Relevance of cue reactivity to understanding alcohol and smoking relapse.

Several learning-based theories have been forwarded to account for the problem of drug relapse, including conditioned withdrawal, conditioned compensatory responding, appetitive motivational models, and social learning models. The various models are compared and evaluated against available evidence from studies with humans pertaining to alcohol and tobacco addiction. Studies that are reviewed focus primarily on the antecedents and consequences of alcohol and smoking relapse, as well as on reactions to cues that have been associated with prior drug ingestion, in an attempt to understand their motivational relevance. Problems in evaluating the various relapse models in humans are discussed. It is concluded that the appetitive model is better supported than the withdrawal model, and the compensatory model is least supported. Reactions to substance use stimuli may play an important role in alcohol and smoking relapse. Concepts drawn from the various theoretical models are linked tentatively in a schematic diagram of a hypothesized sequence of cognitive/affective, physiological, and behavioral events that lead to initial drug use after a period of abstinence (slip) and then to continued use (a relapse). The treatment implications of some of the cue reactivity models are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unified DSC Constitutive Model for Pavement Materials with Numerical Implementation

Need for unified and mechanistic constitutive models for pavement materials for evaluation of various distresses has been recognized; however, such models are not yet available. There have been efforts to develop unified models; however, they have been based usually on ad hoc combinations of models for special properties such as elastic, plastic, creep and fracture, often without appropriate connections to various coupled responses of bound and unbound materials, they may result and in a large number of parameters, often without physical meanings. The disturbed state concept (DSC) provides a modeling approach that includes various responses such as elastic, plastic, creep, microcracking and fracture, softening and healing under mechanical and environmental (thermal, moisture, etc.) within a single unified and coupled framework. A brief review is presented to identify the advantages of the DSC compared to other available models. The DSC has been validated and applied to a wide range of materials: geologic, asphalt, concrete, ceramic, metal alloys, and silicon. It allows for evaluation of various distresses such as permanent deformations (rutting), microcracking and fracture, reflection cracking, thermal cracking, and healing. The DSC is implemented in two- and three-dimensional finite-element (FE) procedures, which allow static, repetitive, and dynamic loads including elastic, plastic, creep, microcracking leading to fracture and failure. A number of examples are solved for various distresses considering flexible (asphalt) pavements; however, the DSC model is applicable to rigid (concrete) pavements also. It is felt that the DSC and the FE computer programs provide unique and novel approaches for pavement engineering. It is desirable to perform further research and applications including validation with respect to simulated and field behavior of pavements.     

Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) in recognition memory: A review.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is being used increasingly to examine the memory processes underlying recognition memory. The authors discuss the methodological issues involved in conducting and analyzing ROC results, describe the various models that have been developed to account for these results, review the behavioral empirical literature, and assess the models in light of those results. The empirical literature includes studies of item recognition, relational recognition (e.g., source and associative tests), as well as exclusion and remember-know tasks. Nine empirical regularities are described, and a number of unresolved empirical issues are identified. The results indicate that several common classes of recognition models, such as pure threshold and pure signal detection models, are inadequate to account for recognition memory, whereas several hybrid models that incorporate a signal detection-based process and a threshold recollection or attention process are in better agreement with the results. The results indicate that there are at least 2 functionally distinct component/processes underlying recognition memory. In addition, the ROC results have various implications for how recognition memory performance should be measured. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

焦炭热性质的预测及影响因素分析

 为了预测、改善或根据需要调节焦炭的热性质,同时摸清各种因素对焦炭热性质的影响,通过16个配煤方案、96组的炼焦试验,在探讨各因素影响规律的基础上,以煤化度指标(Vdaf)、黏结性指标(G和Y)、催化指数(MCI)和堆积密度(d)?问⒘私固咳刃灾实脑げ饽Ｐ停荒Ｐ妥酆峡悸橇顺９媪督购偷饭塘督?种生产工艺,揭示了各因素对焦炭热性质影响的内在规律、各因素的最佳值及焦炭热性质所能达到的最佳值;模型精度高、适应性强,既可用于常规炼焦又可用于捣固炼焦;并分析了各因素的影响及改善焦炭热性质的途径以及高反应性铁焦的开发方法。     

Multinomial processing models of source monitoring.

This article presents a family of processing models for the source-monitoring paradigm in human memory. Source monitoring and the special case of reality monitoring have become very popular as paradigms to assess memory deficits in various subject populations. The paradigm provides categorical data that satisfy product-multinomial constraints, and this lends it nicely to multinomial modeling with processing-tree structures as described in D. M. Riefer and W. H. Batchelder (see record 1988-31527-001). The models developed herein are based on ideas from high-threshold signal-detection models, and they involve item-detection parameters, source-identification parameters, and various parameters reflecting guessing biases. The purpose of the models is to provide separate, theoretically based measures of old-item detection and source discrimination. The models may strengthen traditional analyses that are based on ad hoc statistics, as well as avoid flawed interpretations that the traditional analyses may produce. The usefulness of the models is revealed by analyzing published data sets from the areas of reality monitoring and bilingual memory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thermodynamic models for liquid–liquid extraction of electrolytes

Recent thermodynamic models for liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) involving electrolytes are reviewed. The applicability of various models to solvent extraction (SX) for metal ion recovery is emphasized, and areas where further research is needed are delineated.     

