外场作用下多组分质量传递Maxwell-Stefan方程及其应用：电场作用下球形颗粒中的扩散

Fick扩散定律只能用于没有外场作用下的二组分扩散过程,Maxwell-Stefan（MS）方程适用于外场作用下多组分系统中的质量传递过程。阐述了MS方程的物理意义,并由此将外场作用下普遍化MS方程的表达式改写为清晰且易于使用的形式。给出了在MS方程中常用的外场作用力的数学形式。Fick扩散定律是MS方程在没有外场作用下对二元理想流体扩散的应用;MS方程对离心分离和电解质扩散等过程的描述比传统的描述方法更全面。利用MS方程导出了欧姆定律,利用该结论可以通过测量电导率计算带电粒子的扩散系数。利用MS方程研究了电场作用下球形颗粒中的扩散过程,结果表明,该方程可以对电场强化质量传递过程给出有效描述。MS方程为外场作用下的质量传递过程提供了一种有效的理论研究方法。     

Maxwell-Stefan方程及其在多元相间传质中的应用

多元物系传质过程与二元物系传质过程有着本质的区别 ,由于组分间的交互作用 ,多元物系传质各组分传质效率不相等 ,其分布范围可在 -∞至 +∞之间 ,某些组分可能产生逆向传质、渗透传质、传质障碍等传质奇异现象 ,这些现象用传统的二元物系传质规律无法作出解释 ,必须用Maxwell Stefan方程进行描述。该文综述了Maxwell Stefan方程的由来、求解方法及其在多元相间传质中的应用。     

浓度对传质系数的影响及多元物系传质

在筛板塔中对甲醇-乙醇-水三元物系进行精馏传质过程实验,考虑浓度对传质系数的影响建立了一个数学模型,对各组分在塔中的浓度分布进行模拟计算,计算结果能正确反映各组分在塔中浓度分布的变化规律.实验与计算结果都表明在某些浓度范围内乙醇呈现出比较复杂的变化规律.     

伴有Marangoni效应的传质动力学

结合Marangoni对流的流体动力学条件，通过建立的半经验模型研究了伴有Marangoni效应的传质动力学，阐述了Marangoni效应增强传质的机理，得到了传质Sherwood数与Marangoni数之间的连续指数关联，从而得以解释不同实验过程中得到的不同Sherwood数与Marangoni数之间的关系.研究表明，由Marangoni效应而增强的传质系数与界面Marangoni湍动的表现形式有关.     

喷射式气-液反应器传质特性的研究

为改善鼓泡塔的传质性能,气体和液体以喷射形式进料,这是喷射式气-液反应器的显著特征。本文对这种反应器的传质特性进行了实验测定和计算,着重考察了喷射对全塔传质效果的影响。研究结果表明,反应器内明显地存在着两个不同的区域,即喷射区和主体区。而且,喷射区的传质作用十分强烈,其传质系数K_Lα比一般鼓泡塔或搅拌釜高出1～2个数量级。     

双光路纹影仪观察气液传质界面湍动现象

建立了双光路纹影仪实验系统,并利用双光路纹影仪,同时从垂直和平行于界面两个方向对氯苯吸收、解吸CO₂的传质对流结构进行了观察,发现在氯苯吸收CO₂时,没有明显的对流结构,只是在垂直界面的纹影图像中观察到逐渐变粗的暗条纹。在氯苯解吸CO₂时,在垂直和平行于界面两个方向都观察到了明显的对流结构,在垂直界面的纹影图像中开始时出现分层现象,随着解吸的进行,对流加剧,分层现象被破坏;平行界面方向的对流结构发展较快,优先在平行界面的纹影图像中观察到明显的对流结构。由于传质的热效应,两个方向的对流结构都有向中心运动的趋势。实验表明,双光路纹影仪实验系统能观察界面传质对流过程的三维变化,可深化对界面传质对流过程的认识。     

传质过程中的Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni效应

Rayleigh B啨ｎａｒｄ Marangoni现象对吸收、萃取、精馏、蒸发等气液或液液传质过程具有显著的影响和重要性 ,但迄今 ,对RBM现象本质的认识还远远不能满足理论和工程上的要求 ,对其实验及理论研究将促进对传质微观机理的理解及加强实际应用。文中综述了对RBM现象实验和理论研究的成果 ,讨论了未来对其研究的方法和方向。     

