Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects,Microalgae, Seaweed,Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production

Novel protein sources (like insects, algae, duckweed, and rapeseed) are expected to enter the European feed and food market as replacers for animal‐derived proteins. However, food safety aspects of these novel protein sources are not well‐known. The aim of this article is to review the state of the art on the safety of major novel protein sources for feed and food production, in particular insects, algae (microalgae and seaweed), duckweed, and rapeseed. Potential hazards for these protein sources are described and EU legislative requirements as regard to food and feed safety are explained. Potential hazards may include a range of contaminants, like heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, as well as pathogens. Some safety aspects of novel protein sources are intrinsic to the product, but many potential hazards can also be due to production methods and processing conditions. These aspects should be considered in advance during product development. European law is unclear on several issues regarding the use of novel protein sources in food and feed products. For food product applications, the most important question for food producers is whether or not the product is considered a novel food. One of the major unclarities for feed applications is whether or not products with insects are considered animal‐derived products or not. Due to the unclarities in European law, it is not always clear which Regulation and maximum levels for contaminants apply. For market introduction, European legislation should be adjusted and clarified.     

The use of TIC’s as a managing tool for traceability in the food industry

Food safety has become an important food quality attribute. Both food industry and authorities need to be able to trace back and to authenticate food products and raw materials used for food production to comply with legislation and to meet the food safety and food quality requirements.PaniGest is a user-friendly computer package designed to manage traceability and help in the quality control and production improvement. This application was developed in Visual Basic language over an SQL database and its main features are: to register quality control parameters of raw materials, in-course products and final products; to manage reception, production and expedition orders; to analyse production costs, productivity, raw materials and products’ consumptions; to trace products during the food chain. It runs on a personal computer over Windows 95/98 or Windows 2000/XP operating system. The program also uses common Internet Browsers to make information available to users.     

出口食品生产企业初级农产品原料供应商评价体系的研究与应用

目的探索建立一套适合出口食品生产企业对初级农产品原料供应商的评价体系,以提高出口食品生产企业对原料的自控能力。方法通过对我国初级农产品原料供应商管理现状的分析,应用PDCA的方法对初级农产品原料供应商评价体系的内容进行分析,并应用HACCP方法识别初级农产品原料中的安全危害。结果出口食品生产企业初级农产品原料供应商评价体系应以良好农业规范为基础,将出口生产食品企业原料基地备案要求和出口食品生产企业安全卫生要求中对原料的控制要求相结合,并符合我国的国情,其基本内容应包括:建立质量安全控制准则、体系有效性评价、监测与验证,不合格、纠正与预防措施,文件和记录控制几个方面。结论该评价体系能科学有效地指导出口食品生产企业实施对原料供应商的评价,保证了产品质量。     

2013—2020年广州市市售生食动物性水产品食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解2013—2020年广州市市售生食动物性水产品中食源性致病菌污染状况及分布特点。 方法 2013—2020年共采集631份生食动物性水产样品, 进行沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌、霍乱弧菌和致泻性大肠埃希氏菌等食源性致病菌检测。结果 检出食源性致病菌阳性样品90份, 总检出率为14.26%。生食动物性淡水产品和生食动物性海产品食源性致病菌检出率差异有统计学意义, ?2=160.375, P<0.001。生食动物性淡水产品检出率较高, 达到了45.70%。6种食源性致病菌检测结果显示, 创伤弧菌检出率最高, 达到9.51%, 其次是副溶血性弧菌5.86%, 沙门氏菌1.90%。第3季度检出率最高, 为16.15%, 最低的是第1季度(11.36%)。餐饮单位所售生食动物性水产品食源性致病菌检出率最高(21.90%), 其次为超市(7.69%), 网店和农贸肉菜市场所售商品无检出。结论 广州市市售生食动物性水产品存在不同程度的食源性致病菌污染, 致病菌污染主要以创伤弧菌、副溶血性弧菌为主, 生食动物性淡水产品污染情况更严重, 相关政府部门应加强监管, 开展健康宣传教育, 预防食源性疾病的发生。     

An update of EU legislation (Directives and Regulations) on food-related issues (Safety, Hygiene, Packaging, Technology, GMOs, Additives, Radiation, Labelling): presentation and comments

