微尺度聚合物熔体粘性耗散效应对流变行为的影响

针对微尺度聚合物熔体粘性耗散效应与宏观尺度的差别,应用高聚物流变学的基本理论分析微注塑成型充模流动时粘性耗散对熔体流变行为的影响.并以双料筒毛细管流变仪为测试平台,设计粘性耗散测量装置.选用直径500 μm毛细管口模,以高密度聚乙烯(Hig density polyethylene, HDPE)和丙烯腈-丁=烯-苯乙烯共聚物(Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, ABS)材料进行不同温度与不同剪切速率下的粘性耗散试验研究.结果表明粘性耗散引起的熔体温升随着剪切速率的增加而升高;而当熔体温度增加时,同一剪切速率下粘性耗散效应引起的温升却在下降.粘性耗散的理论计算结果表明,随着剪切速率的增加,微通道壁面处熔体的粘度降低明显,因而建立微注塑成型流动理论模型时,不可忽略粘性耗散效应的影响.     

聚合物熔体微尺度流动过程黏度与黏性耗散的耦合作用

为了探究在聚合物微成型时熔体黏度与黏性耗散的耦合作用对熔体的流变特性产生的影响,采用数值计算和试验相结合的方法研究了黏度与黏性耗散之间的耦合作用。通过建立微尺度黏度和黏性耗散基于共同变量温度的耦合模型,计算并分析了不同当量直径的矩形微流道内熔体流变特性参数的变化规律,试验验证了熔体沿流动方向的温度变化。结果表明：在相同工艺参数条件下,当量直径越小,熔体黏度越小,黏性耗散作用越强,耦合作用对熔体黏度和黏性耗散的影响越强。熔体沿流动方向温度升高,不考虑耦合作用时熔体温升比考虑耦合作用时高,且偏差随当量直径的减小而增大,不同的入口速度和入口温度条件下平均温升的最大偏差分别为7.26%和7.05%。数值计算与试验结果趋势一致,对于不同的入口速度,考虑耦合作用的熔体沿流动方向的计算平均温升与试验测量值最小偏差为0.49 K;对于不同的入口温度,考虑耦合作用的熔体沿流动方向的计算平均温升与试验测量值最小偏差为0.59 K。因此,在对聚合物微成型过程中的熔体流动分析时,考虑黏度与黏性耗散之间的耦合作用,才能够更准确地反映熔体流变特性的实际变化规律。     

超声外场对聚合物注塑充型流动速度场分布影响的物理可视化表征与分析

以物理可视化技术为基础,开发一种用于观测超声外场作用下注射成型过程的新型可视化试验分析平台,分析超声振动对聚丙烯(Polyethylene,PP)注射成型流动过程速度场分布的影响,并结合示踪粒子标记法和Kringring插值提出一种充型流动速度场的表征分析方法,研究结果表明,注射成型过程中PP熔体速度分布呈中间高,两边低,近浇口高,远浇口低的变化趋势;施加超声振动后,PP熔体流动速度显著提高,沿流动方向,熔体流动速度变化梯度减小;超声振动有助于降低熔体黏度,但黏度的降低不利于剪切热的生成,因此并非超声功率越大,对内部熔体速度的提升越大。同时,超声功率的提升还会导致聚合物材料性能的改变,影响制件的最终质量。对于本研究条件下的PP材料而言,超声功率在200~400 W时,对成型效果的改善比较明显。     

微尺度效应下的聚合物熔体粘度理论及试验

根据毛细管流变仪测量原理,提出关于微尺度效应对聚合物熔体粘度变化的作用机理.基于Kelvin-Voigt本构方程,建立微尺度粘度模型.研制直径分别为1 000 μm,500 μm,355 μm毛细管口模,用PP,PS,HDPE材料进行不同剪切速率下的粘度试验研究.结果表明,同一剪切速率下,熔体粘度随口模直径的减小而降低;随着剪切速率的增加,粘度减小趋势在缩小.将试验相关数据代入微尺度粘度模型进行理论计算,结果表明理论曲线与试验曲线相符合,最大误差小于8%,验证数学模型的合理性,这对微注塑成型和微挤出成型,精确模拟充模流动和指导微模具设计有重要理论参考价值.     

微注塑成形中熔体充模流动分析及其数值模拟

借鉴宏观熔体的流变学理论和建模技术,针对微尺度流道中的聚合物熔体流动特性,采用模型修正方法,建立反映微小通道中熔体流动特性的理论模型.同时,应用数值模拟方法,研究微尺度粘度、壁面滑移和熔体与模具间的表面传热系数对微小熔体流动的影响关系,并与相关试验数据进行比较.结果表明,微流道中的熔体粘度明显小于传统理论下的粘度值,且与微流道的特征尺寸成正比.随微流道特征尺寸减小,滑移系数也明显减小,壁面滑移速度则增大.考虑局部表面传热系数时微流道中的熔体温度分布具有尺寸效应.微尺度流道中的熔体流动行为与宏观熔体有许多不同.     

