细菌微生物对工业油田生产的危害及机理研究

细菌微生物在工业循环冷却水系统及油田回注水系统中大量繁殖,严重影响了正常生产运行。细菌微生物主要包括三类:硫酸盐还原菌、腐生菌及铁细菌。详细论述了细菌微生物对工业油田的危害,并阐述了三种细菌各自的腐蚀作用机理。     

微生物在含氧高标号汽油中繁殖及其产生沉积物的研究

对汽油中产生堵塞过滤器的沉积物分析得出主要成分是氧化铁,同时,从油罐底郝油水样品和沉积物中,分离和鉴别出8种微生物。在实验室,设计了多种体系,研究微生物在舍氧高标号汽油中繁殖规律和对试验钢片腐蚀情况,得到含铁沉积物主要是水和微生物腐蚀油罐材料引起的。     

用需氧菌来减缓钢筋腐蚀？

<正>日本爱媛大学(Ehime University)研究人员最近发表了一项研究成果,认为将某种需氧菌加入混凝土,可以使混凝土中的钢筋的腐蚀情况得到缓解,即需氧菌能够减缓腐蚀。为了降低引起腐蚀的氧含量,研究人员在水泥混凝土中加入了枯草芽孢杆菌,这种需氧菌具有对不利于其生存环境(如多盐分环境等)的抵御本能,当需氧菌所需养分缺乏时,产生一种孢子内壁,并力图改善其生存环境,并从中存活和繁殖。     

金属的微生物腐蚀

金属的腐蚀引起很大的损失,是人们比较熟知的。金属的微生物腐蚀,对一般人来说,可能是很生疏的,这并不奇怪。从事腐蚀保护工作的人员,也往往由于不够了解而忽略过去。实际上,微生物腐蚀的作用是一个不可低估的问题。与水、土壤或潮湿空气接触的金属设备都会遭到微生物腐蚀,估计可达到总腐蚀的百分之五十以上。根据微生物的要求,可分为好气腐蚀菌,是指有氧存在才能生长繁殖的腐蚀菌;厌气腐蚀     

海水冷却器硫酸盐还原菌腐蚀状况与对策

海水中有淤泥、海生物和细菌等，所造成的微生物腐蚀大大加剧了设备的损坏，而且海水冷却器的泄漏具有季节性。由于所用海水污染，形成适合厌氧细菌一硫酸盐还原菌的繁殖环境。导致了设备的加快腐蚀。实验证实了硫酸盐还原菌的大量存在。     

化工厂循环冷却水的水质稳定处理

综述了化工厂循环冷却水的水质稳定处理。其中包括循环冷却水系统中的结垢、腐蚀和微生物繁殖等问题。针对结垢、腐蚀和微生物繁殖，对循环冷却水水质的控制提出了具体措施。     

不同pH对循环水中异养菌生长影响的探讨

一、前言敞开式循环冷却水系统中,由于温度适宜,阳光充足,营养丰富,使菌藻迅速繁殖。这些微生物群体与砂土灰尘等混合而生成生物粘泥(菌胶团)给生产带来危害。它不仅造成换热器热交换效率下降,流水不畅,而且引起设备局部腐蚀,往往是引起管壁穿孔的主要原因之一,所以循环冷却水中的水稳处理除了研究缓蚀、阻垢外,对水中微生物的研究是万万不可忽视的问题。微生物除了需要不同营养物质和氧的要求外还需要适宜的     

奥运场馆表层及1米土微生物指标和理化性质表征

对奥运场馆不同地点的表土及1米土进行了微生物指标和理化指标的测定.结果表明,奥运场馆的土壤呈弱酸性,主要含有硫酸盐还原菌、中性硫化菌、好氧有机化能菌和真菌,另外还含有Ca2 、Mg2 、K 、Na 、Fe3 、NO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、HCO-3和一定量的有机质.这些指标能够为奥运场馆土壤环境中微生物的腐蚀研究提供支持.     

