大厚度铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊技术

研制以16位单片机为控制核心的双逆变型铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊专用设备,测试并分析变极性等离子电弧力学特性,对变极性等离子弧稳定性、电弧力和电弧能量的传递特征进行了深入的探讨。研究发现铝合金变极性等离子穿孔焊接中正极性电弧对力更具影响,而反极性电弧对热更具影响,实时保持穿孔熔池上热和力的平衡是厚板变极性等离子弧稳定穿孔焊接关键所在。用自行研制的设备成功实现了15 mm LD10铝合金变极性等离子弧穿孔立焊工艺,研究结果对于将变极性等离子弧焊接工艺应用到我国航空航天等领域具有重要的现实意义。     

新型柔性变极性等离子弧铝合金横焊技术研究

针对中厚板铝合金横向焊接的技术需求和瓶颈问题,开展变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊技术的研究。以8 mm厚铝合金板为研究对象,进行常规变极性等离子弧穿孔横焊试验,发现横焊穿孔熔池很难建立。通过横焊穿孔熔池受力计算、熔化金属流动分析,探究问题产生的原因。推导出熔池背面小孔临界半径与表面张力、电弧力和重力之间的关系式。当受力状态满足关系式时,小孔熔池才能闭合、形成焊缝。依据上述理论,提出柔性变极性等离子弧。该电弧在保证穿孔前提下,通过降低电弧压力,增大小孔临界半径,促进了穿孔熔池的稳定建立。利用该技术实现了8 mm板厚2219铝合金的穿孔横向焊接,接头成形优良。焊前预热和表面氧化膜刮削可大幅度降低横焊接头气孔缺陷。     

铝合金变极性等离子弧焊温度场数值模拟

通过高速摄像对正、负极性等离子弧形态进行分析,并分析变极性等离子电弧正、反极性不同产热机理的基础上,采用“高斯+双椭球”组合热源模型,建立正、反极性期间不同热源模型。采用ANSYS参数化设计语言(ANSYS parametric design language, APDL)编程语言实现与实际变极性焊接参数对应热载荷的循环交替加载,计算出铝合金变极性等离子弧焊接温度场及熔池形状。对比分析不同变极性电流和焊接速度条件下焊接熔池的穿透深度,并通过实际焊接试验验证热源模型的准确性。研究结果为准确掌握铝合金变极性等离子弧热源形态、产热机理和等离子弧力等特性,并合理选择焊接工艺参数提供理论依据。     

连续脉冲GTAW不同熔透状态熔池振荡 频率特征及分析*

熔池振荡频率与熔池尺寸具有直接物理对应关系,但常规弧压、弧光方法很难实现连续焊接振荡频率提取。提出一种激光视觉测量方法用于连续焊接振荡频率检测。对连续焊接条件下部分、临界及全熔透状态下的熔池振荡激光条纹进行采集,通过图像处理算法提取不同熔透状态下的频率特征,并从激光条纹变化形态、熔池表面振荡和液态金属内部流动对不同频率特征进行分析。结果表明,激光视觉法能够精确检测熔池表面金属轴向及横向的流动;在部分和全熔透状态下熔池表面及内部金属以单一模式进行振荡,存在单一特征频率;在临界熔透状态下由于熔池约束条件的变化,使其表面振荡及内部金属振荡具有部分和全熔透的振荡特征,表现出两种特征频率;不同熔透状态的振荡频率特征可为精确检测不同熔透状态提供依据。     

变极性等离子弧立焊穿孔熔池的稳定建立

改进焊接工艺控制时序,编制起弧系统控制平台及信号采集程序。采用改进的起弧系统对2219铝合金和LF6铝合金薄板及中厚板进行变极性等离子弧立焊工艺试验,利用红外线测温仪检测起弧过程中焊接熔池区域附近的点随预热时间的温度变化,并把该曲线上的临界温度作为检测穿孔熔池是否形成的标志,计算机根据穿孔时刻的临界温度控制焊件行走的使能信号。研究表明：改进的起弧系统能够简化设备操作,提高自动化程度与工作效率;在穿孔形成的瞬间,检测点的温度有一个从高到低的突变过程(穿孔前的瞬间温度达到临界值),而且对于同一检测点,多次测量得到的临界温度基本稳定;起弧阶段向主焊接阶段过渡稳定,能够实现穿孔熔池的稳定建立,从而验证改进的起弧控制系统的可行性及可靠性。     