This review aims at providing an update of the current European Union (EU) Regulations and Directives on food‐related issues. Initially, a brief presentation of EU legislation in terms of structure (horizontal, vertical) was attempted. EU Regulations and Directives were classified into the following categories: food safety (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, pesticides, radioactive, hormones, contaminants, freezing – ionisation, food additives, flavourings, packaging), genetically modified organisms, food quality, labelling, food products of plant or animal origin, imports from third countries. Apart from a synoptical presentation of all laws related to the above‐mentioned topics, proper tables were compiled where the main points of each law are cited in conjunction with its effect on previous laws (repeal, modification, amendments, replacement). In such a way the reader can rapidly acquire a first approach to the topic of his interest.     

我国大豆食品产业发展现状及存在的问题

大豆及大豆食品关乎国家的粮食安全,关乎大众的营养与健康,理顺和调控好大豆原料生产、食品加工利用和食品制造现代化之间的发展关系对建设中国特色的现代化强国十分重要。我国是重要的大豆生产国,总产量一直位居世界第四,每年有85%以上国产大豆用于食品加工,但是,目前我国大豆食品产业的发展在产业链、供应链和价值链构建方面还面临诸多问题。在原料利用方面,尽管国产大豆在需求量上保障了大豆食品产业的供给,但品质难以达到专用大豆原料的要求;大豆的混种、混收、混用仍是让大豆食品加工企业感到困惑的难题;国产食品专用大豆原料要在未来保持竞争地位,就要在品种选育、种植管理、产销品质控制方面有明确的定位;需建立统一协调的生产、加工、销售制度体系;完善我国大豆原料标准体系以及大豆品种名和加工产品商品名统一的原料标示推广系统。在产业加工方面,大豆食品加工现代化工作在近些年取得了很大的进步,但在传统工艺深度挖掘和新技术、新产品开发方面不足,针对增强营养健康和不同使用功能性诉求的产品市场细分尚需加强。今后,我国的大豆食品加工新技术、新产品、新装备等开发一定要走与数字化技术相结合的道路,不断地提升大豆食品加工的数字化、智能化水平,实现原料、储运、产品生产、制造和流通整个产业链的绿色制造和现代化。     

特医食品中植物源新食品原料测定方法研究进展

近年来,随着各国慢性病患者数量的急剧增加及人口老龄化程度的加深,普通食品已不能满足这些人群的营养需求,特殊医学用途配方食品(food for special medical purpose, FSMP)应运而生并逐渐成为医护系统和消费者的关注热点。开发和深入研究FSMP是未来食品发展的新方向, FSMP中原料和成分检测方法的开发是其重要研究内容之一。目前原料检测技术的开发是相对滞后于其在特医食品上的应用,相关检测项目仍沿用针对婴幼儿配方奶粉的国家标准检测方法。由于特医食品与婴幼儿配方奶粉在基质上存在一定的差异,检测准确度上的标准要求较高,所以企业在具体的操作执行上存在一定困难,极大地限制了特医食品产业发展。本文对应用于特医食品中的植物源新食品原料,如菊粉、低聚木糖、小麦低聚肽、玉米低聚肽的测定方法研究进展进行了综述,为特医食品原料检测方法的开发提供文献信息资源,为之后更多特医产品的开发提供参考。     

中国食品安全的立法思考

介绍我国食品安全现状和立法概况,分析当前我国食品卫生安全立法中存在的问题,同时针对这些问题提出了食品安全立法的相应对策。     

延边地区2011~2015年食品中食源性致病菌的监测

【目的】 了解食品中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况,确定高危食品,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。 【方法】 按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》 的检测技术要求,2011 － 2015 年在延边地区的几个监测点采集食品样品1069份,对沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌（定量）、金黄色葡萄球菌（定量）、铜绿假单胞菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染情况进行监测。 【结果】 1069份样品中,共检出致病菌115株,总检出率为10.76%.熟肉制品、生食动物性水产品、凉拌菜、熟制米面制品、婴幼儿食品、乳及乳制品、速冻米面品、特殊膳食用食品、饮用水、三明治以及流动早餐样品的致病菌检出率分别为17.65%（3/17)、15.79%（3/19)、11.76%(4/34)、34.48%(10/29)、33.80%（24/71）、40.00%(12/30)、6.67%(1/15)、42.86%(6/14)、58.33%（7/12）、10.00%（1/10）和71.43%（10/14）;2011-2015年食源性致病菌检出率分别为0.94% 、1.87% 、6.83% 、0.65%、0.19%。 【结论】 乳及乳制品、特殊膳食用食品、饮用水和流动早餐是延边地区食品的主要污染品种,作为直接入口食品的熟肉制品、凉拌菜、熟制米面制品和婴幼儿食品可能导致较高的食源性疾病风险。     

