高碳贝氏体轴承钢滚动接触疲劳性能的研究

以GCr15Si1Mo贝氏体轴承钢为研究对象,在油润滑条件和无润滑条件下,对不同初始碳化物体积分数的试样进行滚动接触疲劳试验,采用扫描电镜观察试验前后试样的表面形貌和碳化物分布,并通过Weibull曲线确定试样滚动接触疲劳性能的优劣性。结果表明,在无润滑条件下,碳化物体积分数为1.9%的试样滚动接触疲劳性能优于碳化物体积分数为5.1%的试样。在油润滑条件下,贝氏体轴承钢的滚动接触疲劳性能的优劣性依次为：无初始碳化物试样、碳化物体积分数为5.1%试样、碳化物体积分数为1.9%试样。碳化物作为基体的硬质相,很容易成为疲劳源,无初始碳化物的贝氏体轴承钢的滚动接触疲劳性能优于有碳化物的贝氏体轴承钢;碳化物脱落后的凹坑增大了润滑油和试样表面的粘着力,有利于增加油膜厚度,从而提高滚动接触疲劳寿命。     

含夹杂物轴承钢中裂纹的萌生与扩展

针对轴承钢中夹杂物周围应力集中导致的疲劳剥落,建立了一种结合连续损伤力学的内聚力模型,用于模拟滚动接触循环加载下的裂纹萌生与扩展。基于内聚力模型的损伤起始准则和损伤演化规律,利用VUMAT子程序结合连续损伤力学构造了新的损伤演化方式,实现循环加载下的损伤累积,建立了基于内聚力模型的疲劳损伤累积失效模型,对含夹杂物模型的疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展进行了模拟,并研究了载荷条件和接触区摩擦因数对裂纹萌生与扩展以及疲劳寿命的影响。研究结果揭示了微观裂纹的萌生与扩展过程,为认识滚动接触疲劳提供了基础。     

三点接触纯滚动轴承球的强化接触疲劳寿命试验机设计

设计了一种新型三点接触式纯滚动轴承球的强化接触疲劳寿命试验机。被测试样球仅在同一最大圆截面上受到三次非等间隔但等强度的循环接触载荷作用，并沿此圆周做纯滚动，试样球的最大转速为23000r／min，最大赫兹接触应力可达7GPa。该试验机可用于评定各种材料轴承球的滚动接触疲劳性能，具有被试球球径变化范围大、效率高、实用性强等特点。     

轴承用球三点接触纯滚动接触疲劳寿命试验机

介绍了一种新型的轴承用球三点接触式纯滚动疲劳寿命试验机。试验机主要包括驱动装置、从动装置和加载装置3部分,附加装置中的热电偶、加速度传感器和计数器分别测量温度、振动和转动圈数。被测试样球仅在同一最大圆截面上受到3次非等间隔但等强度的循环接触载荷作用,并沿此圆周作纯滚动,试样球的最大转速为23 000 r/min,最大赫兹接触应力可达7 GPa。该试验机可用于评定各种材料轴承用球的滚动接触疲劳性能。     

滚动轴承疲劳破坏机理和疲劳寿命模型综述

延长轴承疲劳寿命,尤其是滚动轴承的接触疲劳寿命.一直是轴承工作者十分重视的研究课题.本文概括了滚动轴承接触疲劳破坏机理的主要形式和形成原因,总结了不同阶段的滚动轴承接触疲劳寿命计算公式,分析了不同滚动轴承接触疲劳寿命模型的区别.介绍了表面涂层的摩擦学性能在滚动轴承中的应用.     

Predicting Material Performance in Rolling Contact Fatigue via Torsional Fatigue

Abstract

Evaluating new materials for rolling element bearings (REBs) is an expensive, time-consuming, and difficult process. This work presents a continuum damage mechanics (CDM)-based finite element model (FEM) that incorporates gradual material degradation under cyclic loading and discrete material representation to predict rolling contact fatigue (RCF) failure. The fully reversed orthogonal shear stress was considered the critical stress for the CDM RCF modeling. Torsional fatigue results available from the open literature were used to determine the critical parameters for CDM FEM. In contrast to previous modeling approaches, in this investigation the CDM material parameters were considered probabilistic in nature to represent variations in material strength or resistance to fatigue. This modification to the modeling procedure resulted in RCF life predictions that capture life scatter characteristic of the RCF phenomena for REBs. Based on the model results, a fatigue life equation was developed to corroborate the Lundberg and Palmgren (LP) theory. The results obtained from the predictive life equation generated from the CDM-based FEM using material parameters obtained from torsional fatigue results are in good agreement with the LP model.     