新型变极性等离子弧横焊热-力特性及成形研究

针对铝合金穿孔型等离子弧横向焊接,开展新型变极性等离子电弧热-力特性及横焊成形研究。通过设计变极性等离子弧喷嘴,控制电弧热-力特性来提高横焊穿孔稳定性。对不同热-力特性进行研究,比较三种喷嘴的电弧形态、电弧力和电弧阳极电流密度的数值与分布,分析认为新型电弧的热-力特性在横焊穿孔成形稳定性方面具有优势。依据电弧压力波形稳定性和穿孔稳定性进一步验证新型等离子电弧的作用效果,验证得出新型等离子电弧瞬间电弧压力波动较小,背面穿孔形状似圆形,且穿孔面积变化较小。通过分析穿孔熔池宏观轮廓,得到新型热-力特性对熔池行为的直接影响。利用高速摄像捕捉横焊穿孔熔池的稳定形成过程,证明较高电弧能量、较低电弧压力相配合更有利于穿孔熔池形成和稳定;同时观察到横焊熔池的稳定流动过程,并对熔池金属进行受力分析,认为新型热-力特性容易满足横焊熔池金属在流动过程中达到受力平衡,最终实现了8 mm铝合金穿孔等离子弧横焊稳定成形。     

TIG焊熔池表面张力的测定及表面活性剂的影响

利用熔池振荡及熔池谐振信号的检测,以熔池自身固有振荡频率与熔池尺寸的内在关系测定熔池金属表面 张力,研究了薄板ＳＵＳ３０４不锈钢ＴＩＧ焊不同熔地尺寸的表面张力变化以及活性剂对熔池表面张力的影响。试验研 究方法为焊接熔池表面张力测定中的最初应用。     

等离子弧焊接穿孔行为的声信号传感

使用高精度传声器采集穿孔型等离子弧焊接过程中的声音信号 ,围绕焊接过程中出现的“小孔效应” ,开展了等离子弧焊接熔透的声音信号传感方法的研究。结果表明 ,焊接过程中的声音信号在熔池的过渡阶段产生了剧烈的低频振动 ,与熔池的振动有关 ,说明声音信号的低频段分量中包含有熔池穿孔状态的信息。频域分析表明 ,声音信号的低频段分量 (0～ 10 0Hz) ,在熔池处于不同阶段时有明显的变化 ,熔池处于过渡阶段时其值大 ,穿孔后小 ,未穿孔时居中。据此 ,设计出了声音信号的A算法 ,用于识别焊接过程中熔池的穿孔状态 ,该算法可靠性较高 ,为等离子弧焊接熔透质量监测及闭环控制提供了前提条件     

铝合金LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型

激光-变极性等离子弧(Laser beam-variable polarity plasma arc,LB-VPPA)属双高能束新型复合焊接热源。采用Y4-S2型高速摄像检测了LB-VPPA复合焊接热源形态,在理论分析复合热源产热机理的基础上,利用Fortran语言对SYSWELD软件热源模型进行二次开发,建立能够实现正、反极性循环加载的LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型。经与实际焊接熔池形状对比研究发现,熔池上部采用双椭球体热源,下部采用三维锥体热源,同时在小孔根部植入圆柱体热源的组合式热源模型与实际LB-VPPA复合焊接热源吻合。从模拟6 mm厚7A52铝合金板的VPPA焊和LB-VPPA复合焊接温度场分布结果发现,LB-VPPA复合焊能量更为集中,可以在平焊位置下实现穿孔型焊接。经实际焊接工艺试验验证了上述模拟结果的准确性。因此建立精确的LB-VPPA复合焊接热源模型对开展厚板铝合金LB-VPPA复合高效焊接提供强有力的理论支持。     

