塔板漏液速率和气速下限的计算

在φ1(?)00试验塔上,以空气-水系统,对φ10大孔(?)板和V型棚板测定了不同工况下的漏液速率,并用多元线性回归拟合得到这两种塔板的漏液速率和气速下限的计算公式,还作了物性修正,可用于工程设计计算。     

PREDICTION OF MOLAR VOLUMES, VAPOR PRESSURES AND SUPERCRITICAL SOLUBILITIES OF ALKANES BY EQUATIONS OF STATE

A generalized cubic equation of state which can represent all the cubic equations is introduced and thermodynamic property relations for it are presented. Five cubic equations of states with respective mixing rules are used to predict molar volumes and vapor pressures of pure alkanes (from methane till n-tritriacontane) and solubilities of solid wax components (high molecular weight alkanes) in supercritical solvents. They are the RK (Redlich-Kwong), MMM (Mohsennia-Modarress-Mansoori), RM (Riazi-Mansoori), PR (Peng-Robinson), and SRK (Soave-Redlich-Kwon) equations of state. The experimental data necessary to compare the equations of state are taken from the literature. It is demonstrated that the SRK equation of state is more accurate for predicting vapor pressures of alkanes. The RM equation of state is shown to be more accurate for predicting molar volumes of saturated and sub-cooled liquid alkanes as well as molar volumes of alkanes in their supercritical condition. For the solubility of wax components in supercritical solvents it is shown that the MMM equation of state gives the least AAD% for the 270 data points of 10 binary systems studied consisting of a high molecular weight alkane and supercritical ethane and carbon dioxide.     

乙醇-水-盐体系汽液平衡

用改进的Ｏｔｈｍｅｒ汽液平衡釜在０．１０１３ＭＰａ下测定了乙醇水氯化钙、醋酸钾体系在恒盐摩尔分率下的汽液平衡数据。用Ｆｕｒｔｅｒ方程、修正的Ｆｕｒｔｅｒ方程、拟二元模型及溶剂化模型对实验数据进行关联，取得良好结果，其中乙醇水氯化钙体系实验数据用修正的Ｆｕｒｔｅｒ方程关联，所得汽相平均偏差为０．０１２４。     

CALCULATION OF VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM AND EXCESS ENTHALPY WITH THE UNIQUAC EQUATION

The UNIQUAC equation was used for calculation of vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE)as well as excess enthalpy (h^E). Four sets of binary interaction parameters were applied: first, parameters estimated only from VLE data, then parameters from h^E data for both the original UNIQUAC equation and the Anderson modification, and finally parameters estimated from h^E and VLE data simultaneously. Calculations were performed for seven binary systems with polar components, representing different h^E behavior. The cross-prediction of h^E from VLE data works better than the reversed prediction. The model with parameters estimated simultaneously to both kinds of data can be applied successfully to both kinds of calculations, but it is a compromise between the models estimated from one kind of data.     

CALCULATION OF VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM AND EXCESS ENTHALPY WITH THE UNIQUAC EQUATION

The UNIQUAC equation was used for calculation of vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE)as well as excess enthalpy (h^E). Four sets of binary interaction parameters were applied: first, parameters estimated only from VLE data, then parameters from h^E data for both the original UNIQUAC equation and the Anderson modification, and finally parameters estimated from h^E and VLE data simultaneously. Calculations were performed for seven binary systems with polar components, representing different h^E behavior. The cross-prediction of h^E from VLE data works better than the reversed prediction. The model with parameters estimated simultaneously to both kinds of data can be applied successfully to both kinds of calculations, but it is a compromise between the models estimated from one kind of data.     