Viscosities of Slags ‐ an Overview

Viscosities of slags constitute an important physical property needed for an understanding of the mass transfer phenomena in metallurgical processes. Viscosity is also the key that leads to a better understanding of the structure of slags. It is well‐known that the viscosities of silicate slags decrease with the addition of basic oxides due to the breaking of the silicate network. The measurements of slag viscosities often pose experimental challenges, especially with respect to the choice of materials. This paper takes up the experimental problems and the various techniques adopted. Dynamic viscosity measurement, as a powerful tool towards an understanding of the kinetics of some high temperature reactions is brought out. A number of semi‐empirical models have been developed to estimate the slag viscosities in the case of multicomponent slags. A critical survey of these models is presented in this paper. Earlier models by Riboud et al., Urbain et al. and Mills et al. have been developed further into a new generation of models. Some of the current important models are, (1) Model by lida et al., (2) CSIRO model, (3) Pyroresearch Model, (4) Model by Tanaka et al., (5) Model approach by Reddy et al., and (6) KTH‐model. The predictions and capabilities of the various models are compared. Estimations of viscosities from thermodynamic data and prediction of liquidus temperatures from viscosities are presented. The concept of surface viscosities with reference to slags and viscosities of two‐phase mixtures are also taken up in the presentation.     

Similarity, identification, and categorization: Comment on Ashby and Lee (1991).

F. G. Ashby and W. W. Lee (see record 1991-23345-001) tested various models derived from the general recognition theory (GRT; Ashby and N. A. Perrin, 1988; Ashby and J. T. Townsend, 1986) on their ability to predict and interrelate similarity, categorization, and identification performance. This commentary (1) argues that contrary to Ashby and Lee's suggestion, the likelihood-based GRT cannot generally predict categorization from identification without incorporating selective attention, (2) argues that the categorization rule in the likelihood-based GRT is extremely close in spirit to R. M. Nosofsky's (1986) exemplar-based similarity model, (3) reports new model-based analyses that call into question Ashby and Lee's interpretation of their identification-confusion data, (4) raises questions about the identification and similarity models tested by Ashby and Lee, and (5) criticizes Ashby and Lee's methods of fitting and evaluating the various models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Probabilistic Models for Analysis of Urban Runoff Control Systems

Given the significant urban runoff impacts on many receiving waters and the massive costs of future investments in drainage infrastructure, the design of urban runoff control systems must be cost-effective. Cost-effective design requires that various runoff control system alternatives be investigated at the planning stage so that cost-effective runoff control systems can be identified for design level analysis. To analyze the runoff control performance of various combinations of runoff control systems at the planning stage, efficient screening models are acutely needed. For this purpose, analytical probabilistic models were applied to analyze the runoff quantity∕quality control performance of various combinations of storage and treatment systems. These analytical probabilistic models are developed with derived probability distribution theory whereby the input meteorology to the catchment is described by probability density functions (PDFs) of the meteorological characteristics that are transformed by hydrologic/hydraulic functions to PDFs of the system performance variables. The resulting PDFs are then used to determine the average performance conditions. These models provide closed-formed solutions of the performance equations that are highly efficient in both a conceptual and computational sense. As a result, they are particularly useful for the screening analysis of urban runoff control alternatives.     

Political sophistication and political deviance: A structural equation examination of context theory.

Context and ideologue theory each imply different causal relations between political sophistication, self-confidence, and political deviance. This study used linear measurement and structural equation models to test the plausibility of various causal models dealing with the relations among indexes of political sophistication, self-confidence, print media usage, racism, and political deviance. The findings were consistent with the expectations of context theory and contradictory to the expectations of the various ideologue models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The IQ paradox: Resolved? Still an open question.

A generalized Dickens-Flynn (2001) model is presented and various simulations undertaken with it to give readers a better sense of the properties of such models. In particular, the inclusion of moderate degrees of persistence of intelligence and intelligence-relevant environment did not have much impact on the overall behavior of the models, although more extreme degrees of persistence did. Even moderate degrees, however, affected the internal relationships in the models. The importance of specifying the time scale and of addressing developmental aspects of the models is emphasized. It is noted that the translation of individual changes to population changes is not a simple matter in resolving the "IQ paradox" of large population gains over time in intelligence test scores. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Analyzing sequential categorical data on dyadic interaction: A latent structure approach.

Demonstrates how a class of modeling techniques, commonly referred to as latent structure analysis, can be used in an informative way to study the character of sequential categorical data. Using this procedure, the authors show how to investigate (a) the lagged dependence between 2 actors, (b) dependency across populations, and (c) the issue of dominance and autodependence in reciprocal models of interaction sequences. Formal test statistics are utilized to select from an array of restricted and unrestricted latent class models fit to various sets of dyadic interaction data. (42 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of modeling on behavior related to hyperactivity.