电石生产循环冷却水的水质稳定处理

综述了电石循环冷水的水质稳定处理,其中包括循环冷却水系统中的结垢,腐蚀和微生物繁殖等问题,针对结垢,腐蚀和微生物繁殖,对循环冷却水水质的控制提出了具体措施。     

微生物腐蚀

<正> 微生物腐蚀并不是一个新课题,但微生物腐蚀的复杂性却并未为人们所正确认识。近年来,随着对水溶液中的腐蚀问题的深入研究,微生物腐蚀问题又重新提到了议事日程。1985年6月在华盛顿由NACE主持召开的国际微生物腐蚀会议上,对微生物腐蚀机理又进行了探讨。现仅就硫酸盐还原菌以及铁菌为中心的腐蚀机理简述如     

润滑油的金属腐蚀与防护研究

润滑油的金属化学腐蚀和电化学腐蚀作用机理;归纳了润滑油中酸性或碱性物质、硫化物、水分和微生物等腐蚀金属的物质;从改善润滑油内在质量和使用环境两个方面总结了润滑油金属腐蚀的防护措施;指出根据金属的不同,在润滑油中添加不同的抗氧防腐剂是润滑油金属腐蚀的主要研究方向之一。     

油田区土壤石油污染特性及理化性质关系

基于不同区域环境下油田区石油污染土壤的调查取样,对土壤的石油污染特性及其与理化性质的关系进行探讨,为油田区污染土壤生物修复提供非生物学依据。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染,含油率最高达23%,超过环境背景值的500～1000倍。土壤石油组分中烷烃、芳烃等轻质组分占总量的50%以上,可为生物修复或与其他修复措施的联合开展提供可靠的物质基础。土壤含油率与含水率存在制约关系,当含油率超过8%时,土壤含水率普遍低于5%。石油污染土壤有机质含量与含油率呈正相关关系,当土壤含油率超过7%时,土壤有机质含量普遍高于10%。调查油田区的土壤质地以粉壤土和砂土为主,占油田土样总数的65%,可为生物修复提供较好的土壤条件。     

Materials balance in a tung oil mill

Summary Weights were determined and analyses made of tung fruit milled and of all products leaving the mill for two runs of about 90 tons each in a commercial mill under normal operating conditions. Dry matter, oil, and nitrogen in the fruit were satisfactorily accounted for in products leaving the mill, 101% of the oil being accounted for in each run. This showed that the methods of analysis and sampling were accurate. Losses occurred principally in particles of kernels occluded with the hulls and in the screw-press cake. Seventy-eight and 82% of the oil in the fruit was recovered as filtered oil. Repressing the filter-press cake by adding it back to the stream of ground nuts just before they entered the screw-presses was not proven to be economical as at the end of the run just as much cake was on hand, and it had as high an oil content as if no filter cake had been fed back through the screw presses. Only about half as much oil could be filtered per filtration cycle, resulting in an increase in cost of labor and a decrease in filtering capacity. The apparent oil content of the screw-press cake decreases by about 2% after four to eight days as compared to its apparent oil content at the time of pressing because of polymerization. Thus, screw-press cake samples should be analyzed for oil as soon as possible after extrusion. Both of these laboratories are maintained by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

文东油田污水降铁处理及现场效果评价

文东油田产出水中Fe^2 含量高，降铁及相关污水处理难度大，处理后水质指标低，对此，进行了室内降铁试验和现场应用。结果表明，污水指标较原来明显提高，能够满足油田注水和防腐要求。     

金属油罐底部沉积液腐蚀评价

本文主要通过建立模糊物元评价模型。对油罐底部沉积液进行了腐蚀评价。模糊微元分析方法思路简单明了。不受沉积液分类标准的限制。只要有可靠的相关沉积液量化指标。就能有效地对沉积液腐蚀性做出评价,既适于现场手工计算又很容易程序化。为油罐设计腐蚀评价提供了简便的方法。     

微生物含量对瓜尔胶水溶液黏度的影响研究

对(不同微生物含量)瓜尔胶粉水溶液的黏度随时间而降低的规律、杀菌剂的种类和用量对抑制胶液黏度降低的效果进行了研究。结果表明:瓜尔胶中含有的微生物会导致其水溶液久置后黏度降低,瓜尔胶水溶液放置时间越长(或微生物含量越高),黏度降低幅度越大;当w(D581杀菌剂)=0.3%时(相对于瓜尔胶粉质量而言),其抑制微生物生长的效果较好,表现为48 h内胶液(微生物含量为6×104 CFU/g)黏度降幅较低(仅为0.5%)。     