WATER VAPOR ADSORPTION-DESORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF A MIXED ADSORBENT

Air conditioning systems that are incorporating desiccant based dehumidifiers are finding increased applications over traditional vapor compression refrigeration systems due to their efficient handling of latent heat loads. Generally, silica gel, molecular sieves, or activated alumina coaled on a rotating honeycomb type desiccant matrix is used as a dehumidifier in these systems. However, shapes of the isotherm for water vapor adsorption on these materials are not favorable for optimal performance of desiccant cooling systems. Theoretical studies have shown that a material having a type I isotherm for water vapor, whose shape lies between that on molecular sieve 13X and silica gel would lower installation and operating costs of desiccant based air-conditioning systems.

An adsorbent was prepared by mixing a silica gel, molecular sieve 13X, and a hydrophobic molecular sieve. The mixed adsorbent was mixed with a binder and was further coated on both sides of a 0.0014“ thick aluminum foil. Both plain and corrugated foils were used in preparing a desiccant matrix. A plain sheet was inserted in between two corrugated sheets and then they were rolled into a cylinder. The shape of water adsorption isotherm and equilibrium water adsorption capacity were obtained for this desiccant matrix. The shape of the water isotherm in the temperature range of 288-308 K was found to be more favorable than that on silica gel or molecular sieve 13X. However, the total water adsorption capacity of the new mixed adsorbent was significantly lower than these materials. The water adsorption data on the mixed adsorbent could be correlated according to Polyani's potential theory     

TREATMENT OF THE NONEQUILIBRIUM VAPOR MOTION NEAR AN EVAPORATING INTERPHASE BOUNDARY

Strong evaporation problems are characterized by the nonequilibrium vapor motion near the interphase boundary. The solution of this nonequilibrium region, known as Knudsen layer, requires the use of kinetic theory. Kinetic equations have been solved numerically for a plane evaporation problem. Numerical solutions have led to the establishment or the validity of a simple kinetic theory approach to calculate the jump conditions across the Knudsen layer and the net mass, momentum, and heat fluxes. This approach can be used together with the conventional continuum method to calculate How parameters at the outer edge of the Knudsen layer for heat transfer problems in which evaporation occurs at the interphase boundary.     

化学液相气化渗透法制备炭/炭复合材料研究的进展

综合评述了化学液相气化渗透(chemical liquid vapor infiltration, CLVI)法制备炭/炭(C/C)复合材料的研究.概述了CLVI法的工艺特点及其快速致密的原理,并分别从预制体形状、发热体加热方式、前驱体种类等方面介绍了近年来各种改进的CLVI工艺.分析了制备方式、温度以及前驱体种类等对热解炭微观结构的影响.展望了CLVI法制备C/C复合材料的发展趋势.综合分析表明:目前,CLVI法尚不能满足应用于工业化生产的要求,今后将向多试样沉积、低能量消耗、前驱体高利用率等方向发展.     

在共存相中饱和液体及饱和蒸气密度的计算

本文证实了Hanson计算方法的可能性,并应用了跨界压缩因子解决了Hanson方法中存在的缺点.计算饱和液体的密度,其误差在1%以内,本文尚提供了计算饱和蒸气的密度和混合液体的密度的方法.导出了一个计算汽化热的普遍公式.这些结果证明了在两相区域内可以应用对比状态的规律.     

用修正的Polanyi-Dubinin方程描述有机蒸气-水蒸气在活性炭上的吸附平衡

活性炭吸附法用于低浓度有机废气的治理,具有脱除率高、可以回收有机溶剂等优点。但由于废气中或多或少混有水蒸气,导致吸附能力降低,这种情况在相对湿度较高的南方地区尤为严重。定量地估计水蒸气对活性炭吸附容量的影响,对吸附装置的设计和操作,具有重要的指导意义。     

由溶液蒸汽压或沸点确定平衡气相组成的直接法

本文提出一种由溶液的蒸汽压或沸点确定平衡气相组成的直接法。基本微分方程由Gibbs- Duhem式导得,能方便地利用迭代法求解。本方法可以顺利地应用于二元系,原则上亦可应用于多元系。提供的若干二元系与三元系实例表明,计算结果与实验值良好一致。     

ESTIMATION OF VAPOR PRESSURES OF ORGANIC NITROGEN AND SULFUR COMPOUNDS BY A GROUP-CONTRIBUTION METHOD

The group-contribution method for vapor pressures of hydrocarbons and organic compounds containing nitrogen or sulfur, based on the kinetic theory of fluids, is revised and extended to include new groups containing nitrogen or sulfur. Good representation is obtained for vapor pressure data in the region 1.30-270 kPa. The method may be used to estimate vapor pressures and enthalpies of vaporization for those organic fluids containing nitrogen or sulfur, where no experimental data are available.     