In an examination of social modeling, differences between hyperactive and nonhyperactive 6–10 yr old boys in their play and responses to models were assessed. Both groups of 16 Ss were observed before viewing any models and then after having seen a "slow," nonhyperactivelike model and a "fast," hyperactivelike model. Judges' observations of various objective and subjective measures were used to assess differences between groups as well as the effects of models on Ss' activities. Hyperactive Ss were found to behave differently during play even before viewing any model. In addition, they generally responded more to the guidelines suggested by the model, especially the fast one, than did the nonhyperactive Ss. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interacting sources of information in word naming: A study of individual differences.

Hypothetically, words can be named by spelling–sound translation rules or by looking up a phonological code in a lexicon. Following J. Baron and C. Strawson (see record 1977-00326-001), naming performance was measured as a function of skill with each route, using sets of stimuli varying in reliance on either route. Ss were 73 college students. "Phoenicians" were defined to be better with rules than with look-up; "Chinese" were better at look-up than with rules. As predicted by Baron and Strawson, Phoenicians named low-frequency regular words and nonwords faster than Chinese. Contrary to predictions, Phoenicians were also faster at naming irregular words of various frequencies. Implications of these results for various dual-route models vs single-route models are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexual identity development: The influence of valuative frameworks on identity synthesis.

Examines the influence of valuative frameworks on sexual identity development and synthesis. This involves incorporating an understanding of attribution and volition that is often omitted in alternative models of sexual identity development. The models can be organized into categories that address (1) general sexual identity development (defined to include gay and lesbian experiences), (2) gay identity development, and (3) lesbian identity development. Following a review of these various models, the role of valuative frameworks on identity development and synthesis is addressed, and an alternative model is proposed to address the experiences of those who experience same-sex attraction but do not experience a gay, lesbian, or bisexual identity synthesis. The proposed model has 5 stages: (1) identity confusion or crisis, (2) identity attribution, (3) identity foreclosure versus expansion, (4) identity reappraisal, and (5) identity synthesis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sensitivity to Physical and Numerical Modeling in Navier-Stokes Simulations

Navier-Stokes Multiblock code solves the fully coupled system of equations simultaneously using a cell-centered finite-volume approach. This note assesses the sensitivity to some turbulence models and numerical schemes implemented in Navier-Stokes Multiblock when computing two test cases in standard mode, i.e., without tuning the code to these two cases. The cases are (1) subsonic flow around the MS(1)-0313 airfoil, and (2) transonic flow around the ONERA M6 wing, using various combinations of models (algebraic Baldwin-Lomax or Granville, one-equation Spalart-Allmaras, or the two-equation k ? ε model of Chien) together with a numerical scheme of either the second-order central or third-order Roe upwind type.     

Dispersion Modeling of Leachates from Thermal Power Plants

Ground and surface water contamination due to leaching of trace elements from ash ponds is a major environmental challenge for thermal power plants. Leaching of trace elements from the ash ponds indicated significant concentration of nine trace elements (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Pb, Mn, Cu, and Zn) in the leachates of various thermal power plants. The empirical models developed for the prediction of various trace elements i.e., Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb, followed first-order reaction rate kinetics. The empirical models derived from the laboratory scale models were subsequently modified to account for the changes in the chemistry, mineralogy, and morphology of fly ash with respect to time which correlated well with the real field data with regression coefficients varying from 0.93 to 0.98. The modified empirical models predicted concentrations of the trace elements within ±3% of the observed values for four thermal power plants with standard deviation varying from 0.001 to 0.032.     

Mechanisms of inclusion formation in Al−Ti−Si−Mn deoxidized steel weld metals

The present investigation is concerned with basic studies of the mechanisms of inclusion formation in submerged arc (SA), gas metal arc (GMA), and flux cored arc (FCA) steel weld metals. Theoretical models of deoxidation have been developed to establish a basis for quantitative predictions of important inclusion characteristics, such as volume fraction, size, and chemical composition from knowledge of weld metal chemistry and operating parameters. The relevance of these models has been tested against extensive inclusion data obtained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) examinations of a large number of experimental welds containing various contents of aluminum, titanium, silicon, manganese, and oxygen.     

Truck Models for Improved Fatigue Life Predictions of Steel Bridges

A new fatigue load model has been developed based on weigh-in-motion (WIM) data collected from three different sites in Indiana. The recorded truck traffic was simulated over analytical bridge models to investigate moment range responses of bridge structures under truck traffic loadings. The bridge models included simple and two?equally continuous spans. Based on Miner’s hypothesis, fatigue damage accumulations were computed for details at various locations on the bridge models and compared with the damage predicted for the 240-kN (54-kip) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) fatigue truck, a modified AASHTO fatigue truck with an equivalent effective gross weight, and other fatigue truck models. The results indicate that fatigue damage can be notably overestimated in short-span girders. Accordingly, two new fatigue trucks are developed in the present study. A new three-axle fatigue truck can be used to represent truck traffic on typical highways, while a four-axle fatigue truck can better represent truck traffic on heavy duty highways with a significant percentage of the fatigue damage dominated by eight- to 11-axle trucks.