番茄红素热异构化机制及其影响因素研究进展

番茄红素是来自植物性食物中最重要的类胡萝卜素之一,它具有抗氧化、预防前列腺癌和心血管疾病的功 能。生鲜植物性食品中的番茄红素主要为全反式构型,但研究表明全反式番茄红素的生物活性和生物利用率不及其 顺式异构体。因此,利用食品加工技术（光照、加热、氧化、改变pH值、添加表面活性剂）促进食品中番茄红素 的异构化对提升产品营养品质具有重要意义,其中热处理是最方便、最经济的方式。本文在论述番茄红素热异构化 作用机制的基础上,分别对模拟体系和食物体系中的番茄红素热异构化的影响因素（溶剂种类、加热温度、加热时 间等）进行探讨,并得出溶剂种类和食物基质对番茄红素热异构化影响较大,提高温度或延长加热时间可促进番茄 红素异构化甚至使其发生降解的结论。最后提出了该领域研究中存在的问题及今后的研究方向。     

热处理对不同颜色番茄中类胡萝卜素异构化和降解的影响

为综合利用彩色番茄资源,对比不同颜色番茄中类胡萝卜素的组成,研究类胡萝卜素热稳定性,阐述其异构化和降解的规律.利用高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(HPLC-PDA)并配备YMC Carotenoid C30色谱柱分离类胡萝 卜素,并以光谱特征鉴定异构体,系统分析番茄中类胡萝卜素组成,并探究热处理温度和时间对其类胡萝卜素...     

Kinetic Parameter Estimation for Quality Change during Continuous Thermal Processing of Grapefruit Juice

Reaction order, activation energy (E_a) and average rate constant (k_av) were evaluated by dynamic modeling for color degradation of grapefruit juice during thermal processing. Simulated aseptic conditions were: 85–135°C, 40–175 set processing time, and average velocities 5–30 cm/set. Quality was assessed by nonenzymatic browning index (NEBI) and S-hydroxymethyl-furfural (HMF). Average values for reaction-order and energy of activation were: 0 and 21.4 kcal/g-mol (NEBI) and 0.3 and 23.2 kcal/g-mol (HMF), respectively. These values were compared with those contained in the deformed ellipsoid which define the 90% joint confidence interval of all possible parameter combinations. Based on initial and final concentrations, the method can predict effects of processing on liquid foods.     

Stability of Whey Proteins during Thermal Processing: A Review

Whey proteins have many benefits due to their high nutritional value and their various applications in food products. A drawback of whey proteins is their instability to thermal processing, which leads to their denaturation, aggregation, and, under some conditions, gelation. As thermal processing is a major treatment in the processing of milk and milk products, its influence on whey proteins has been extensively studied. Understanding the mechanisms involved during each stage of denaturation and aggregation of whey proteins is critical to devising ways of improving their stability. These aspects are reviewed in this paper. Also covered are approaches to preventing or reducing heat‐induced aggregation of whey proteins. Inhibition of aggregate formation has considerable potential for alleviating the problems that arise from the instability of whey proteins.     

Lycopene: Isomerization Effects on Bioavailability and Bioactivity Properties

Lycopene cis-isomers have shown to be more bioavailable and bioactive than the naturally occurring all-trans-isomer. During food processing, lycopene undergoes geometrical isomerization, increasing the proportion of cis-isomers. However, lycopene tends to retro-isomerize during food storage. Because the stability, bioavailability, and distribution of lycopene isomers are physiochemical characteristics critical for health benefits, it is essential to preserve these properties in food products containing lycopene isomers.

The objective of this article is to review thermal and nonthermal technologies available for lycopene geometrical isomerization with a focus on the stability, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lycopene isomers.     