Magnetooptical Analysis of the Subsurface Region in a Bearing Ring Subjected to Rolling Contact Fatigue

It has been known for decades that high contact load in bearings leads to fatigue alterations of subsurface material, which can be optically visualized on etched samples. In the literature, these alterations are termed dark etching regions and white etching bands, due to their peculiar patterns and contrast. In the current work, it is proposed to study these alterations by the magnetooptical Kerr effect, expecting that the material changes associated with rolling contact fatigue also affect the magnetic properties of bearing steel. The advantage of this method is that it has good spatial resolution, allowing recording of magnetic properties on microscopic scales. Samples containing dark etching regions and white etching bands were compared in the magnetooptical test with the reference sample containing no optically visible changes. It was found that the coercive force of material reduces as result of microstructural changes caused by rolling contact fatigue.     

钢轨滚动接触疲劳研究

介绍了滚动接触疲劳裂纹的萌生及扩展的形成机理、钢轨滚动接触疲劳的破坏分类、影响因素,从钢轨新材料的开发、轮轨接触几何型面的优化和铁路工况的改善等几个方面提出了减缓钢轨滚动接触疲劳的措施。     

滚动轴承的疲劳可靠性计算

提出了滚动轴承寿命试验的数据处理方法和应用回归法确定轴承S-N疲劳曲线的方法,在假定轴承的疲劳强度分布与其寿命呈Weibull分布的基础上,根据应力-强度干涉模型推导出计算轴承承受应力分布为正态,阶梯形,线性及余弦等不同形式的随机载荷下的可靠度公式,并举例进行了演算。     

弯矩作用下钢轨滚动疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

在JD-1轮轨模拟试验机上,通过设计模拟小轮的结构,对钢轨试样在弯矩作用下的裂纹扩展行为进行研究.试验结果表明:裂纹一般在应力集中处萌生,当裂纹扩展到一定程度后容易产生变向甚至分叉;在其他参数相同的情况下,预制裂纹尺寸对疲劳裂纹扩展有较大影响,预制裂纹较宽时裂纹扩展速率明显加快.     

水润滑条件下转速对车轮钢滚动接触疲劳和磨损性能的影响

为探究水润滑条件下转速对车轮钢滚动接触疲劳和磨损性能的影响,利用滚动接触摩擦磨损试验测试不同转速下车轮试样的剥离寿命、摩擦因数和磨损率,并结合磨损形貌和裂纹扩展形貌观察,对比分析不同转速下摩擦磨损和剥离寿命的影响因素。结果表明:随转速提高,车轮材料氧化程度加剧,导致摩擦因数逐渐增加;当转速由250 r/min增至500 r/min时,摩擦因数增幅较小,应变速率增加导致磨损率下降,当转速由500 r/min增至1000 r/min时,摩擦因数急剧增加,导致材料磨损率增加;随转速提高,剖面塑性流动层厚度、裂纹扩展角度、裂纹分叉深度和最大扩展深度均呈现减小趋势。转速增加带来的摩擦因数的增加,一方面缩短裂纹萌生寿命,另一方面减小了裂纹发生向上转折的深度,最终导致滚动接触疲劳寿命随转速的增加而减小。     

G80Cr4Mo4V钢角接触球轴承套圈锻件辗扩工艺改进

针对目前航空发动机轴承套圈锻造工艺存在锻造次数较多,加热时间长,表面质量较差及金属流线分布不合理等问题,提出了采用棒料车环坯+直接辗扩成形的新锻造工艺,解决了锻件由于加热火次较多产生的晶粒粗大和脱碳较深问题,以及后续沟道车削产生的金属流线露头等现象。新锻造工艺提高了生产效率和轴承的使用寿命。     

超硬涂层轴承的滚动接触疲劳试验

介绍了超硬涂层轴承滚动接触疲劳试验机的原理及功能,并对表面涂层的51306型轴承滚动接触疲劳失效进行了试验分析。通过对影响涂层接触疲劳破坏的几个重要参数的动态检测与控制,试验成功捕捉到了超硬涂层轴承表面疲劳裂纹的初始形态,分析了涂层轴承接触疲劳失效机理,为涂层轴承疲劳寿命评估提供了依据。     

轧机油膜轴承锥套接触疲劳损伤的机理分析

研究了油膜轴承锥套与辊颈接触表面在轧制载荷作用下发生微动疲劳损伤的力学机理。在分析油膜轴承油膜压力分布特征的基础上,采用有限元法给出了锥套与辊颈接触区边缘产生接触应力集中和微滑移的分布规律,阐明了弹性结合连接的锥套与辊颈接触表面产生微动疲劳损伤的原因。利用断裂力学裂纹尖端应力场与接触边缘区域应力局部渐近场的等效原则,给出了疲劳裂纹自点蚀处萌生与扩展的力学条件。上述结果为锥套和辊颈的实际损伤状态及模拟试验所验证。     

