肉及肉制品真伪鉴别技术研究进展

近年, 肉制品掺杂掺假情况频繁发生, 主要掺假方式是在高价肉制品中掺入廉价的肉类原料, 且在商品标签中不注明成分, 严重损害消费者合法权益。本研究针对目前常见的肉制品真伪鉴别方法, 包括基于形态学、代谢学、蛋白质学和基因学这4大类真伪鉴别方法, 分别介绍各个方法的应用及优缺点, 为肉及肉制品真伪鉴别技术研究提供参考。     

肉制品中动物源性成分DNA检测方法的研究进展

肉制品主要成分标识的真实性是全球重要的食品安全问题之一,特别是肉制品中动物源性成分的掺假和标识问题已引发全球关注。如何对肉制品中动物源性成分进行鉴定和标识已成为产品真实性鉴定的热点。基于DNA分子稳定性强的优点,DNA检测技术被广泛用于食品安全检测和监测诸多领域,体现出了灵敏度高、特异性强等优势。本文重点从动物源性检测的靶序列DNA选择和DNA分析技术研究2个方面,阐述了肉制品中动物源性成分定性、定量检测技术的研究和应用,并讨论动物源性成分定量分析的可能性,为我国实施动物源性成分量化监管提供思路。     

Authenticity Determination of Meat and Meat Products on the Protein and DNA Basis

Adulterated food can be defined as food incompatible with the declaration of the seller. In the case of meat and meat articles, adulterations refer not only to the replacement of ingredients but also to inappropriate information concerning the origin of raw materials. Methods aiming at investigating meat and meat product authenticity may be based either on the analysis of protein composition or on the analysis of nucleic acids. At the present time, meat and meat product authenticity investigations based on protein analysis employ electrophoretic, enzymic, and chromatographic methods, sometimes supported by the mass spectrometry technique. On the other hand, species identification is often based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Biochips present a promising technology.     

A systematic review of DNA-based methods in authentication of game and less common meat species

Despite the numerous studies on food safety and authenticity, especially for meat and meat products, not enough studies have been conducted focusing exclusively on game species and other unusual meat animals. As a result of the European horse scandal, the horse is currently the target of many meat authenticity studies. With this review, we aim to present various DNA-based methods that have been used by researchers to identify, detect, and quantify game, uncommon meat animals, and wildlife species. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is considered the standard method for DNA analysis in meat authenticity testing. However, in this paper, we present several other methods that may or may not involve the PCR technique. For this purpose, we systematically reviewed 131 articles selected according to various criteria such as target animal species, method of analysis, year of publication, and so forth. The result of our study shows the most studied game and uncommon meat species, PCR- and non-PCR-based methods for game meat analysis, and DNA-based methods in wildlife conservation. With this study, researchers can find detailed information about frequent game species used as adulterants for regular meat products and the DNA-based techniques to identify them.     

基于肽生物标志物技术鉴别肉品的真实性研究进展

基于DNA和蛋白质的方法已广泛应用于肉制品的真实性鉴定,但肉制品经加工处理后,DNA和蛋白质很容易发生降解和变性,而蛋白质的一级结构(氨基酸序列)则足够稳定。伴随着蛋白质组学的发展,以肽生物标志物为基础的鉴定方法逐渐应用于肉制品的真实性分析。本文将从肉中肽生物标志物的分离鉴定方法、肽生物标志物在鉴定不同肉制品及肉制品中外源蛋白的应用三个方面进行归纳和总结,并对肽生物标志物在鉴定肉品真实性应用中的发展方向进行展望,以期为食品溯源提供更丰富的技术手段。     

Authentication technologies using DNA-based approaches for meats and halal meats determination

Food authenticity and safety are major concerns for researchers, consumers, and particularly the meat industry. Meat products are targets for species substitution and adulteration due to their market value. Presently, the demand for halal products is witnessing a substantial increase. Therefore, it is essential to use appropriate science-based methods for determining the species origin of halal meat. DNA barcoding is a useful technique for the molecular identification of biological specimens, and raw and processed foods. The potential of using DNA barcoding is increasingly applied as an authentication tool for halal animal and meat products. Our review will bring together all DNA-based techniques that have been developed for the authenticity of meat derived from halal and non-halal animals and also their derivatives. Additionally, the present paper will highlight the possibility of using the DNA barcoding approach for halal meat authenticity.     

