The analysis and occurrence of hydrazine toxins in fresh and processed false morel,Gyromitra esculenta

Summary Two methods for the extraction and determination of hydrazines in false morel,Gyromitra esculenta, were compared. Extraction under acid hydrolysis yielded much higher levels of the hydrazines, measured as monomethylhydrazine (MMH), than a direct solvent extraction. This shows that the greater part of the hydrazines in the false morel is chemically bound. Further studies are required to reveal the extent to which these stable hydrazine compounds are liberated in the human stomach after ingestion of false morels. The total amounts of MMH in Swedish fresh false morels varied from 40 to 150 mg/kg. Boiling the fungus in large amounts of water for 2 x 5 min effectively reduced the levels to 10% of the original amounts. After drying in the open air at room temperature for 3 months, as much as 30%-71 % of MMH remained in the fungus. These results suggest that the drying of false morels is an inadequate method of detoxication.

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Analyse und Vorkommen der Hydrazintoxine in frischen und eingedosten Lorcheln,Gyromitra esculenta

Zusammenfassung Zwei Methoden zur Extraktion und Bestimmung von Hydrazinen in der Frühjahrslorchel,Gyromitra esculenta, wurden miteinander verglichen. Die Extraktion unter sauren hydrolytischen Bedingungen ergibt viel mehr Hydrazine, bestimmt als Monomethylhydrazin (MMH), als durch eine direkte Lösungsmittelextraktion. Dieses Verhältnis zeigt, daß der größte Teil des Hydrazins in der Frühjahrslorchel chemisch gebunden ist. Weitere Untersuchungen sind nötig, um klarzulegen, ob größere Anteile dieser stabilen Verbindungen im Magen des Menschen nach dem Verzehr von Frühjahrslorcheln freigesetzt werden können. Die totale Menge von MMH in schwedischen frischen Frühjahrslorcheln variierte von 40 bis 150 mg/kg. Das Kochen der Pilze in großen Mengen Wasser für 2 x 5 min reduziert den Gehalt bis zu 10% der ursprünglichen Menge. Nach dem Trocknen an der Luft bei Zimmertemperatur während drei Monaten blieb etwa 30–71% von MMH in dem Pilz zurück. Diese Ergebnisse deuten daraufhin, daß das Trocknen von Frühjahrslorcheln eine ungenügende Methode zur Entfernung des Giftes ist.

     

Ursolic acid,a potential anticancer compound for breast cancer therapy

There are growing interests in the health benefits associated with consumption of fruits and vegetables, especially for the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular, or other chronic diseases. Epidemiological studies and clinical trials suggest that these health benefits are strongly associated with phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables. Ursolic acid is a naturally synthesized pentacyclic triterpenoid, widely distributed in different fruits and vegetables. Current research suggested that ursolic acid and its derivatives exhibited anticancer activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and induction of apoptosis in several human cancer cells. In particular, ursolic acid inhibited breast cancer proliferation by inducing cell G1/G2 arrest and regulating the expression of key proteins in signal transduction pathways. In addition, ursolic acid induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Ursolic acid was also determined to scavenge free radicals and have potent anti-inflammation activity. The purpose of this paper is to review recent literature on anticancer activity of ursolic acid and focus on its mechanisms of action.     

Radiocarbon evidence for a naturally produced, bioaccumulating halogenated organic compound

Halogenated organic compounds (HOCs) such as 1,1'-dimethyl-3,3',4,4'-tetrabromo-5,5'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyrrole (DBP-Br4Cl2) and heptachloro-1'-methyl-1,2'-bipyrrole (Q1) have been detected worldwide, sometimes at high levels in Antarctic air, seabird eggs, the blubber of marine mammals, and, most notably, even human milk. To date, it has been difficult to determine whether these compounds are natural products or derived from industrial synthesis. Molecular-level 14C analysis of these compounds is particularly appealing because most industrial compounds are manufactured from petrochemicals (14C-free) and natural compounds should have "modern" or "contemporary" 14C levels. To investigate the source of DBP-Br4Cl2, we isolated 600 microg of this compound (150 microg of carbon) from marine animal extracts by employing gel permeation chromatography, Florisil column chromatography, and two-dimensional preparative capillary gas chromatography. The purified DBP-Br4Cl2 was split into two samples (75 microg of carbon each) and analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry for 14C content. The delta14C values were -449 percent per thousand and -467 percent per thousand, corresponding to conventional 14C ages of 4740 and 5000 years before present (BP), respectively. The presence of detectable 14C in the DBP-Br4Cl2 strongly points to at least a natural or biogenic source. However, these delta14C values for DBP-Br4Cl2 are more depleted than expected for a recently synthesized natural product. Several explanations are discussed, but additional samples     