Processing tangerine tomatoes: effects on lycopene-isomer concentrations and profile

ABSTRACT:  Because lycopene is a powerful biological antioxidant, its delivery to humans is of major concern. cis -Lycopene isomers are more bioavailable than the all- trans isomers and thus more efficiently absorbed. Tangerine tomatoes, whose lycopene isomeric content is almost all tetra - cis , provide a useful food source for comparing cis - and trans -isomer absorption. Tangerine tomatoes were processed into sauce in the Univ. of California, Davis Pilot Plant for subsequent use in a human feeding study described in another publication. Samples were taken at several stages during processing and carotenoids extracted and analyzed for carotenoid-isomer profiles and concentrations. Analyses showed that total lycopene concentration decreased considerably during the 1st step of processing, which included heating and juicing operations. Processing resulted in a large decrease in tetra - cis lycopene concentration accompanied by increases in trans - and other cis -lycopene isomers.     

肉类热加工过程中有害物质的形成与控制研究进展

肉类在煎炸、烧烤、蒸煮等加热过程中会产生令人愉悦的香气,但同时也伴随着多种有害物质的产生,如杂环胺、丙烯酰胺、反式脂肪酸、多环芳烃类等,这些物质会对人体健康造成极大危害.因此,探究肉类产品热加工过程中有害物质的成因及控制尤为重要.本文综述上述有害物质在肉类加热过程中的形成机理,总结上述有害物质现有的检测方法及控制手段,...     

Effects of High-Pressure Pretreatment and Calcium Soaking on the Texture Degradation Kinetics of Carrots during Thermal Processing

ABSTRACT: Carrots ( Daucus carota ) pretreated under different high-pressure conditions were thermally processed at temperatures in the range of 90°C to 110°C. Texture degradation (hardness) was monitored objectively using a texture analyzer. For a given thermal treatment, the rate constant (k-value) decreased with increasing pretreatment pressure. A high-pressure pretreatment (200 to 500 MPa) at 60°C for 15 min resulted in a more pronounced texture improvement compared with the same pretreatment at 20°C and 40°C, respectively. Calcium impregnation conferred more beneficial effects when applied immediately after the high-pressure pretreat-ment. The observed changes in texture characteristics were associated with the degree of methylation of carrot pectins, which is dependent on pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity.     

Acrylamide Formation in Foods during Thermal Processing with a Focus on Frying

This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on acrylamide formation in foods during thermal processing. The main pathway of acrylamide formation in foods is linked to the Maillard reaction, and in particular, the amino acid asparagine. Effects of several factors related to food composition and processing conditions on the formation levels of acrylamide, and also, other quality characteristics in thermally processed foods are discussed in detail. From a process control point of view, it is also addressed that there is a need to develop viable models for the estimation of acrylamide contents in heated foods during the stages of process design and optimization. Fried potato products, as one of the most encountered category of thermally processed foods, are specifically emphasized for acrylamide formation, potential ways of mitigation, and modeling its formation during frying.     

花青素加工贮藏稳定性的改善及应用研究进展

花青素是一类广泛存在于果品蔬菜等植物性食品中的水溶性类黄酮色素,不仅为食品提供了丰富的颜色, 而且其呈现的抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等生理活性使其成为功能性食品研究开发的热点。由于花青素不稳定,其在食 品饮料和膳食补充剂中的应用受到限制。本文在广泛查阅文献的基础上,综述了近年来改善花青素加工贮藏稳定性 的方法和技术,重点论述了共色作用、复合作用及载体包埋等技术方法在提升花青素加工贮藏稳定性方面的进展, 以期为花青素的深入研究和工业化利用提供参考。     

3 种单糖模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成动力学分析

为了研究单糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成动力学规律,本实验以葡萄糖、果糖和半乳糖3种单糖为研究对象,通过高效液相色谱分析研究了单糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成动力学模型。结果显示,初始pH值对单糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成影响较大。在初始pH 2～8的范围内,pH 2时,5-羟甲基糠醛的形成量最大。随着加热温度的升高和时间的延长,3 种糖溶液模拟体系中5-羟甲基糠醛的形成量呈增加的趋势,溶液pH值呈下降趋势。在加热温度为80、100、120 ℃时,5-羟甲基糠醛的形成符合一级动力学模型。     

