采样过程中动态修正分类器成员权值的加权投票方法。在对无标签样本标注价值评估中,该方法能够强化高精度分类器成员的查询贡献,降低高误差成员的投票影响,减少机器训练过程中的标注学习次数。通过在UCI的Statlog（Australian Credit Approval）数据集上对用户信用度级别进行识别,并比较于其他采样方法,证明该方法能够用较小的采样标注代价获取稳定的泛化精度。     

基于重采样和集成选择的适用于实体识别的多分类器系统

实体识别常利用分类器根据记录对的字段相似度向量将记录对分为匹配、不匹配和可能匹配,因此分类器的准确性与实体识别的准确性直接相关。为提高分类准确性,本文基于重采样和集成选择技术构建一个多分类器系统。充分利用实体识别的特点,在分类之前发现分类困难的样本,并使重采样比率在一个区间内变化,生成一组重采样样本;然后用重采样后的样本训练分类器构建一个并行多分类器系统,强调分类器之间的差异度和稀疏度,从该多分类器系统中选择最优分类器子集,即最优的重采样比率组合,分别用非线性规划和极值方法求解该集成选择模型。实验结果表明,本方法与现有的多分类器系统相比具有更高的准确性。     

一种基于欠采样的不平衡数据分类算法

针对不平衡数据学习问题,提出一种基于欠采样的分类算法。对多数类样例进行欠采样,保留位于分类边界附近的多数类样例。以AUC为优化目标,选择最恰当的邻域半径使数据达到平衡,利用欠采样后的样例训练贝叶斯分类器,并采用AUC评价分类器性能。仿真数据及UCI数据集上的实验结果表明,该算法有效。     

特征采样和特征融合的子图像人脸识别方法

提出一种基于特征采样和特征融合的子图像人脸识别方法(RS-SpCCA).首先,对子图像进行特征采样;然后,将全局特征和采样后的特征使用CCA进行信息融合,以获取包含全局特征和局部特征的相关特征;最后,在相关特征上构建分量分类器.在该方法中,特征采样是为了构建更多且多样的分量分类器;而引入特征融合思想是为了充分利用图像的全局特征.AR,Yale和ORL这3个数据库上的实验结果表明,基于特征采样和特征融合的子图像方法(RS-SpCCA)优于单纯的信息融合方法(SpCCA)和特征采样方法(Semi-RS).     

结合样本局部密度的非平衡数据集成分类算法

传统的过采样方法是解决非平衡数据分类问题的有效方法之一。基于SMOTE的过采样方法在数据集出现类别重叠(class-overlapping)和小析取项(small-disjuncts)问题时将降低采样的效果,针对该问题提出了一种基于样本局部密度的过采样算法MOLAD。在此基础上,为了解决非平衡数据的分类问题,提出了一种在采样阶段将MOLAD算法和基于Bagging的集成学习结合的算法LADBMOTE。LADBMOTE首先根据MOLAD计算每个少数类样本的K近邻,然后选择所有的K近邻进行采样,生成K个平衡数据集,最后利用基于Bagging的集成学习方法将K个平衡数据集训练得到的分类器集成。在KEEL公开的20个非平衡数据集上,将提出的LADBMOTE算法与当前流行的7个处理非平衡数据的算法对比,实验结果表明LADBMOTE在不同的分类器上的分类性能更好,鲁棒性更强。     

一种改进的microRNA预测模型集成方法

现有的microRNA预测方法往往存在数据集类不平衡和适用物种单一的问题。针对以上问题,所做主要工作如下:1)提出基于序列熵的分层采样算法,该算法可在保持样本总体分布的基础上,采样生成正样本和负样本数量平衡的训练集;2)提出基于信噪比和相关性的特征选择,用于缩小训练集规模,以达到提高训练速度的目的;3)提出DS-GA算法,用于缩短SVM分类器参数的优化时间,达到减少过拟合的目的;4)结合集成学习的思想,经采样、特征选择、分类器参数优化3个步骤,建立了一种物种间通用的microRNA预测模型。实验表明,该模型有效解决了类不平衡问题,且不局限于单一物种,对混合物种的测试集预测取得了较好效果。     

基于主动学习的环境音分类研究

环境音分类是当前语音识别领域的研究热点。主动学习是利用未标记数据,在少量标记数据代价下提高监督学习算法的分类性能的方法。文中提出了熵优先采样（Entropy Priority Sampling,EPS）方法和简单不一致采样（Simple Disagreement Sampling,SDS）方法作为主动学习选择样本的策略。针对环境音数据,提取11维的CELP音频特征,采用单一分类器与EPS,SDS方法对不同标记训练样本比例下的分类实验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,主动学习方法在标记样本数较少的情况下,能取得较好的分类效果,并且EPS方法的性能优于SDS方法。     

基于近似约简与最优采样的集成剪枝

集成学习被广泛用于提高分类精度, 近年来的研究表明, 通过多模态扰乱策略来构建集成分类器可以进一步提高分类性能. 本文提出了一种基于近似约简与最优采样的集成剪枝算法(EPA_AO). 在EPA_AO中, 我们设计了一种多模态扰乱策略来构建不同的个体分类器. 该扰乱策略可以同时扰乱属性空间和训练集, 从而增加了个体分类器的多样性. 我们利用证据KNN (K-近邻)算法来训练个体分类器, 并在多个UCI数据集上比较了EPA_AO与现有同类型算法的性能. 实验结果表明, EPA_AO是一种有效的集成学习方法.     

动态神经网络分类器主动学习算法及其智能控制应用

针对动态神经网络分类器训练时采样时间长、计算量大的问题,提出一种动态神经网络分类器的主动学习算法。根据主动学习AL(Active Learning)算法中一种改进型不确定性采样策略,综合考虑样本的后验概率及其与已标记样本间的相似性,标注综合评价得分值较小的样本,将其用于对网络分类器的训练。通过Sobol’敏感度分析法,神经网络适时地增加敏感度值较大或删减敏感度值较小的隐层神经元,以提高其学习速率,减小输出误差。分类器训练仿真实验结果表明,与被动学习算法相比,该算法能够大大缩短网络分类器训练时间,降低其输出误差。将该算法用于液压AGC系统中,实验结果表明,该算法可实现系统中PID控制器参数的在线调节,提高了厚度控制精度,以此验证了该算法的适用性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.