稳定同位素、矿质元素及可见-近红外光谱技术在禽制品真实性鉴别中的应用研究进展

禽制品在食品消费中占据很大比例,近年来,禽制品掺假、造假等事件频发,禽制品真实性鉴别成为研究热点.随着掺假造假手段的多样化,传统的感官鉴别方法已经难以满足禽制品真实性鉴别的需要.近年来,现代分析仪器和技术发展迅速,现代分析方法在禽制品真实性检测中展现出优势.本文重点阐述稳定同位素技术、矿质元素指纹技术及可见-近红外光谱...     

驴肉及其制品真伪鉴别技术研究进展

驴肉及其制品因具有极高的营养价值和独特的味道而深受人们喜爱。因其价格居高不下,市场上存在商贩掺假销售问题,极大侵犯了消费者的合法权益甚至危害身体健康,且扰乱了市场诚信。目前,中国尚未建立驴肉产品质量监督检测标准。因此,迫切需要建立一种简单、快速、准确的驴肉产品检测方法。近几年来,聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)及其衍生技术成为鉴别驴制品真伪的研究热点,新兴的DNA条形码和数字PCR技术也具有较大的应用潜力。本文综述了驴肉及其制品的形态、代谢物、蛋白质、核酸检测方法的研究进展,这些方法主要包括光谱法、色谱法、酶联免疫吸附法、PCR及其衍生技术等。     

Application of the novel Droplet digital PCR technology for identification of meat species

The authenticity and traceability of meat products are issues of primary importance to ensure food safety. Unfortunately, food adulteration (e.g. the addition of inexpensive cuts to minced meat products) and mislabelling (e.g. the inclusion of meat from species other than those declared) happens frequently worldwide. The aim of this study was to apply a droplet digital PCR assay for the detection and quantification (copies μL⁻¹) of the beef, pork, horse, sheep, chicken and turkey in meat products. The analysis conducted on commercial meat showed the presence of traces of DNA from other animal species than those declared. We show that the method is highly sensitive, specific and accurate (accuracy = 100%). This method could be adopted by competent food safety authorities to verify compliance with the labelling of meat products and to ensure quality and safety throughout the meat supply chain, from primary production to consumption.     

Bone marrow measurements for mechanically recovered products from machines that press bones

Meat from Advanced Meat Recovery (AMR) systems is being used in increasing amounts in meat products, but authenticity issues resulting from the incidental inclusion of bone marrow when meat is pressed from the bones have arisen. Unfortunately, no widely accepted method for determining amount of marrow in meat from AMR systems is available. Past attempts to detect and quantify the amount of marrow in mechanically recovered products is the focus of this review. Methods for quantifying red marrow include those based on the heme pigments and on iron contained in these pigments. An immunological procedure in which antibodies are raised to bone marrow proteins and the pH method can also be used as qualitative and quantitative tests, respectively, for red marrow presence. Fatty marrow, associated with the term marrow by the public, is found in the medullary cavity of the shaft of long bones. These bones are not recommended for use in meat recovery systems, so methods for detection of fatty marrow are not addressed.     

滚揉技术在肉制品加工中的应用研究进展

为进一步促进滚揉技术在现代肉制品加工中的应用,本文在阐明滚揉技术工作原理及其主要影响因素（真 空度、滚揉温度、滚揉时间、转速及滚揉方式）基础上,分析滚揉技术在肉制品加工中的应用现状以及滚揉技术与 现代食品加工新技术的联合应用研究进展。通过分析发现,滚揉技术在传统腌腊肉制品、西式肉制品和预调理肉制 品加工中的应用研究较多;在与食品加工新技术联合应用方面,主要有超声波、充气变压、脉动真空技术与滚揉技 术联合应用的报道。总之,滚揉技术在肉制品加工中的应用主要集中在产品品质改良和质量安全控制方面。     

Electronic Nose as a Tool for Monitoring the Authenticity of Food. A Review

Counterfeiting of food is recently one of the risks relevant for producers, distributors, retailers, consumers, and national governments from economic (price), health (allergens), and religious reasons. Flavour of several food products is one of the key attributes of their quality and authenticity. In the case of some foods, the aroma of a product is specific enough to discriminate an original product from its fraud or adulterated counterpart. Electronic nose (e-nose) is a rapid and powerful technique, which requires no special sample preparation to determine the aroma of a product. In the present review, the applications of different e-noses and chemometrics for determination of food authenticity including adulteration and confirmation of origin are discussed. E-noses of various configurations are a very promising tool for testing the authenticity of food products.     