微流控芯片注塑成型缺陷的成因与对策

微流控芯片是应用于生物、化学和生物医学等领域的芯片型微全分析系统,是一种表面具有微通道的薄壁塑件,微通道主要用于样本的分离.与热压成型相比,微流控芯片注塑成型效率更高,更适合大批量生产,但其成型质量控制更为复杂.试验发现,微通道复制不完全和表面缩痕是其主要成型缺陷,其对后续的芯片键合以及取样液体的电泳分离都会造成不利的影响.模拟与理论分析以及可视化试验表明,熔体在微通道处出现滞流现象和芯片各部分收缩方向不一致是上述缺陷产生的主要原因.利用正交试验方法进行充模试验,研究各工艺参数(模具温度、注射速度、注射压力和熔体温度等)对微通道复制度的影响.研究结果表明模具温度对提高微通道复制度起决定性作用;注射速度和熔体温度是次要因素,而注射压力相对其他因素影响力较差,但必须保持在一个较高的水平.     

聚合物熔体微滴喷射装置设计

针对现有3D打印制造技术对材料种类与形状的限制,结合现有微滴喷射制造技术,设计出了一种由螺杆挤出建压系统,电磁铁驱动的机械冲击系统,加热系统,温控系统和三维移动平台组成的聚合物熔体微滴喷射装置,并介绍了其工作原理。采用PP(聚丙烯)粉料作为熔体微滴喷射装置试验用料,通过调节加热温度,螺杆转速,机械冲击脉冲频率,喷嘴和基台距离等工艺参数和机械参数,实现了均匀可控的熔体输送和熔滴喷射,极大的拓展了传统聚合物3D打印所需材料种类与形状限制。     

振动诱导聚合物塑化过程中熔体温度分布的预测

在振动力场诱导聚合物塑化成型作用下,建立了聚合物熔融挤出过程中的熔体温度分布模型,研究了模头温度、振动力场的振幅、频率等工艺参数对挤出过程中熔体温度的影响。提出了基于多项式和高斯RBF核函数变换的两种非线性岭回归模型(PT-RR和GRBF-RR),并对具有非线性、非等温、强耦合特征的熔融过程熔体温度分布进行研究。该建模方法实现了多变量输入样本的高维特征空间非线性映射与重构,充分挖掘了多影响因素之间的耦合信息。仿真实验结果表明了PT-RR和GRBF-RR模型的有效性,其回归预测值与实验测量值之间的相关系数均值分别为0.9940和1。由于GRBF-RR模型取得了满意的模型精度,本文基于对GRBF-RR模型的数值模拟分析了各影响因素对熔体温度分布的交叉耦合影响,表征了聚合物熔融挤出成型过程中熔体温度分布的规律。该项研究可为提高精密挤出制品质量及优化配置各工艺参数提供决策依据。     

功率超声对7050铝合金除气净化作用的试验研究

通过传振工具杆,分别在不同功率、不同频偏度、不同温度区间对铝合金熔体施加超声振动,利用基于减压原理的HYSCANⅡ测氢仪对每次试验后熔体中的氢气体积分数进行测量,进而探讨超声振动对7050铝熔体除气的影响规律及其作用机制.试验结果表明,经超声处理的铸锭,凝固组织气孔显著减少,铝合金气体体积分数随着超声功率的增加而逐渐减少,共振状态下的超声除气效果明显好于非共振状态,在700～720 ℃温度范围内的超声除气效率大大高于640～660 ℃温度范围内的除气效率.超声空化效应对产生大量的空化泡起着关键作用,空化气泡的"表面效应"和"壳层效应"在超声除气过程中起着决定作用.     

