转基因水稻食用安全性评价国内外概况

转基因水稻的研制与开发已经达到了可商业化阶段,但是出于对其食用与环境安全性的忧虑,目前还没有国家批准转基因水稻商品化。我国已经发现有疑似转基因稻种出现在市场上,这就迫切要求我们加快对转基因水稻的安全性评价尤其是食用安全性评价的研究,建立相应的评价标准,以规范转基因水稻的商业化及生产。本文主要从转基因水稻的营养成分实质等同性分析,动物营养学评价,体内及体外毒理学评价,致敏性评价及外源基因的水平转移五个角度对转基因水稻的国内外食用安全性评价工作进行了综述,以期为以后的食用安全性评价及标准体系的建立提供参考。     

转基因食品安全性评价研究进展

自1996年以来,转基因作物的大规模商业化生产为人们带来了巨大的社会经济效益,但是转基因技术存在一定的风险性,因此加强转基因食品的安全性评价和标准化管理显得尤为迫切和重要。本文从营养学、毒理学、过敏性等方面综述了转基因食品的食用安全性评价,并多角度探讨了转基因食品安全性评价的关键问题,包括用不同动物实验评价转基因食品的食用安全性,新型转基因植物的安全性评价,以及转基因食品的食用安全标准化等,以期使读者对转基因食品的食用安全性有更加系统、全面的了解。     

转基因食品安全与环境分析

转基因食品可为人类的发展提供食品安全保障,它对人体健康基本是安全的。尽管转基因食品的生产与加工对生物多样性、土壤生态可能有一些影响,杀虫剂、除草剂等的使用会带来一些环境污染,但其拥有的优点也很明显。可通过完善转基因技术,降低转基因食品的不良效应,加强转基因食品的安全检测,健全转基因食品安全评价体系等措施来解决这些问题。     

An overview of genetically modified crop governance,issues and challenges in Malaysia

The application of agricultural biotechnology attracts the interest of many stakeholders. Genetically modified (GM) crops, for example, have been rapidly increasing in production for the last 20 years. Despite their known benefits, GM crops also pose many concerns not only to human and animal health but also to the environment. Malaysia, in general, allows the use of GM technology applications but it has to come with precautionary and safety measures consistent with the international obligations and domestic legal frameworks. This paper provides an overview of GM crop technology from international and national context and explores the governance and issues surrounding this technology application in Malaysia. Basically, GM research activities in Malaysia are still at an early stage of research and development and most of the GM crops approved for release are limited for food, feed and processing purposes. Even though Malaysia has not planted any GM crops commercially, actions toward such a direction seem promising. Several issues concerning GM crops as discussed in this paper will become more complex as the number of GM crops and varieties commercialised globally increase and Malaysia starts to plant GM crops. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

A brief review of the occurrence, use, and safety of food-related nanomaterials

Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have tremendous potential to enhance the food supply through novel applications, including nutrient and bioactive absorption and delivery systems; ingredient functionality; improved colors and flavors; microbial, allergen, and contaminant detection and control; and food packaging properties and performance. To determine the current state of knowledge regarding the safety of these potential uses of nanomaterials, an appraisal of the published literature on the safety of food-related nanomaterials was undertaken. A method of assessment of reliability of toxicology studies was developed to conduct this appraisal. The review of the toxicology literature on oral exposure to food-related nanomaterials found that the number of studies is limited. Exposure to nanomaterials in the human food chain may occur not only through intentional uses in food manufacturing, but also via uses in agricultural production and carry over from use in other industries. Although a number of analytical methods are useful in physicochemical characterization of manufactured nanomaterials, new methods may be needed to more fully detect and characterize nanomaterials incorporated into foods and in other media. There is a need for additional toxicology studies of sufficient quality and duration on different types of nanomaterials to further our understanding of the characteristics of nanomaterials that affect safety of oral exposure resulting from use in various food applications.     

Toxicity studies of genetically modified plants: a review of the published literature

According to the information reported by the WHO, the genetically modified (GM) products that are currently on the international market have all passed risk assessments conducted by national authorities. These assessments have not indicated any risk to human health. In spite of this clear statement, it is quite amazing to note that the review articles published in international scientific journals during the current decade did not find, or the number was particularly small, references concerning human and animal toxicological/health risks studies on GM foods. In this paper, the scientific information concerning the potential toxicity of GM/transgenic plants using the Medline database is reviewed. Studies about the safety of the potential use of potatoes, corn, soybeans, rice, cucumber, tomatoes, sweet pepper, peas, and canola plants for food and feed were included. The number of references was surprisingly limited. Moreover, most published studies were not performed by the biotechnology companies that produce these products. This review can be concluded raising the following question: where is the scientific evidence showing that GM plants/food are toxicologically safe?     