绿色食品的生产技术要求

对绿色食品生产过程中涉及到的原料产地环境质量、生产过程管理、食品添加剂使用、加工场所及生产工艺、原料收购和贮存及包装等环节的技术要求进行了综合论述．为绿色食品生产提供了较完整的技术参考。     

Opportunities for product innovation using authorised European Union health claims

For authorisation of a health claim in Europe, applicants must follow the procedures in the legislation and in the guidelines for submission of a dossier, as well as the guidance in the European Food Safety Authority's opinions on the scientific requirements for health claims. In addition to the authorised functional benefits of the vitamins and minerals, certain foods and food constituents offer beneficial physiological effects that extend beyond traditionally accepted nutritional effects. The elucidation of these effects is becoming more important, as reflected by the increasing amount of nutrition research and number of product innovations. Provided that they are scientifically substantiated, health claims linked to food and food supplement products can help consumers make well‐informed food choices. The present review focuses on scientific substantiation and consumer understanding of health claims, and it aims to help those involved in academic research, food product development and consumer education about food and health.     

红小豆老年食品配方优化及营养评价

利用线性规划法优化以红小豆为主要原料的老年食品配方,并通过动物实验对其营养学进行评价。以红小豆、薏米、燕麦等杂粮为主要原料,根据老年食品的营养要求,在总能量、蛋白质、膳食纤维、钙、碳水化合物、脂肪等营养素组成和最低成本的约束条件下,建立数学模型进行优化。结果表明,红小豆82.5%、薏米5%、燕麦1%、大豆蛋白6.7%、天门冬氨酸钙2.8%、脱脂奶粉2%组成的老年食品,营养价值符合"四足四低"要求,而且成本最低,动物实验结果表明食用后血糖、血脂无明显差异,蛋白质和钙消化率提高。     

A Proposed Food Breakdown Classification System to Predict Food Behavior during Gastric Digestion

The pharmaceutical industry has implemented the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), which is used to classify drug products based on their solubility and intestinal permeability. The BCS can help predict drug behavior in vivo, the rate‐limiting mechanism of absorption, and the likelihood of an in vitro–in vivo correlation. Based on this analysis, we have proposed a Food Breakdown Classification System (FBCS) framework that can be used to classify solid foods according to their initial hardness and their rate of softening during physiological gastric conditions. The proposed FBCS will allow for prediction of food behavior during gastric digestion. The applicability of the FBCS framework in differentiating between dissimilar solid foods was demonstrated using four example foods: raw carrot, boiled potato, white rice, and brown rice. The initial hardness and rate of softening parameter (softening half time) were determined for these foods as well as their hypothesized FBCS class. In addition, we have provided future suggestions as to the methodological and analytical challenges that need to be overcome prior to widespread use and adoption of this classification system. The FBCS gives a framework that may be used to classify food products based on their material properties and their behavior during in vitro gastric digestion, and may also be used to predict in vivo food behavior. As consumer demand increases for functional and “pharma” food products, the food industry will need widespread testing of food products for their structural and functional performance during digestion.     