Sodium Chloride Diffusion in Low‐Acid Foods during Thermal Processing and Storage

This study aimed at modeling sodium chloride (NaCl) diffusion in foods during thermal processing using analytical and numerical solutions and at investigating the changes in NaCl concentrations during storage after processing. Potato, radish, and salmon samples in 1% or 3% NaCl solutions were heated at 90, 105, or 121 °C for 5 to 240 min to simulate pasteurization and sterilization. Selected samples were stored at 4 or 22 °C for up to 28 d. Radish had the largest equilibrium NaCl concentrations and equilibrium distribution coefficients, but smallest effective diffusion coefficients, indicating that a greater amount of NaCl diffused into the radish at a slower rate. Effective diffusion coefficients determined using the analytical solution ranged from 0.2 × 10^–8 to 2.6 × 10^?8 m²/s. Numerical and analytical solutions showed good agreement with experimental data, with average coefficients of determination for samples in 1% NaCl at 121 °C of 0.98 and 0.95, respectively. During storage, food samples equilibrated to a similar NaCl concentration regardless of the thermal processing severity. The results suggest that sensory evaluation of multiphase (solid and liquid) products should occur at least 14 d after processing to allow enough time for the salt to equilibrate within the product.     

A Fraction Conversion Kinetic Model for Thermal Degradation of Color in Red Chilli Puree and Paste

The kinetics of degradation of color was evaluated using a fraction conversion model during thermal treatment of red chilli puree at 60, 70, 80 and 90°C (up to 20 min) and storage of red chilli paste at 5, 25 and 37°C (up to 6 mo). Red chilli puree was subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures in a well-stirred water bath. Test samples were removed from the bath at selected time intervals (0-20 min after come-up), cooled immediately and analysed for color using a Hunterlab colorimeter. Chilli paste was prepared by a standard formulation by adding common salt (8%) and the required volume of citric acid to bring the pH to 4.0. The paste was thermally processed at 85°C for 15 min, filled into glass bottles and stored at selected temperatures for 6 mo. Red chilli color was expressed as a tristimulus combination value (L·a·b) as well as the total color difference (ΔE). The fraction conversion model adequately described the kinetic changes in both color values during thermal treatment of puree and storage of puree. The process activation energies were 24.2 and 24.8 kJ/mol, respectively, for ΔE and L·a·b during the thermal treatment, and during the storage the respective values were 24.1 and 25.0 18;kJ/mol. Up to the end of the 6-mo storage, the paste was microbiologically stable with no major changes in other physico-chemical characteristics.     

溶液pH对番茄红素稳定性及其降解动力学研究

番茄红素易受溶剂环境的影响造成损失。为揭示溶液环境对番茄红素稳定性的影响规律,本文基于紫外可见吸收光谱的变化研究了二甲基亚砜、四氢呋喃、丙酮等不同溶剂种类、比例及酸碱度对番茄红素紫外可见吸收光谱及其吸收强度的影响,并进行降解动力学研究。结果显示:番茄红素在四氢呋喃和二甲基亚砜溶剂中的特征吸收波长与其在丙酮溶剂相比红移,吸收峰3的波长由505 nm分别红移至511 nm和523 nm;番茄红素在有机溶剂水溶液体系中均呈H型聚集,光谱表现为吸收波长蓝移;番茄红素在有机溶剂中的降解均符合一级反应动力学,其在丙酮水溶剂中的半衰期为25.48 h;番茄红素在弱酸和弱碱性条件下更稳定。结果表明:弱酸性或弱碱性的丙酮和四氢呋喃水溶液可作为番茄红素的良好溶剂,本研究为番茄类食品的储藏、加工及开发应用奠定理论基础。     