Zebrafish as model organisms for toxicological evaluations in the field of food science

Food safety has long been an area of concern. The selection of stable and efficient model organisms is particularly important for food toxicology studies. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are small model vertebrates, and 70% of human genes have at least one zebrafish ortholog. Zebrafish have advantages as model organisms due to their short life cycle, strong reproductive ability, easy rearing, and low cost. Zebrafish embryos have the advantage of being sensitive to the breeding environment and thus have been used as biosensors. Zebrafish and their embryos have been widely used for food toxicology assessments. This review provides a systematic and comprehensive summary of food toxicology studies using zebrafish as model organisms. First, we briefly introduce the multidimensional mechanisms and structure–activity relationship studies of food toxicological assessment. Second, we categorize these studies according to eight types of hazards in foods, including mycotoxins, pesticides, antibiotics, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, food additives, nanoparticles, and other food-related ingredients. Finally, we list the applications of zebrafish in food toxicology studies in line with future research prospects, aiming to provide a valuable reference for researchers in the field of food science.     

转基因食品的法律规制研究

转基因食品作为生物科技发展的重要成果,其对人类的作用同样具有其它科技成果的两面性。由于转基因食品相对于普通食品的特殊性,必须对其可能产生的问题进行有效的法律规制。欧美日等发达国家为此专门建立了试验和上市的审批制度、隔离制度以及标识制度,美国还建立了转基因食品监管非歧视的法律原则。结合中国转基因食品法律规制现状,应当采取对其正式立法、颁布可操作性强的具体实施条例、建立产业准入制度、加强执法方面的投入以及坚持非歧视的法律原则等方面的措施,才能保证中国转基因食品的法律规制达到既能有效地防范转基因食品产生的特殊安全风险,又不阻碍转基因产业的正常发展的良好效果。     

欧美转基因食品安全监管制度及启示

转基因技术自面世以来,转基因食品的安全性始终未有定论。考察和借鉴欧美转基因食品监管制度的监管原则、监管主体、标识管理、立法规制及市场准入等层面上的可行经验,以期完善中国的转基因食品监管制度。为此,应健全转基因食品监管的法律法规体系、深化转基因食品监管制度改革、优化转基因食品监管机构设置及构建国际化的转基因食品监管协调机制。     

Risk assessment of Bt crops on the non‐target plant‐associated insects and soil organisms

Transgenic plants containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes are being cultivated worldwide to express toxic insecticidal proteins. However, the commercial utilisation of Bt crops greatly highlights biosafety issues worldwide. Therefore, assessing the risks caused by genetically modified crops prior to their commercial cultivation is a critical issue to be addressed. In agricultural biotechnology, the goal of safety assessment is not just to identify the safety of a genetically modified (GM) plant, rather to demonstrate its impact on the ecosystem. Various experimental studies have been made worldwide during the last 20 years to investigate the risks and fears associated with non‐target organisms (NTOs). The NTOs include beneficial insects, natural pest controllers, rhizobacteria, growth promoting microbes, pollinators, soil dwellers, aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates, mammals and humans. To highlight all the possible risks associated with different GM events, information has been gathered from a total of 76 articles, regarding non‐target plant and soil inhabiting organisms, and summarised in the form of the current review article. No significant harmful impact has been reported in any case study related to approved GM events, although critical risk assessments are still needed before commercialisation of these crops. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

我国食品转基因标识研究

21世纪是生物技术的世纪,转基因食品的研究与开发已经成为学术界乃至广大公众的话题。转基因作物的成本低、产量高;具有抗除草荆、抗虫和抗病毒等特性;提高转基因食品的品质和营养价值;转基因食品便于运输、贮藏;增加保鲜性。转基因食品在给人类带来巨大效益的同时也存在着各种风险以及问题。转基因食品是否安全?转基因食品是否应该进行标识?对转基因食品应该如何标识才能保障广大消费者利益?本文正是在这一大背景下。在论证转基因食品标识必要性的基础上论述了美国和欧盟两大发达国家的标识制度;分析了我国转基因食品标识制度的现状,同时借鉴发达国家经验指出了转基因食品标识所存在的问题并在此基础上提出了一系列建议措施。     

转基因食品的安全性评估方法探讨

论述了转基因食品安全性评价的进展 ,着重讨论了实质等同性原则的具体内容 ,确定实质等同性包括了研究转基因生物体的分子学特征、表现特征、主要营养成分、抗营养因子、毒性物质和过敏源 ,实质等同性是安全性评价框架的核心内容。     

食品中多环芳烃的安全性研究进展

近几年来,消费者和政府越来越重视食品安全,对具有致癌性和致畸性的多环芳烃（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs）污染物在食品中的存在情况越来越关注。本文通过综述不同食品中PAHs含量状况以及对其暴露限制值和终生致癌风险值进行的安全性评价,认为对于婴儿等弱势群体的食品安全问题需要更重视。同时,归纳了不同加工方式和加工条件对食品中PAHs的产生所造成的影响,提出了减少PAHs产生量的措施,以帮助消费者降低膳食风险,推动PAHs的形成机理研究和毒理学研究。     