滚动接触疲劳试验机的研究现状

滚动接触疲劳试验机主要用于研究材料在模拟工况条件下的接触疲劳性能。本文就国内外已经实际应用的滚动接触疲劳试验机的现状及接触疲劳试验基本工作原理加以介绍,并就滚动接触疲劳试验机的发展方向作了探讨。     

滚动轴承疲劳寿命理论模型的争比模式评价

通过对疲劳寿命理论模型分析,讨论了L-P传统疲劳寿命理论模型和Coe&Zaretsky疲劳寿命理论模型之间的矛盾。利用寿命比提出了争比模式,并进一步分析了转速、过盈配合及温度对疲劳寿命的影响。     

超声速等离子喷涂Ni60A涂层的滚动接触疲劳寿命*

制备高质量的超声速等离子喷涂Ni60A涂层,并研究该涂层的滚动接触疲劳性能及寿命。通过正交试验对Ni60A涂层的4个主要喷涂工艺参数(喷涂电压、喷涂电流、Ar气流量和喷涂距离)进行优化设计,通过分析孔隙率和显微硬度值的大小,综合评价喷涂层质量。利用Image J2x孔隙率计算软件计算涂层孔隙率,利用扫描电镜分析Ni60A粉末和喷涂层的微观结构,采用显微硬度计测定涂层的显微硬度,利用RM-1接触疲劳/磨损多功能试验机对涂层进行不同载荷条件下的接触疲劳试验,并建立Weibull失效概率图。结果表明,通过正交试验可以获得高质量的超声速等离子喷涂Ni60A涂层,超声速等离子喷涂Ni60A涂层的最优喷涂工艺参数为：喷涂电压170 V,喷涂电流370 A,Ar气流量110 L/min,喷涂距离110 mm,通过最优参数制备得到的Ni60A涂层的孔隙率为1.05%,显微硬度为1 086 HV_0.2;在不同接触应力水平下,Ni60A涂层的寿命服从Weibull分布,通过Weibull失效概率图可以在一定范围内预测某一工作载荷下涂层的接触疲劳寿命。     

Effects of Service Condition on Rolling Contact Fatigue Failure Mechanism and Lifetime of Thermal Spray Coatings——A Review

The service condition determines the Rolling Contact Fatigue(RCF) failure mechanism and lifetime under ascertain material structure integrity parameter of thermal spray coating. The available literature on the RCF testing of thermal spray coatings under various condition services is considerable; it is generally difficult to synthesize all of the result to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the parameters which has a great effect on a thermal spray coating’s resistance of RCF. The effects of service conditions(lubrication states, contact stresses, revolve speed, and slip ratio) on the changing of thermal spray coatings’ contact fatigue lifetime is introduced systematically. The effects of different service condition on RCF failure mechanism of thermal spray coating from the change of material structure integrity are also summarized. Moreover, In order to enhance the RCF performance, the parameter optimal design formula of service condition and material structure integrity is proposed based on the effect of service condition on thermal spray coatings’ contact fatigue lifetime and RCF failure mechanism. The shortage of available literature and the forecast focus in future researches are discussed based on available research. The explicit result of RCF lifetime law and parameter optimal design formula in term of lubrication states, contact stresses, revolve speed, and slip ratio, is significant to improve the RCF performance on the engineering application.     

Stress Intensity Factors Evaluation for Rolling Contact Fatigue Cracks in Rails

The stress intensity factors (SIFs) for multiple rolling contact fatigue cracks of a network in the Iran railway under vehicle dynamic load are evaluated in this article. Stress intensity factor evaluation under dynamic loading is simulated in three dimensions using a linear elastic boundary element code. For this purpose, a UIC60 rail with accurate geometry using a boundary element method is studied. A three-dimensional model in Franc3D is provided. Finally, the influence of the friction coefficient between the wheel and rail, crack surface friction, trapped fluid, and initial crack length on SIFs are investigated in detail.     

风力发电机滚动轴承多体接触有限元分析

以风力发电机圆柱滚子轴承为对象,利用有限元法对其静力学和动态特性进行分析研究,建立了滚动轴承多体接触几何及有限元力学模型,分析了不同载荷、不同滚子数目及空心度的变化对应力和变形的影响规律,最后,进行了滚动轴承的有限元模态分析。相关方法和结论为风力发电机滚动轴承的设计制造及相关接触问题的进一步研究提供了科学依据和基础数据。