聚合物熔体微尺度剪切黏度测量方法与黏度模型

研究微尺度效应下聚合物熔体黏度时,发现不同入口修正方法获得的剪切黏度随特征尺寸变化的规律不同,这对于聚合物微成型理论和技术尤为重要。采用直径分别为1 000μm、500μm、350μm的毛细管口模,在相同试验条件下分别用零口模法和Bagley法两种入口修正方法,研究高密度聚乙烯(High density polyethylene,HDPE)、短链支化的聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)、聚甲基丙烯酸甲脂(Polymethylmethacrylate,PMMA)和聚苯乙烯(Polystyrene,PS)四种材料的剪切黏度变化规律。结果发现,两种方法获得的PMMA和PS黏度随口模直径变化的规律相反,指出传统入口修正方法在测量微尺度黏度时存在局限。基于入口收敛流动特征,提出一种考虑微尺度效应下压力影响的测量方法,并用该方法给出四种材料剪切黏度随口模直径变化的真实规律。试验剪切速度范围内,四种材料剪切黏度均随口模直径的减小而减小,平均变化幅度为9.9%～38.3%,并从分子结构角度揭示四种材料黏度变化程度不同的机理。基于黏度变化规律,采用唯象性方法建立适用于宏—微观尺度下的黏度模型。试验结果表明该模型的理论预测结果与试验结果平均误差小于3.7%,验证了模型的正确性和有效性。     

Viscous dissipation influencing viscosity of polymer melt in micro channels

Determination of melt rheological behavior within micro-structured geometry is very important for the accurate simulation modeling of micro-molding. Yet studies on the rheological behavior of polymer melts, flowing through micro channels, are complicated due to a large number of factors affecting the melt viscosity. One factor, viscous dissipation, is investigated in the current work through a novel experimental technique to determine the viscous dissipation of a polymer melt flowing through several micro channels with identical aspect ratio. Relative tests are conducted with the melt of high density polyethylene (HDPE) at different temperatures being extruded through the capillary dies with diameters 1000μm, 500μm and 350μm, respectively. It was found that the temperature rise due to viscous dissipation decreases significantly with the reduction of the characteristic size of micro channel at the same shear rate. In addition, based on the suggested model of radial temperature distribution, the influence of viscous heating on the melt viscosity is investigated. The results indicate that viscous dissipation does not play a significant role.     

不同工艺参数与超声振动作用下成形制件的盐雾老化性能

为了对注塑成形制件老化因素进行深入分析,设计制造了带有超声辅助振动系统的注塑模具来成形底部带有标准拉伸试样的矩形壳体制件。选用等规聚丙烯材料进行了不同工艺参数和超声振动作用下的成形试验,并对试验获得的制件进行了中性盐雾老化试验。同时借助X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱分析、扫描电子显微镜观测及拉伸试验等方法,研究了熔体温度、模具温度、保压压力及超声功率变化对制件内部凝聚态结构的形成与其抗老化性能的影响。研究结果表明,升高熔体温度会使制件的抗盐雾老化性能下降,而提高模具温度和保压压力则可使制件的抗盐雾老化性能提升;增大超声功率虽可使制件内部的结晶度增加,但超声功率超过200 W时,制件的拉伸强度却大幅下降,可见过高的超声功率并不利于制件内部形成具有最佳抗老化性能的凝聚态结构。     

Modeling and simulation of polymer melts flow in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert

The extrusion technology of plastic profile with metal insert is recently an advanced plastic processing method whose products keeps rising today for their excellent performance. However, the related fundamental research on polymer forming mechanism in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is lagging behind. With the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory, numerical method becomes an effective way to investigate such complex material forming problems as in the polymer extrusion process. In the present study, the mathematical model for three-dimensional non-isothermal viscous flow of the polymer melts obeying a Carreau model is developed based on the CFD theory. The Williams–Landel–Ferry equation is employed to involve the temperature dependence of material parameters. A decoupled numerical algorithm based on the penalty finite element method is conducted to predict the rheological behaviors of polymer melts within the complex flow channel. The streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin scheme is employed to improve the computational stability for the calculation of temperature field. Based on the theoretical model, the essential flow characteristics of polymer melts in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is investigated. The distributions of principal field variables like flow velocity, melt temperature, flow stress and pressure drop are predicted. The effects of die structure parameters including the intake angle and the distribution section length upon the melts flow patterns are further discussed. The variations of melt rheological properties versus different processing conditions like the volume flow rate and the metal insert moving velocity are also investigated. Some advice on practical processing operations of the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is accordingly put forward based on the numerical results.     

Micro-injection moulding: Factors affecting the achievable aspect ratios

Micro-injection moulding is one of the key technologies for micro-manufacture because of its mass-production capability and relatively low component cost. The aspect ratios achievable in replicating micro features are one of the most important process characteristics and constitute a major manufacturing constraint in applying injection moulding in a range of micro-engineering applications. This research studies the effects of five process and one size factors on the achievable aspect ratios, and the role they play in producing micro components in different polymer materials. In particular, the following factors are considered: barrel temperature, mould temperature, injection speed, holding pressure, the existence of air evacuation and the sizes of micro features. The study revealed that the barrel temperature and the injection speed are the key factors affecting the aspect ratios of micro features replicated in PP and ABS. In case of POM, in addition to these two factors, the mould temperature is also an important factor for improving the replication capabilities of the micro-injection moulding process. For all three materials, an increase of feature sizes improves the melt flow. However, the melt fill of micro features does not increase linearly with the increase of their sizes.     