转基因组学分析技术研究进展

转基因技术备受世人关注,且转基因作物关乎人体健康和生态环境,因此对转基因作物的安全评价地位极其重要,各种评价方法也在不断前进与发展。组学分析技术成为安全评价工作的新思路。本文主要论述了转基因组学分析技术的必要性,组学分析技术的发展,世界主要转基因作物组学评价发展情况及未来转基因组学分析技术的发展趋势,以期对转基因安全评价工作提供新的思路和方向。     

Residues of glyphosate in food and dietary exposure

Glyphosate is the active ingredient in Roundup^® brand nonselective herbicides, and residue testing for food has been conducted as part of the normal regulatory processes. Additional testing has been conducted by university researchers and nongovernmental agencies. Presence of residues needs to be put into the context of safety standards. Furthermore, to appropriately interpret residue data, analytical assays must be validated for each food sample matrix. Regulatory agency surveys indicate that 99% of glyphosate residues in food are below the European maximum residue limits (MRLs) or U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerances. These data support the conclusion that overall residues are not elevated above MRLs/tolerances due to agricultural practices or usage on genetically modified (GM) crops. However, it is important to understand that MRLs and tolerances are limits for legal pesticide usage. MRLs only provide health information when the sum of MRLs of all foods is compared to limits established by toxicology studies, such as the acceptable daily intake (ADI). Conclusions from dietary modeling that use actual food residues, or MRLs themselves, combined with consumption data indicate that dietary exposures to glyphosate are within established safe limits. Measurements of glyphosate in urine can also be used to estimate ingested glyphosate exposure, and studies indicate that exposure is <3% of the current European ADI for glyphosate, which is 0.5 mg glyphosate/kg body weight. Conclusions of risk assessments, based on dietary modeling or urine data, are that exposures to glyphosate from food are well below the amount that can be ingested daily over a lifetime with a reasonable certainty of no harm.     

GM食品内外源基因在加工过程中的降解变化

转基因(genetically modified,GM)食品安全问题受到广泛关注,其内外源基因及其表达产物在深加工过程中变化规律的研究是其热点之一。文中阐述了转基因食品的安全性问题,评述了转基因食品DNA在加工过程中变化规律的研究进展,并提出了转基因食品内外源基因在加工过程中降解变化研究思路。     

South Africa: A case study for voluntary GM labelling

South Africa is the only country in Africa growing genetically modified (GM) crops, yet, consumer knowledge of biotechnology is limited and labelling regulations regarding consumer preference is lacking. In the absence of mandatory GM labelling, voluntary GM labelling is being used as a marketing strategy to attract discerning consumers. The aim was to detect and quantify the GM content in food products in South Africa, specifically labelled to indicate an absence of genetic modification. Of the products labelled ‘GMO-free’, ‘non-GM’ and ‘organic’, it was found that 31% had a GM content above 1.0% and 20% a GM content above 5.0%. Product batches differed by up to 40% in terms of GM content. In the absence of specific regulations, voluntary GM labelling is not providing discerning consumers with the choice intended. Thus, unregulated GM labelling is not a viable alternative to a regulated approach in terms of consumer protection.     

世界各国对转基因食品的态度和管理

本文简述了转基因食品的概念、种类、安全性和目前的生产现状,重点介绍了世界各国对转基因食品的态度和管理情况。     

Multivariate analysis for the safety assessment of genetically modified rices in the anti‐nutrients and phenolic compounds

A safety assessment of genetically modified (GM) rice Agb0102 (resveratrol synthesis) and Agb0103 (drought‐tolerant) were conducted by comparing with their non‐GM comparators. Phytic acid, trypsin inhibitors and phenolic acids of the rices were analysed to identify the biological equivalences and the impacts of the environment. The analytical tools were principal component analysis (PCA), Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The PCA results of phytic acid and trypsin inhibitors revealed no clear separation among rices due to breeding conditions, environmental conditions or among various cultivars. The total, bound, free and ester forms of phenolic acids were not separated in the environmental conditions and different cultivars. The HCA analysis showed strong relationship between GM rice and non‐GM rice. The concentrations of anti‐nutrient and phenolic compounds of the GM rices were not different from those of non‐GM comparators and that various chemometric tools were useful to describe the separation of GM and non‐GM groups.     

复合性状转基因植物安全性评价

复合性状转基因植物由于其多元化的功能和高效的资源利用率,已成为当前发展最快的转基因产品类型.但由于多个外源基因间潜在的协同效应,使得对其安全性评价有更高的要求.然而当前缺乏国际通行的复合性状转基因植物的安全性评价规范.本文以欧盟制定的评价指导为框架,从参照物的选择、分子特征评价、对比分析、环境影响评价、毒性和过敏性评价以及营养价值评价等方面概述了复合性状转基因植物安全性评价体系,并指出了其中应关注的问题.