等离子体增强化学气相沉积技术制备锗反蛋白石三维光子晶体

采用溶剂蒸发对流自组装法将单分散二氧化硅(SiO2)微球组装形成三维有序胶体晶体模板,以锗烷(GeH4)为先驱体气用等离子增强化学气相沉积法在350℃填充高折射率材料锗.获得了锗反蛋白石光子晶体.通过扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪对锗反蛋白石的形貌、成分、结构进行了表征.结果表明:锗在SiO2微球空隙内填充均匀,得到的锗为多晶态.锗反蛋白石光子晶体为三维有序多孔结构.等离子体增强化学气相沉积的潜在优势在于可实现材料的低温填充,从而以高分子材料为模板进行复型,得到多种结构的三维光子晶体.     

THE EFFECT OF EVAPORATIVE VAPOR RECOIL ON THE INSTABILITY OF LIQUID JETS

The stability of cylindrical liquid jets undergoing evaporation is examined theoretically with a linear analysis. Prediction of the effects on jet length of Marangoni flow and the vapor recoil force exerted on the liquid surface by evaporating molecules is obtained for a laminar viscous jet in inviscid surroundings. These predictions indicate that evaporation may have an important stabilizing influence which markedly elongates the jet. Under similar circumstances, the size or the resulting drops is predicted to be significantly reduced.     

常压化学气相沉积法制备二氧化钛薄膜的沉积工艺及薄膜均匀性

利用常压化学气相沉积法在浮法玻璃表面制备了二氧化钛薄膜。研究了水蒸气、氧气含量和衬底温度以及反应器与衬底的距离对薄膜制备过程中沉积速率的影响。结果表明:当水蒸气质量浓度为50mg/L。氧气含量为总气体流量的8%时,薄膜的沉积速率可达30nm/s,随着衬底温度从300℃升到600℃,薄膜的沉积速率从15nm/s增加到30nm/s;然而随着反应器与衬底的距离从2mm增加到12mm,薄膜的沉积速率从30nm/s降到10nm/s,但大面积薄膜层的厚度差从10nm降低到2nm,薄膜比较均匀。     

新垂直筛板塔汽体不混合时的板效率数学模型

本文在新垂直筛板双池模型基础上,建立了汽体不混合时板效率数学模型,给出了逐板逐池数值计算方法,导出了液体并流塔板的板效率解析式,将液体并流及逆流塔板的板效率结果分别与假定汽体完全混合时的板效率值进行了比较。     

THE EFFECT OF EVAPORATIVE VAPOR RECOIL ON THE INSTABILITY OF LIQUID JETS

The stability of cylindrical liquid jets undergoing evaporation is examined theoretically with a linear analysis. Prediction of the effects on jet length of Marangoni flow and the vapor recoil force exerted on the liquid surface by evaporating molecules is obtained for a laminar viscous jet in inviscid surroundings. These predictions indicate that evaporation may have an important stabilizing influence which markedly elongates the jet. Under similar circumstances, the size or the resulting drops is predicted to be significantly reduced.     

七种有机物极微蒸气压数据的测定

建立了一套用Knudsen质量损失隙透法的极微蒸气压数据测定装置,用正十六烷作为标准物对设备进行了校验。测定了正十八烷、1-十八烯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、对苯二甲酸二甲酯、二异丙基萘、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯和芘在298～373K的极微蒸气压数据。并给出了各自的Antoine系数。