挤压对果蔬谷物早餐组分的变化研究

将大米粉、枣粉和胡萝卜粉按照80%∶12%∶8%的比例混合,用双螺杆挤压机进行挤压。研究挤压对维生素C、β-胡萝卜素和膳食纤维含量的影响,同时研究挤压前后淀粉、蛋白质性质的变化。结果表明,挤压以后维生素C和β-胡萝卜素的含量减少,但是可溶性膳食纤维和不溶性膳食纤维的含量均增加;通过扫描电镜发现,挤压会破坏淀粉颗粒,同时挤压会增加淀粉的糊化度、溶解度和消化率;挤压后水溶性、盐溶性、醇溶性和碱溶性蛋白质的含量分别减少了31.10%、38.88%、14.62%和64.64%,但是挤压提高了蛋白质的消化率。      

Insights into the role of bacteria in vitamin A biosynthesis: Future research opportunities

Abstract

Significant efforts have been made to address the hidden hunger challenges due to iron, zinc, iodine, and vitamin A since the beginning of the 21st century. Prioritizing the vitamin A deficiency (VAD) disorders, many countries are looking for viable alternative strategies such as biofortification. One of the leading causes of VAD is the poor bioconversion of β-carotene into retinoids. This review is focused on the opportunities of bacterial biosynthesis of retinoids, in particular, through the gut microbiota. The proposed hypothesis starts with the premise that an animal can able to store and timely convert carotenoids into retinoids in the liver and intestinal tissues. This theory is experimental with many scientific insights. The syntrophic metabolism, potential crosstalk of bile acids, lipocalins and lipopolysaccharides of gut microbiota are reported to contribute significantly to the retinoid biosynthesis. The gut bacteria respond to these kinds of factors by genetic restructuring driven mainly by events like horizontal gene transfer. A phylogenetic analysis of β-carotene 15, 15′-mono (di) oxygenase enzymes among a selected group of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was carried out to validate the hypotheses. Shedding light on the probiotic strategies through non-genetically modified organism such as gut bacteria capable of synthesizing vitamin A would address the VAD disorders.     

Survival of Microencapsulated Probiotic Bacteria after Processing and during Storage: A Review

The use of live probiotic bacteria as food supplement has become popular. Capability of probiotic bacteria to be kept at room temperature becomes necessary for customer's convenience and manufacturer's cost reduction. Hence, production of dried form of probiotic bacteria is important. Two common drying methods commonly used for microencapsulation are freeze drying and spray drying. In spite of their benefits, both methods have adverse effects on cell membrane integrity and protein structures resulting in decrease in bacterial viability. Microencapsulation of probiotic bacteria has been a promising technology to ensure bacterial stability during the drying process and to preserve their viability during storage without significantly losing their functional properties such acid tolerance, bile tolerance, surface hydrophobicity, and enzyme activities. Storage at room temperatures instead of freezing or low temperature storage is preferable for minimizing costs of handling, transportation, and storage. Concepts of water activity and glass transition become important in terms of determination of bacterial survival during the storage. The effectiveness of microencapsulation is also affected by microcapsule materials. Carbohydrate- and protein-based microencapsulants and their combination are discussed in terms of their protecting effect on probiotic bacteria during dehydration, during exposure to harsh gastrointestinal transit and small intestine transit and during storage.     

Date and Date Processing: A Review

Date fruit is an important product in the world and plays a significant role in the economic and political life in date growing regions. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a monocotyledon plant that goes through the stages of hababauk, kimri, khalal, rutab, and tamer during ripening. The main constituents of date include water, sugar, protein, fat, pectin, ash, crude fiber, and polyphenols. Processing of date includes cleaning, grading, heat treatment, drying, fumigation, irradiation, moistening, pitting, pasteurization, coating, and packaging. Date palm products include semi-finished and ready-to-use date products, derived products from date such as date juice, date syrup, date spread, liquid date sugar, “Tarooneh” arrack, and sago. Fermented products from date include alcohol, wine, organic acids, and single cell protein. Date by-products containing date pit and presscake can be used in producing alcohol and animal feed. As date pit contains dietary fiber and phenolic compounds, it can be used in functional foods. The aim of the present study is to collect comprehensive information about date fruit and date processing.