基于激光视觉的脉冲GTAW熔池振荡检测与分析

熔池振荡频率与焊缝全熔透状态有较为直接的物理对应关系,但熔池振荡频率的检测十分困难。针对该问题提出一种基于激光视觉的熔池振荡特征频率检测传感新方法。在介绍激光视觉法原理基础上,设计脉冲非熔化极气体保护焊(Gas tungsten arc welding, GTAW)熔池振荡激光视觉传感试验系统。采集反映熔池振荡变化的视频图像,提出激光特征条纹的图像处理算法,并利用Matlab软件编写相应的程序获得熔池振荡波形,利用快速傅里叶变换提取出熔池振荡特征频率。试验结果表明,激光视觉法不仅成功实现脉冲GTAW熔池振荡信号的检测传感,而且克服了已有的脉冲GTAW熔池振荡检测法不能被用于连续焊接的缺陷。软件系统能够较准确地提取出熔池振荡特征频率、处理时间为20 ms,满足熔池振荡信号的实时检测要求,为连续脉冲GTAW熔透控制奠定了基础。     

Study of mechanism of activating flux increasing weld penetration of AC A-TIG welding for aluminum alloy

When multi-component flux AF305 is used as surface activating flux for an aluminum alloy, the weld penetration of activating flux-tungsten inert-gas (A-TIG) welding is over two times more than that of conventional TIG welding. Using A-TIG welding with the modes of alternating current (AC), direct current electrode negative (DCEN) and direct current electrode positive (DCEP), respectively, the flux differently affects weld penetration when the polarity is different. After studied the effect of compelled arc constriction on weld penetration of AC welding, it is believed that the constriction of the whole arc root is not the main mechanism that flux AF305 dramatically improves weld penetration. The penetration has a relationship with the separate distribution of slag on the weld surface. Then, an observation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an electronic data systems (EDS) analysis of slag were performed respectively. The separate distribution of slag on the weld pool during welding and the great constriction of arc spots were confirmed by TIG welding with helium shielding gas. The relationship between slag distribution and weld penetration was studied by adding aluminum powder into flux AF305 to change the distribution of slag. During welding, the separate distribution of slag on the weld pool results in the great constriction of arc spots, an increase in arc spot force, and an increase in Lorentz force within the arc and weld pool. Finally, the weld penetration is increased. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2006, 42(5): 45–49 [译自: 机械工程学报]     

活性剂增加铝合金交流A-TIG焊熔深机理研究

采用多组元活性剂AF305进行铝合金交流A-TIG焊时,熔深达到传统TIG焊的3倍以上。进行了交流、直流正接和直流反接A-TIG焊,发现极性不同时活性剂对熔深的影响也不同。研究了强制电弧收缩对交流焊熔深的影响,发现弧根整体收缩并不是AF305增加交流A-TIG焊熔深的主要机理,熔深显著增加主要与焊渣成片分布有关。对焊渣进行了SEM形貌观察和EDS成分分析,并采用氦弧焊证实了焊接过程中焊渣在熔池表面成片分布,电弧斑点极大收缩。向AF305活性剂中添加铝粉改变焊渣分布,研究焊渣分布与熔深的关系,证实了焊渣成片分布能增加焊接熔深。认为焊渣成片分布使得电弧斑点极大收缩,斑点压力以及电弧和熔池内的Lorentz力增强,最终焊接熔深显著增加。     

超声辅助MIG焊接中超声作用特性研究

超声辅助熔化极惰性气体保护(Ultrasonic assisted metal inert gas,U-MIG)焊是一种新型熔化极焊接方法,利用外加声场将相应声学效果引入焊接熔池达到改善接头性能的目的。通过试验系统化研究超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡以及接头宏观形貌的作用规律,主要目标是更好地理解超声在不同焊接条件下的作用特点。对高速摄像采集的电弧数据进行处理,结果发现随电弧电压增加,超声对电弧的压缩效果也逐渐增大;而随送丝速度增加,焊接电流增大,电弧压缩效果减弱。针对熔滴受力特点分析,可以看出超声作用后熔滴会受到一个促进熔滴过渡的附加力作用。在焊接电流为200 A时,该附加力达到最大,约为2.8×10-3 N,继续增大焊接电流,该附加力逐渐降低。对比不同送丝速度时焊缝宏观形貌,结果显示为了获得更高的焊接效率不能无限提高送丝速度,存在一个最佳的参数匹配值。结合平面驻波理论分析,随温度增加,声辐射力逐渐减弱,这在一定程度上也会削弱附加力作用效果。利用熔池薄膜模型探讨电弧、熔滴过渡以及熔池振荡三者之间的关系,超声对电弧形态、熔滴过渡的影响均可改变熔池的振荡特性,这间接表现为接头形貌的改变。通过试验与理论分析,为U-MIG焊接方法进一步发展与应用打下坚实基础。     