正渗透原理及分离传质过程浅析

正渗透是一种新兴的膜分离技术,因其低能耗、抗污染、对污染物截留能力广等的潜力,在脱盐、废水处理、农业和电力等领域的应用前景备受瞩目。本文介绍了正渗透概念和原理,通过正渗透传递过程的现象学模型,对浓差极差极化与质量传递的关系作出分析,提出了强化正渗透传质过程的一些建议。     

酸解钢渣制备多元掺杂磷酸铁及其成分控制

以钢渣酸解滤液和磷酸的复杂体系为研究对象,通过pH值控制,考察了体系中Fe,Mn,Cr,Al,Mg,Ti等多种目标离子在PO43-环境下的共沉淀行为,选择性回收钢渣中多种目标金属并制备多元掺杂磷酸铁.结果表明,沉淀产物为无定型非晶前驱体,pH=3.0～4.0时,前驱体中金属总摩尔数与磷摩尔数比接近1,且掺杂元素总量适中...     

气液界面Marangoni效应对传质系数的影响

在气液相际传质过程中,界面Marangoni湍动会对传质过程产生重要的影响,为此,建立了一套气液接触传质设备,以使得通过N2与异丙醇稀溶液逆流接触将液体中使表面张力降低的溶质解吸出来,从而引发Marangoni湍动,提高传质速率。发生Marangoni对流时,液相的传质系数比只依靠扩散传质而不考虑Marangoni效应时大,因此引出增强因子F这一概念,通过计算F的值即可判断Marangoni效应对传质速率影响的程度。提出了一个包括Marangoni准数的计算传质系数关联式,其计算结果与实验结果相符．     

Frequency response of continuous-flow adsorber for multicomponent system

In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the frequency response of a continuous-flow adsorber with periodic modulation of the inlet flow-rate to measure multicomponent diffusion kinetics in porous media. Micropore diffusion kinetics is assumed for the intraparticle mass transfer mechanism and three different shapes of microparticle are considered: slab, cylinder, and sphere. Simulation results for a binary system show that the frequency response of the faster diffusing component is strongly influenced by the slower component. The out-of-phase characteristic function of the frequency response of the faster diffusing component shows maximum and minimum points. The deviation between these maximum and minimum values becomes smaller when the cross-terms of diffusivity go to zero, while the deviation becomes larger when the cross-terms of the adsorption equilibrium constant go to zero. Contrary to the behaviour of the out-of-phase function of the faster diffusing component, the out-of-phase function of the slower diffusing component shows no extrema at all. The in-phase characteristic function of the frequency response of the continuous-flow adsorber is not affected by the overflow parameter.     

APPLICATION OF LINEARIZED MODELS OF MULTICOMPONENT MASS TRANSFER FOR CALCULATION OF EVAPORATION-CONDENSATION PROCESS IN TERNARY SYSTEMS

Results of calculations based on a linearized multicomponent mass transfer theory developed by Burghardt and Krupiczka are compared with experimental data of Modine for condensation-evaporation process in ternary systems. These data have been obtained for acetone-benzene-nitrogen and acetone-benzene-helium in a welted wall column. Models I and II, which take into account diffusional interactions of components in a mullicomponent mixture show good agreement with the experiments as well as with other calculation methods (Krishna-Standart and Toor-Stewart-Prober). When multicomponent mass transfer occurs in the presence of inert species, a straightforward Model II is recommended. Model I, which is more universal, requires some iterative calculations with respect to the sum of mass fluxes. According to theoretical considerations the latter model is limited to the case of low total mass flux. The results of calculations for the systems studied were reasonably good though the total mass fluxes were not small. The calculation procedure based on the presented linearized models are convergent to the proper solutions in contrast to the Krishna-Standart Model IV which in some cases can be unstable.     

APPLICATION OF LINEARIZED MODELS OF MULTICOMPONENT MASS TRANSFER FOR CALCULATION OF EVAPORATION-CONDENSATION PROCESS IN TERNARY SYSTEMS

Results of calculations based on a linearized multicomponent mass transfer theory developed by Burghardt and Krupiczka are compared with experimental data of Modine for condensation-evaporation process in ternary systems. These data have been obtained for acetone-benzene-nitrogen and acetone-benzene-helium in a welted wall column. Models I and II, which take into account diffusional interactions of components in a mullicomponent mixture show good agreement with the experiments as well as with other calculation methods (Krishna-Standart and Toor-Stewart-Prober). When multicomponent mass transfer occurs in the presence of inert species, a straightforward Model II is recommended. Model I, which is more universal, requires some iterative calculations with respect to the sum of mass fluxes. According to theoretical considerations the latter model is limited to the case of low total mass flux. The results of calculations for the systems studied were reasonably good though the total mass fluxes were not small. The calculation procedure based on the presented linearized models are convergent to the proper solutions in contrast to the Krishna-Standart Model IV which in some cases can be unstable.     