近红外光谱技术结合化学计量学用于畜禽肉制品品质分析的研究进展

肉类作为人体摄入蛋白质的主要来源,随着人们生活水平的提高和对营养健康的追求,肉制品的需求量不断增大,与此同时,肉制品新鲜度、掺杂掺假等肉制品品质领域的质量问题较为多发。为改善传统肉类检测方法耗时费力的现状,肉品质量的检测方法也逐渐趋于多样化。近红外光谱技术目前已广泛应用于包括生物、医药、食品在内的诸多领域。近红外光谱技术与化学计量法结合可对样品进行定性和定量分析,具有快速、无损、高效的优势,适用于肉品及肉制品现场实时监测。在前期研究的基础上,本文综述了近年来近红外光谱技术在畜禽肉制品新鲜度、品种鉴别与掺假分析、产地溯源等方面的研究进展,以期为肉制品品质分析及质量控制提供理论指导。     

Authentication of meat and meat products

In recent years, interest in meat authenticity has increased. Many consumers are concerned about the meat they eat and accurate labelling is important to inform consumer choice. Authentication methods can be categorised into the areas where fraud is most likely to occur: meat origin, meat substitution, meat processing treatment and non-meat ingredient addition. Within each area the possibilities for fraud can be subcategorised as follows: meat origin—sex, meat cuts, breed, feed intake, slaughter age, wild versus farmed meat, organic versus conventional meat, and geographic origin; meat substitution—meat species, fat, and protein; meat processing treatment—irradiation, fresh versus thawed meat and meat preparation; non-meat ingredient addition—additives and water. Analytical methods used in authentication are as diverse as the authentication problems, and include a diverse range of equipment and techniques. This review is intended to provide an overview of the possible analytical methods available for meat and meat products authentication. In areas where no authentication methods have been published, possible strategies are suggested.     

基于核酸分子学方法的肉类成分鉴别技术研究进展

近年来,肉类掺假问题频繁发生。基于核酸的分子生物学肉类成分鉴别技术已成为研究热点,其具有灵敏度高、特异性强、检测时间短以及成本低的优点。本文综述了基于核酸分子学的肉类成分种属鉴别技术在肉类掺假检验中的应用,着重于量化各种方法的检测限,并重点对实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和数字PCR技术在动物成分鉴别定量分析的研究现状与前景做介绍。探讨不同来源的靶基因(核DNA和线粒体DNA)在动物成分鉴别中,定性和定量检测灵敏度与特异性的区别。     

肉制品中生物胺形成与控制研究进展

生物胺是一类含氮的脂肪族胺、芳香族胺或杂环类低分子有机化合物,主要通过微生物分泌的氨基酸脱羧酶作用于氨基酸产生。肉制品中生物胺降低产品质量、缩短货架期,同时,过量的生物胺对人体健康存在潜在威胁。本文综述原料肉、工艺条件、微生物等主要影响肉制品生物胺形成的因素,归纳肉制品中生物胺的相关控制措施,提出采用多种技术相结合、优势互补的方式,有助于形成肉制品中整个产业链的防控体系,切实解决肉制品行业的质量安全问题。     

Factors influencing meat emulsion properties and product texture: A review

Emulsion-based meat products play an important role in modern meat industry. Though meat batters have been prepared traditionally since long back in the history, the scientific principles and the knowhow are significantly important in the case of commercial products. In India, the market for emulsion meat products is gaining importance in the recent years and the native producers are in critical need for the scientific basis of production of emulsion meat products with better yield, good sensory qualities and nutrition. Hence, this review will throw light on some of the important factors which influence the properties of meat emulsion such as stability, structure, etc. and the product texture and yield as the revealed by past researches which will be useful to the meat processors in their practical application in preparing meat emulsion products.     

Analytical Strategies to Confirm the Generic Authenticity of Scotch Whisky

The authenticity of a specific brand of Scotch whisky may be confirmed by comparing analytical data for suspect samples with reference to analytical ranges for the genuine brand. Wider generic authenticity issues exist when a product purports to be Scotch whisky when it has not been produced in Scotland in accordance with the legal definition of Scotch whisky. When such cases reach litigation, courts may ask chemists to analyse suspect products and draw conclusions on authenticity. This paper presents analytical profiles generated from a survey of Malt, Grain and Blended Scotch whiskies and compares the results with whiskies of other origins and examples of a diverse range of suspect products purporting to be Scotch whisky. The concentrations and ratios of concentrations of the major volatile compounds (or congeners), particularly methanol, n‐propanol, isobutanol and 2‐ and 3‐methyl butanol, were found to be important factors in the authenticity decision‐making process. In addition, the absence of known Scotch whisky congeners, the presence of compounds known to be absent from genuine whisky and abnormal maturation congener profiles all contributed to the decision process. From this review of genuine analytical profiles, an experimental protocol for determining the authenticity of Scotch whisky is proposed.