Injection molding of polymer micro- and sub-micron structures with high-aspect ratios

This work studies the injection molding characteristics of polymer micro- and sub-micron structures using demonstration mold inserts with micro- and sub-micron channels with high-aspect ratios. The effects of the injection molding parameters on the achievable aspect ratio of the micro- and sub-micron walls were investigated. Additionally, distinctive mold-filling behaviors and resulting defects were observed for various polymers, such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Experimental results reveal that the mold temperature determines the success of the injection molding of micro- and sub-micron walls. The satisfactory mold temperature for micro-injection molding significantly exceeds that for traditional injection molding. Moreover, the main injection pressure and the main injection time substantially affect the achievable aspect ratio of the micro- and sub-micron walls. Furthermore, unusual flow behaviors occur and poor molding results are obtained when PP and HDPE are used for micro-injection molding.     

出油孔对螺旋油楔动静压滑动轴承性能的影响

针对当前制约动静压滑动轴承应用的温升问题,在对一种螺旋油腔动静压滑动轴承的动静态特性分析的基础上,设计了相应的实验装置,采用理论和实验的方法研究了轴承的出油孔对轴承静动态性能的影响。理论和实验结果均表明,出油孔的存在对油膜的压力分布仅有较小的影响,对承载力及动态性能的影响甚微,但却会大幅度增加轴承的出油量,通过出油孔流出轴承的润滑油量大约为端泄流量的十几倍,即通过出油孔能更多地带走摩擦产生的热量,更有利于轴承的温升降低。在需要降低轴承温升的应用中,在油腔中适当添加出油孔,并合理布置进出油孔的位置,可以实现对性能影响较小的情况下,大幅度降低轴承的温升。     

Experimental and numerical analysis of the temperature distribution of injection molded products using protruding microprobes

Injection molding has been one of the most important polymer processing methods for manufacturing plastic parts. In the process, the temperature is an important parameter that influences process features such as cycle times, crystallization rates, degree of crystallinity, melt flow properties, and molded product qualities. This study aims to, experimentally and numerically, examine the three-dimensional temperature distribution along the melt flow path of injection molded parts. A special experimental set-up, which includes an injection mold equipped with protruding microprobes for guiding embedded thermocouples, was designed and built to measure the temperature field along the flow path, i.e., inside the runner and the cavity, of injection molded products. The experimental results suggested that the disturbance induced by the probes remained negligible and precise temperature profiles could be measured at various positions inside the cavity. A significant increase of melt temperature was found to result from the viscous dissipation of the polymeric materials in the runner. Additionally, a commercially available code was employed to simulate and predict the temperature variation in injection molded parts. It was shown that the numerical simulation predicted better the temperature distributions inside the cavity than those along the runner.     

高分子材料3DP法三维打印坯的水浸法脱黏研究

以麦芽糊精粉末和聚乙烯醇粉末为黏结剂,采用3DP法三维打印制备得到高分子材料坯件,经过加热预熔合后,采用超声波清洗机进行水浸法脱黏,采用称重法和拉曼光谱分析检测黏结剂去除情况,研究了水温、超声振动和浸泡时间对脱黏效果的影响。结果表明,水温越高,脱黏效果越好;有超声振动时,可明显提高脱黏效率;浸泡时间越长,脱黏效果越好。得到本研究试样的两种较为理想的脱黏方案,即40℃水温超声振动下浸泡9 h和50℃水温超声振动下浸泡6 h。     

Mold surface roughness effects on cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding

Micro injection molding presents many challenges in the injection-molding community. When the dimensions of the part (and thus the cavity of the mold) are small, micro-scale factors such as mold surface roughness may play an important role in the filling of polymer melt. This paper investigates the effects of mold surface roughness on cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding. A disk insert, which has two halves with different surface roughness but with the same roughness mean lines, was used in the investigations. The ratio of flow area of the rougher half with the total flow area of the molded part is used to evaluate the significance of surface roughness effect. The experimental results revealed that mold surface roughness does resist the cavity filling of polymer melt in micro injection molding. For the limited range of injection rate investigated, it is not significant on the surface roughness effects. The increase of mold temperature will decrease surface roughness effects. The change of melt temperature within the range allowed by the process is insignificant for surface roughness effects.