Modelling of direct-contact evaporation using a simultaneous heat and multicomponent mass-transfer model for superheated bubbles

A recently developed model for coupled heat and mass transfer in binary systems during the formation and ascension of superheated bubbles was extended to a multicomponent system comprising N volatile species. The model allows variable properties and bubble radius changes, assuming diffusive mass fluxes to be properly described by Fick's law. Experimental direct-contact evaporation tests were conducted with ethyl acetate aqueous solutions to provide data for assessing the developed model. In addition, the model was tested against available literature data for an air-stripper. In both cases, a good agreement between simulation and experimental results was verified.     

Analysis and extension of the theory of multicomponent fluid diffusion

Recently we have presented an extended theory for molecular mass transport (Kerkhof and Geboers, 2005). We have indicated the possibility, and the need, to define a new framework for studying and teaching the theory of multicomponent molecular transport in fluids (Kerkhof and Geboers, 2004). Here a new, structured, overview of the subject is presented. An analysis is given of complicated issues in textbooks and review papers.     

Compositional distributions in multicomponent aggregation

We consider the granulation of two components, a “solute” (the component of interest) and an excipient. We specifically focus on cases such that the aggregation kernel is independent of the composition of the aggregating granules. In this case, theory predicts that the distribution of components is a Gaussian function such that the mean concentration of solute in granules of a given size is equal to the overall mass fraction of solute in the system, and the variance is inversely proportional to the granule size. To study these effects, we perform numerical simulations of the bicomponent population balance equation using a constant aggregation kernel as well as a kernel based on the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF). If the solute and excipient are initially present in the same size (monodisperse initial conditions), both kernels produce identical distributions of components. With different initial conditions, the KTGF kernel leads to better mixing of components, manifested in the form of narrower compositional distributions. These behaviors are in agreement with the predictions of the theory of aggregative mixing. We further demonstrate that the overall mixedness of the system is controlled by the initial degree of segregation in the feed and show that the size distribution in the feed can be optimized to produce the narrowest possible distribution of components during granulation.     

On the performance of HIAST and IAST in the prediction of multicomponent adsorption equilibria

The performance of the heterogenous ideal absorbed solution theory (HIAST) using a uniform energy distribution and the global ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) is studied on their predictability f multicomponent adsorption equilibria along with experimental data of gases on two activated carbons. Results show that HIAST may not always provide better predictability than IAST if the energy distribution parameters are not properly chosen, although it is reported in the literature that in most cases HIAST is superior to IAST.     

Inversion of multicomponent diffusion equations

It is shown that various multicomponent diffusion equations can be written in the generalized Maxwell-Stefan (MS) form by using a simple generalization of the inversion method presented in a publication by Merk [1959. Applied Scientific Research A 8, 73-99]. The new approach can be considered a reformulation of the Curtiss-Bird inversion [1999. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38(7), 2515-2522], but it is simpler and more versatile—it can be used to invert the Onsager-Fuoss, Darken, Nernst-Planck, and generalized Fick equations; and to provide expressions for the MS diffusivities without making assumptions about the diagonal MS diffusivities. This approach complements the reversion described by Taylor and Krishna, which changes the MS equations to the form of the generalized Fick equations. As a detailed example, the Lattice Density Functional Theory (LDFT) equations for diffusion in a quaternary system are inverted to MS form by using the new approach; in addition, the resultant MS equations are reverted to the generalized Fick form by using the approach of Taylor and Krishna; last, the original LDFT equations are retrieved by using a priori information from the new approach. This example demonstrates the straightforwardness of switching between various forms of any diffusion equation. Additionally, the example ascertains that the MS diffusivities are symmetric and always positive, at least when obtained from the near-equilibrium LDFT equations at low density—this builds on the works of Curtiss and Bird [1999. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 38(7), 2515-2522] and Condiff [1969. Journal of Chemical Physics 51(10) 4209] that demonstrate only the symmetry, and it offers an alternative explanation for the observance of negative MS diffusivities.