2010—2016年浙江省毒蘑菇中毒流行病学分析

目的 了解浙江省毒蘑菇中毒发生规律和流行病学特征,为毒蘑菇中毒的预警及预防控制提供科学依据。方法 对2010—2016年食源性疾病暴发监测系统报告的浙江省毒蘑菇中毒事件的流行病学特征进行描述性分析。结果 7年内共报告毒蘑菇中毒暴发事件42起,累计中毒病例192例,死亡13例,死亡例数占浙江省同期食源性疾病暴发总死亡例数的76.5%(13/17)。事件起数最多的是2016年,占总数的40.5%(17/42)。6～10月是毒蘑菇中毒的高发期,中毒事件起数、发病例数分别占95.2%(40/42)和97.9%(188/192)。死亡例数均集中在6～8月。家庭是毒蘑菇中毒的主要发生场所, 占总事件起数的83.3%(35/42)。事件起数在前3位的地市是杭州市、金华市、绍兴市,事件起数在前3位的县(市、区)是宁海县、桐庐县、嵊州市。病例症状以胃肠炎型为主,占总发病例数的72.4%(139/192)。发病潜伏期最短为18 min,最长为15 h,中位数为2 h。从两起严重脏器损害型事件的毒蘑菇中检测出鹅膏多肽。结论 毒蘑菇中毒是浙江省造成食源性疾病死亡的主要原因,应对高发季节、高发地区及高发人群进行重点监测和干预, 提高公众的自我保护能力。     

云南省16年毒蕈引起的食物中毒分析

为进一步做好毒蕈食物中毒的预防工作，对云南省1985年－2000年毒蕈引直的食中毒情况进行了分析，16年间全省共发生毒蕈食物中毒378起，中毒2330人，死亡326人，病死率13．90％，年均死亡20．4人，毒蕈食物中毒常年均有发生，夏秋季为多，一家一户零星发生居首，农村发病率明显高于城市，其中中毒占同期全部物中毒起数，发病人数，死亡人数的25．37％、4．38％和52．16％，误食有毒牛肝蕈引起的中毒占6．88％，未能鉴定毒蕈种类的蕈引起的中毒占85．71％。根据16年毒蕈引起的食品中毒分析，我们认为应尽快研究出简易，可行的化学检验方法。对生产经营食用蕈的宾馆，饭店，企业推荐可食种类，食用蕈的专业生产，经营单位宜聘专业蕈类鉴定人员。     

2016年湖南省毒蕈中毒的疾病经济负担研究

目的 掌握湖南省毒蕈中毒造成的疾病负担,为科学安排卫生资源提供依据。方法 设计调查问卷,针对2016年湖南省毒蕈中毒暴发事件开展现场调查的同时对每一位毒蕈中毒患者进行疾病经济负担调查并填写调查表。结果 调查232例毒蕈中毒就诊患者,疾病总经济负担为998 889元(人均疾病总经济负担为4 306元),其中直接经济负担为959 658元,间接经济负担为39 231元。结论 经调查得到2016年湖南省毒蕈中毒患者的人均疾病总经济负担为4 306元,估算2016年湖南省监测报告毒蕈中毒1 632例的总经济负担为7 027 392元。     

浙江省长兴县一起误食毒蘑菇中毒事件调查

目的 调查分析浙江省长兴县一起毒蘑菇中毒事件中毒蘑菇的种类,分析事件发生原因,总结调查处置经验,为中毒患者的救治和中毒的预防提供借鉴。方法 对中毒事件开展现场流行病学调查,对毒蘑菇样品进行形态学鉴定和分子系统学鉴定。结果 本次毒蘑菇中毒事件共发病3人,其中1例重症,2例轻症,罹患率为100%,主要临床表现为恶心、呕吐、腹泻等症状,其中1例经短暂“假愈期”后出现严重横纹肌溶解中毒症状,血清肌酸激酶(CK)最高达318 200 U/L。毒蘑菇样品经形态学及分子系统学鉴定为亚稀褶红菇。结论 本次事件是一起因误食亚稀褶红菇引起的毒蘑菇中毒事件。加强宣传教育,提升民众防范意识,提高医疗机构的诊断救治能力是预防毒蘑菇中毒的关键。     