表面活性剂对TIG焊电弧现象及焊接熔深的影响

在变动焊接电流下检测电弧电压,考察A-TIG焊电弧收缩及活性剂的影响。采取适当的试验方法研究A-TIG焊活性剂对电弧现象及活性剂涂敷量对焊接熔深增加的作用。结果表明,A-TIG焊电弧是否产生收缩与所使用的活性剂有关,即使在电弧未产生收缩情况下,表面活性剂仍然对焊接熔深的增加有较大的作用。     

Welding polarity effects on weld spatters and bead geometry of hyperbaric dry GMAW

Welding polarity has influence on welding stability to some extent, but the specific relationship between welding polarity and weld quality has not been found, especially under the hyperbaric environment. Based on a hyperbaric dry welding experiment system, gas metal arc welding(GMAW) experiments with direct current electrode positive(DCEP) and direct current electrode negative(DCEN) operations are carried out under the ambient pressures of 0.1 MPa, 0.4 MPa, 0.7 MPa and 1.0 MPa to find the influence rule of different welding polarities on welding spatters and weld bead geometry. The effects of welding polarities on the weld bead geometry such as the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are discussed. The experimental results show that the welding spatters gradually grow in quantity and size for GMAW with DCEP, while GMAW with DCEN can produce fewer spatters comparatively with the increase of the ambient pressure. Compared with DCEP, the welding current and arc voltage waveforms for DCEN is more stable and the distribution of welding current probability density for DCEN is more concentrated under the hyperbaric environment. When the ambient pressure is increased from 0.1 MPa to 1.0 MPa, the effects of welding polarities on the reinforcement, the weld width and the penetration are as follows: an increase of 0.8 mm for the weld reinforcement is produced by GMAW with DCEN and 1.3 mm by GMAW with DCEP, a decrease of 7.2 mm for the weld width is produced by DCEN and 6.1 mm by DCEP; and an increase of 3.9 mm for the penetration is produced by DCEN and 1.9 mm by DCEP. The proposed research indicates that the desirable stability in the welding procedure can be achieved by GMAW with DCEN operation under the hyperbaric environment.     

Penetration Estimation of GMA Backing Welding Based on Weld Pool Geometry Parameters

Penetration estimation is a prerequisite of the automation of backing welding based on vision sensing technology.However, the arc interference in welding process leads to the di culties of extracting the weld pool characteristic information, which brings great challenges to the penetration estimation. At present, most researches focus on the extraction of weld pool geometry parameters, and the visual sensing systems are complex in structure and complicated in the image processing algorithms. The research of penetration estimation based on weld pool geometry parameters is still in the exploratory stage. The purpose of this paper is to research the relationship between the weld pool geometry parameters and the penetration during backing welding and to estimate penetration using the weld pool geometry parameters. A passive vision sensing test system for gas metal arc(GMA) backing welding was established. An image processing algorithm was developed to extract the weld pool geometry parameters, namely,the area, maximum width and length, half-length, length-width ratio and advancing contact angle(simplified as AWP,MWWP, MLWP, HLWP, LWR and ACA, respectively). The corresponding relationships between the weld pool geometry parameters and the penetration state were explored by analysing their changes with the welding current and speed. The distribution of the weld pool geometry parameters corresponding to penetration was determined. When the AWP of the weld pool is within a certain range and the values of LWR and ACA are close to their maximum and minimum respectively, the penetration is in good condition. A mathematical model with the weld pool geometry parameters as independent variables and the back-bead width(the indicator of the penetration state) as a dependent variable was established based on multivariable linear regression analysis, and relevant statistical tests were carried out. Multivariable linear regression equations for the weld pool geometry parameters and the back-bead width were deduced according to the variations in the current and speed, and the equations can be used to estimate the penetration of backing welding. The study provides a solution to penetration estimation of GMA backing welding based on automatic vision sensing.