食品企业开展原料脆弱性评估的工具介绍及应用

近年来国内外媒体报道的食品欺诈事件复杂多样。全球食品供应链日益复杂, 商业竞争日趋激烈, 食品欺诈是食品质量安全管理需解决的主要问题之一, 为解决欺诈发生的根本原因, 控制食品欺诈需要从缓解向预防转变。对于食品企业, 原料均来自于合作的供应商, 因此, 提前识别原料食品欺诈发生的可能性, 制定有效管控措施, 对产品质量安全的保障尤为重要。本文简述了食品欺诈和脆弱性评估的定义及法律规范, 重点介绍了食品欺诈脆弱性评估工具和预警模型在食品行业中的应用情况, 提出食品企业防控原料欺诈的建议, 指出食品企业建立科学合理的原料脆弱性评估方法和企业内部食品欺诈数据库的必要性, 以最大化的降低因食品欺诈带来的食品安全风险。     

Applying COI Barcode to Identify Animal Origin of Food

DNA barcoding possesses advantages of high resolution, high sensitivity, and capability in capturing as much identity information as possible. However, highly varying sources of food materials and a complicated supply chain bring about challenge to the application of barcoding methods. In this study, different barcode systems were compared to establish a robust method for tracing animal species in food. Experiments on food samples from mammal, poultry, and fish proved that a mini barcode system targeting a 192 bp COI gene fragment was able to accurately identify both raw and highly processed animal food. In order to distinguish species in a mixed food sample, cloning technique was used by which as low as 10% target animal ingredient could be detected. Testing of marketed food products verified the capability of the mini barcoding method in identifying illegally claimed product.     

Presentation and comments on EU legislation related to food industries–environment interactions: organic contaminants (chemicals, pesticides, dioxins, furans, biocides and their waste management)

The first part of this review on European Union (EU) legislation related to food industries–environment interactions deals with chemicals which, in their majority, make their way to food. Such substances are the pesticides and fertilizers the residues of which abound in many agricultural produces (both of plant or animal origin). Another crucial issue is the unintentional release of dioxins and furans through combustion. Detergents or sanitizers in conjunction with compounds considered hazardous or corrosive or flammable stand for other topics falling in the general category of chemicals employed in the food industry. The aim of this review is to cover all the current EU legislation in the field of chemicals (dioxins, furans, pesticides, biocides products, fertilizers, sanitizers) coming directly or indirectly in contact with food and their waste management by providing six comprehensive and easy‐to‐use tables, and a synopsis of the main points of the currently in force EU legislation.     

The Fate of Mycotoxins During the Processing of Wheat for Human Consumption

Mycotoxins are a potential health threat in cereals including wheat. In the European Union (EU), mycotoxin maximum levels are laid down for cereal raw materials and final food products. For wheat and wheat‐based products, the EU maximum levels apply to deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone, aflatoxins, and ochratoxin A. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the different mycotoxins and their legal limits and on how processing of wheat can affect such contaminants, from raw material to highly processed final products, based on relevant scientific studies published in the literature. The potential compliance with EU maximum levels is discussed. Of the four mycotoxins regulated in wheat‐based foods in the EU, most data are available for DON, whereas aflatoxins were rarely studied in the processing of wheat. Furthermore, available data on the effect of processing are outlined for mycotoxins not regulated by EU law—including modified and emerging mycotoxins—and which cover DON derivatives (DON‐3‐glucoside, mono‐acetyl‐DONs, norDONs, deepoxy‐DON), nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, and fumonisins. The processing steps addressed in this review cover primary processing (premilling and milling operations) and secondary processing procedures (such as fermentation and thermal treatments). A special focus is on the production of baked goods, and processing factors for DON in wheat bread production were estimated. For wheat milling products derived from the endosperm and for white bread, compliance with legal requirements seems to be mostly achievable when applying good practices. In the case of wholemeal products, bran‐enriched products, or high‐cereal low‐moisture bakery products, this appears to be challenging and improved technology and/or selection of high‐quality raw materials would be required.     

在包装和食品机械行业开拓环保设备和技术市场的探讨

本文介绍了我国包装工业、食品工业、农、林、牧、副、渔业发展进程中 ,在众多领域造成环境污染 ,生态破坏的严重问题 ,包装和食品机械行业在为包装工业、食品工业、农副产品深加工提供装备和技术服务中 ,为治理污染保护生态环境 ,应把环保设备和技术纳入行业市场开拓的系统工程来考虑。呼吁全行业给予高度重视。     

欧盟最新转基因食品、饲料法规浅析

欧盟颁布并执行了最新的转基因食品、饲料管理法规,规定了转基因食品、饲料的标识和可追溯性生产的管理办法。对欧盟转基因食品的理解和认识,将有助于指导和促进我国非转基因农产品及其加工品的对外出口。