Tarin,a Potential Immunomodulator and COX‐Inhibitor Lectin Found in Taro (Colocasia esculenta)

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) corm is a rustic staple food, rich in small starch granules, fibers, and bioactive phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, tannins, phytates, micronutrients, and proteins, including tarin, a GNA‐related lectin. Tarin exhibits recognized biocide activities against viruses and insects, has antitumoral properties and is an immunomodulator molecule candidate. It has been isolated in highly purified form (>90%) from taro corms through low‐cost and single‐step affinity chromatography. It comprises 2‐domain 27 to 28 kDa protomer, posttranslational cleaved into 2 nonidentical monomers, 11.9 and 12.6 kDa, held by noncovalent binding. At least 10 tarin isoforms sharing over 70% similarity have been described. The monomers assume the β‐prism II fold, consisting of 3 antiparallel β‐sheets formed by 4 β‐strands each. Tarin exhibits an expanded‐binding site for complex and high‐mannose N‐glycan chains 49, 212, 213, 358, 465, and 477 found on cell surface antigens of viruses, insects, cancer, and hematopoietic cells, explaining its broad biological activities. Tarin may stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, enabling hosts to recover from infections or immunosuppressed status inherent to several pathological conditions. In a murine model, tarin stimulates the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of total spleen and bone marrow cells, especially B lymphocytes. Granulocyte repopulation has also been demonstrated in long‐term mice bone marrow cell cultures. As a potential immunomodulator, tarin, administered to immunosuppressed mice, attenuated cyclophosphamide‐induced leukopenia. We propose a molecular model that unites the potential prophylactic and therapeutic action of tarin on hematopoietic and cancer cells, as a potential immunomodulator.     

An evaluation of enzymic and autolytic assays for cyanide in cassava (Manihot esculenta,crantz)

The total cyanide contents of cassava parenchymal tissue (peeled roots), cassava cortex (peel) and cassava leaves were evaluated by autolytic and enzymic assays. Autolysis of parenchymal tissue was studied under different conditions of _pH, time and temperature and addition of exogenous enzyme and antibiotic. Optimal conditions were determined to be 24 h at 37°C in acetate buffer (0.1M ; _pH 5.5) with 0.1 mg ml^?1 chloramphenicol. Total cyanide contents similar (about 90%) to those obtained by enzymic assay could be achieved only by the use of small sample sizes: < 1 g of parenchymal tissue, < 0.3 g of cortex and < 0.1 g of leaf tissue. This caused sampling problems because of the presence of cyanide gradients in cassava tissues, which could only be resolved by tissue homogenisation prior to analysis. A study using the enzymic assay of cyanide stability in such homogenates, at different _pH values and temperatures, has indicated that subsampling must be done within 15 min so as to prevent appreciable losses in the measured cyanide contents. The rate of loss of total cyanide was found to depend not only on the proportion of total cyanide which is non-glucosidic (free), but also on the proportion of the non-glucosidic cyanide present as cyanohydrins. The implications with regard to residual cyanide contents on cassava processing and the advantages of the enzymic assay over autolytic methods are discussed.     

Tests for anaerobes in patients with hemoblastosis

A simplified control programme for the selective decontamination is proposed. Before the beginning of the attendance a microbial "large scale programme" is applicated in order to determine the quantitative and qualitative composition of the small intestinal and of the large intestinal flora on aerobic and anaerobic cultural conditions. During the attendance a "short-time programme" is applicated. At this on the basis of an aerobic cultural method and by the help of a direct microscopic numeration the flora is determined in its quantitative composition. At the end of an attendance the microbial "large-scale programme" is repeated.     

Effect of feeding with a poisonous mushroom Clitocybe acromelalga on the metabolism of tryptophan-niacin in rats

The poisonous mushroom Clitocybe acromelalga contains clitidine, which resembles nicotinic acid mononucleotide, and 4-amino-pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, which resembles quinolinic acid. Both are important intermediates in the tryptophan-niacin pathway. Therefore, we investigated the effect of feeding a niacin-free and tryptophan-limited diet containing the toadstool Clitocybe acromelalga on the metabolism of tryptophan to niacin in rats. The toadstool diet was fed to the rats for only one day (this day was designated day 0). Urinary excretion of intermediates in the tryptophan-niacin pathway, such as anthranilic acid, kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, quinolinic acid, nicotinamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, and N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, was higher in the toadstool group than in the control on day 0-day 1 and day 1-day 2. The blood levels of tryptophan and NAD on day 1 were also higher in the toadstool group. Accordingly, intake of Clitocybe acromelalga appeared to increase the conversion of tryptophan to niacin.     

Mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside, a UV-absorbing compound of two Rhodotorula yeast species

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), alone or in combination with mass spectrometry (MS), was used to screen the basidiomycetous yeasts Rhodotorula minuta and R. slooffiae isolated from lakes for the presence of UV-absorbing compounds. Mycosporine-glutaminol-glucoside (maximum absorption, 310 nm), a UV-photoprotective mycosporine known in terrestrial fungi, was the major UV-absorbing compound found in these species. This is the first identification of a mycosporine in yeasts. The presence of this compound seems to be a promising chemotaxonomical marker for yeast systematics.     

Baker's yeast-mediated synthesis of endo-2-cineolylol, a starting compound for potential cosmetic odourants

Synopsis
Baker's yeast-mediated reduction of (+)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octan-6-one yields the corresponding 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octan-6-ol as endo configuration in optically pure form. To study the reaction behaviour we have developed a RP-HPLC method. The synthesis and the olfactive character of some esters obtained from the endo -2-cineolylol are reported. A comparative odour evaluation between these esters and the corresponding compounds synthesized from the endo-exo alcohol mixture was performed.
Résumé
La réduction de (+)-1,3,3-triméthyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octan-6-one par la lévure conduit au 1,3,3-triméthyl [2,2,2]octan-6-ol correspondant, de configuration endo avec une forme optique pure. On a développé une méthode RP-HPLC pour enregistrer le comportement de la réaction. La synthèse et le caractère olfactif des esters obtenus de cet alcool sont rapportés.. On a comparé l'évaluation de l'odeur de ces composés avec celle des composés correspondants, dérivés du mélange endo-eso des alcools.     

Effect of sporophore maturity on chemical composition of Volvariella esculenta (Mass) SINGER,a Nigerian mushroom

The “egg”, “elongated” and “mature” stages of Volvariella esculenta (Mass) SINGER sporocarps were analysed for their chemical composition. The “egg” stage was found to contain the richest amount of nutrients and the “elongated” stage the poorest. The “egg” stage was richer in protein, amino acids, lipid, crude fibres, glycogen, sugars, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus than the “elongated” and “mature” sporocarp stages. At any sporocarp stage, the pileus contained greater amounts of moisture, sugars, ash, lipid, protein, amino acid, phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc than the stipe while the stipe contained more dry matter, crude fibre, calcium and magnesium.     

GTG种衣剂在烟草种子包衣生产中的应用试验

为进一步提高我国烟草包衣种子质量,进行了常规种衣剂和进口GTG种衣剂的不同配比试验。结果表明:GTG种衣剂生产的包衣丸化种子裂解度、裂解时间、强度、均匀度等外观质量综合指标优于常规种衣剂;不同配比的GTG种衣剂,生产的烟草包衣种子的外观质量也存在差异,以50%GTG种衣剂 50%国产种衣剂及辅料生产的烟草包衣丸化种子综合质量较好。     

羊肚菌营养素、功能成分和保健功能研究进展

羊肚菌是一种珍稀野生食用药用菌,其味道鲜美,含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素等营养素和多糖、多酚等功能成分,具有保肝、降血脂、增强免疫力、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、消食、抗疲劳、抗菌等保健功能,可作为原料用于开发食品风味配料、营养补充剂和营养保健品。本文综述了羊肚菌的营养素、功能成分及保健功能。     

旋光法测定木薯中淀粉含量不确定度评定

对采用旋光法测定木薯中的淀粉含量的不确定度进行评定。建立测量模型,分析确定木薯中淀粉含量的不确定度来源,并对测量过程中的不确定度分量进行逐层分析与合成,当木薯的淀粉含量为50.20 g/100 g时,得到其合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度分别为0.16、0.32 g/100 g。结果表明,木薯总旋光度重复测定对不确定度贡献最大,总旋光度测定过程产生的不确定度也不容忽视,试样称量对总不确定度的贡献最小。实验结果可为采用该方法测定木薯中淀粉含量的质量控制提供理论依据。