The effect of unsaponifiable matter on the properties of coffee seed oil

The unsaponifiable matter of coffee seed oil has been shown to be responsible for the comparatively low melting-point (approximately 8C) of this oil. The melting point of coffee oil fatty acids, free of unsaponifiable matter, is 40−42C, and their esterification with glycerol produces an oil with a melting point of 34−36C. The unsaponifiable matter is probably responsible for high refining losses of coffee oil since the surface activity of its main constituents facilitates a partial saponification or emulsification of neutral oil during the treatment with alkalies, especially in oils with high acidity. Edible oil and fat expert, UNDP/FAO Special Fund Project.     

Antioxidative effect of olive oil deodorizer distillate on frying oil and quality of potato chips

The antioxidative effect of unsaponifiable matter from olive oil deodorizer distillate on the stability of sunflower oil during frying and on the quality of potato chips were studied. Physical and chemical characteristics of sunflower oil samples with or without different concentrations of unsaponifiable matter were examined during frying at 180°C for ten consecutive days. The addition of 1% of unsaponifiable matter to sunflower oil showed the highest effect in retarding the oxidation deterioration of oil during frying of potato chips. This protective effect was attributed to high levels of squalene, Δ-avenasterol, and tocopherols. During ten frying days, the amount of squalene decreased to 79% and both tocopherols and Δ-avenasterol to 69% in frying sunflower oil. Oil absorbed by potato chips and the characteristics of the oil extracted from potato chips before and after three months of storage were determined. The amount of oil absorbed by potato chips ranged from 37.3 to 39.3% during frying. The unsaponifiable fractions remaining in the frying medium showed protective effects on the rate of oxidation of the oil extracted from potato chips. The uptake of unsaponifiable matter by chips was the highest during the first frying day. Chips with high amounts of squalene, tocopherols, and sterols showed highest antioxidative stability during storage for three months at ambient temperature. Potato chips fried in sunflower oil treated with 1% unsaponifiable matter showed a bright yellow colour, moderate crispness, high score flavour, and were well accepted by panelists. These data of sensory evaluation supported the results of chemical analyses of oil extracted from fresh and stored chips.     

原油降解菌株Pseudomonas.aeruginosa AS1生理生化性质及分类研究

原油降解菌株AS1筛选自延长油田油水样,对延长轻质原油具有良好降解能力,通过生理生化指标和16SrDNA基因序列分析进行了菌种鉴定,原油降解菌株AS1的16SrDNA基因序列与Pseu-domonas aeruginosa的相似度为99.1%,因而将其命名为P.aeruginosa AS1。该菌株的最适生长温度为37℃,能以延长轻质原油、液体石蜡为唯一碳源生长,并能合成鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂,该表面活性剂对柴油、煤油和原油等均有很好的乳化效果,在常温下形成EI24值为100%的乳状液。鉴于P.aerugi-nosa AS1的良好生物属性,该菌株有进一步进行微生物矿场试验的潜力。     

High oil absorbable superhydrophobic melamine sponges and evaluation in oil spill clean-ups

Facing the environmental crisis to leakage of oil spills and chemicals, multifunctional absorbent with high oil absorption and selectivity urgently need to solve this matter. In our work, a high oil sorbent was designed and favorably fabricated by two simple immersions using melamine sponge as pristine and a series of oils were used to evaluate the oil absorption performances of the absorbent. Two immersions include adhesion of dopamine and grafting of the long chain hydrophobic agent. The prepared material is superhydrophobic with water contact angle is 165.9° ± 2.17 and high oil absorption to chloroform is 174 times by own weight, other oils are close to or over 100 times, but to water is only 0.5 times. The reusability reveals that the average recovery can keep more than 95% after 20 cycles. These advantages make it really potential to use in oil spill clean.